用法学习: 1. put flesh on (the bones of) something to add more details to a plan, idea, argument, etc. to make it better or more complete. meat on the bone I. 充实细节. Some amount of substance, value, or meaning. We all were hoping to have our questions answered during the governor's press briefing, but there wasn't much meat on the bone. The game's premise and mechanics are interesting, but there's just no meat on the bone when it comes to story and gameplay variety. For a cheesy, special effects-laden action movie, the plot actually has quite a bit of meat on the bone. While Australian film exports are growing, Mr Deaner said our contribution was dwarfed by US productions in the UK and Canada. "Australia doesn't really cause the problem, we are not the target," he said. "We were expecting some more meat on the bones as to how it might impact us." II. 没东西, 没资源. Some amount of resources to be shared or depend on. We asked for more funds to help tackle the issue, but the city council told us there was no meat on the bone in the annual budget. This used to be a thriving industrial town, but after all the factories closed down, people started moving out in search of places with more meat on the bone. bucolic [bjuːˈkɒlɪk] relating to the pleasant aspects of the countryside and country life. relating to the countryside: ...the bucolic surroundings of Chantilly. The painting shows a typically bucolic scene with peasants. "the church is lovely for its bucolic setting". 2. interpolate [ɪnˈtɜː.pə.leɪt] I. to add something in the middle of a text, piece of music, etc. If you interpolate a comment into a conversation or some words into a piece of writing, you put it in as an addition. Williams interpolated much spurious matter. These odd assertions were interpolated into the manuscript some time after 1400. In his adaptation of the script he interpolated the words "tempus fugit" and the translation "time flies". Coleridge-Taylor was keen on interpolating African-American spirituals into the classical music tradition. After weeks of rumors that the late icon's fingerprints would be on the fourth track of the pop star's upcoming 'The Life of a Showgirl' album, Billboard can confirm that to be the case. As opposed to sampling Michael's "Father Figure," however, Swift will interpolate the evergreen smash in her version. II. mathematics specialized 内插法. to add a number or item into the middle of a series, calculated based on the numbers or items before and after it: They use special software to intelligently interpolate the missing values. Additional jobs are evaluated and their monetary values for each factor interpolated into the scale. III. to interrupt someone by saying something: "How very odd to say all that!" I interpolated. 3. sap [sæp] to make someone weaker or take away strength or an important quality from someone, especially over a long period of time. If something saps your strength or confidence, it gradually weakens or destroys it. I was afraid the sickness had sapped my strength. Analysts say the recession has sapped investor confidence. Constant criticism saps you of your confidence. Taking care of her dying mother had sapped all her energy. noun. I. 树汁. 汁液. the liquid that carries food to all parts of a plant. Sap is the watery liquid in plants and trees. The leaves, bark and sap are also common ingredients of local herbal remedies. Maple syrup is obtained from the sap of the sugar maple tree. Swifties anytime Ariana sings about sex and doesn't write it like "he stuck his long wood into my redwood forest and let his sap ferment my roots". II. mainly US informal a stupid person who can easily be tricked or persuaded to do something. If you describe someone as a sap, you think they are foolish. Some poor sap of a headmaster is in trouble. He'll lie around and let some other poor sap do all the work. the sap is rising 兴致勃勃起来, 来了劲头, 起劲 UK humorous literally, referring to the spring increase in tree sap flow due to rising temperatures, and metaphorically, to describe a general sense of renewed energy, vitality, and awakening, especially after a period of dormancy or gloom. It signals the coming of new life, growth, and excitement, much like the biological process in plants that heralds the arrival of spring. an expression used to mean that people start to have more energy and feel more interested in love and sex, for example in spring. dickmatized (slang, vulgar) Impressed by or obsessed with a penis. dickmatize (transitive, slang, vulgar) To make dickmatized. Forgive me, it sounds cocky. He ah-matized me and opened my eyes. Redwood tree, it ain't hard to see. His love was the key that opened my thighs. 4. Stencilling 喷字模型, 喷漆模子, 模型喷漆( [ˈstens(ə)l] a piece of card or plastic with a shape or letters cut out of it. a piece of flat material in which shapes or letters have been cut out, so that when you paint or draw over it, images of the shapes or letters that have been cut out will be left on the surface below, or the patterns or letters made by this method. You place it on a surface and paint over it to make a design on something. a. the design or letters painted using this method. verb. to make a design on a surface using a stencil. If you stencil a design or if you stencil a surface with a design, you put a design on a surface using a stencil. He then stencilled the ceiling with a moon and stars motif. ...a stencilled design. The back of the chair was painted solid black with designs stenciled in gold. he did a stencil of a rainbow on her daughter's bedroom wall. ) produces an image or pattern by applying pigment 色素 to a surface over an intermediate object with designed gaps in it which create the pattern or image by only allowing the pigment to reach some parts of the surface. The stencil is both the resulting image or pattern and the intermediate object; the context in which stencil is used makes clear which meaning is intended. In practice, the (object) stencil is usually a thin sheet of material, such as paper, plastic, wood or metal, with letters or a design cut from it, used to produce the letters or design on an underlying surface by applying pigment through the cut-out holes in the material. The key advantage of a stencil is that it can be reused to repeatedly and rapidly produce the same letters or design. Although aerosol or painting stencils can be made for one-time use, typically they are made with the intention of being reused. To be reusable, they must remain intact after a design is produced and the stencil is removed from the work surface. With some designs, this is done by connecting stencil islands (sections of material that are inside cut-out "holes" in the stencil) to other parts of the stencil with bridges (narrow sections of material that are not cut out). proclivity [proʊˈklɪvəti] 癖好, 偏好, 爱好, 天性爱好或不爱 a tendency to want to do a particular thing, especially something bad. A proclivity is a tendency to behave in a particular way or to like a particular thing, often a bad way or thing. the fact that someone likes something or likes to do something, especially something considered morally wrong: the sexual proclivities of celebrities. his proclivity for shapely 有形的 blondes. He was indulging his own sexual proclivities 性癖好. ...a proclivity to daydream. vocabulary: A proclivity is a natural tendency to like something, such as your sister's proclivity for restaurants that serve hot, spicy food. When you have a proclivity, it feels automatic — you like what you like; you don't even have to think about it. The origin of the word proclivity supports this feeling. Proclivity comes from the Latin word proclivis, which literally means "sloping forward." You slide toward a proclivity — no effort is needed. You just give in to it, since you're headed in that direction naturally. 5. A drum (大油桶, barrel = cask 啤酒桶(中间粗两端细的那种桶). bucket 水桶, 提水用的桶, 没有盖子的桶, 小点的cask/barrel 叫keg) (also called a barrel) is a cylindrical shipping container used for shipping bulk cargo. Drums can be made of steel, dense paperboard (commonly called a fiber drum), or plastic, and are generally used for the transportation and storage of liquids and powders. Drums are often stackable, and have dimensions designed for efficient warehouse and logistics use. This type of packaging is frequently certified for transporting dangerous goods. Proper shipment requires the drum to comply with all applicable regulations. Steel drums are ubiquitous industrial shipping containers. They are manufactured from sheets of cold rolled steel formed into a tube and welded along the side seam. Stainless steel, nickel, and special alloys are occasionally used. The bottom head is permanently attached by the manufacturer. Two primary options are available for the top head: Open head drum, removable head drum: Top head is attached after filling with a closing ring and bolted lock. Liquids, granular solids and waste are commonly shipped in these. Tight head drum, closed head drum, non-removable head drum: The top head is permanently attached by the manufacturer. It is usually made with one or two threaded access fittings, closed by threaded bungs after filling. Liquids are suited to these drums. A barrel or cask is a hollow cylindrical container with a bulging center, longer than it is wide. They are traditionally made of wooden staves and bound by wooden or metal hoops. The word vat is often used for large containers for liquids, usually alcoholic beverages; small barrel or cask is known as a keg. 6. A loincloth 腰布 is a one-piece garment, either wrapped around itself or kept in place by a belt. It covers the genitals and sometimes the buttocks. Loincloths which are held up by belts or strings are specifically known as breechcloth or breechclout. Often, the flaps 门帘 hang down in front and back. Loincloths are worn in societies where no other clothing is needed or wanted. Loincloths are commonly used as an undergarment or swimsuit by wrestlers and by farmers in paddy fields in both Sri Lanka and India, where it is called Kovanam in Tamil, ambudaya in Sinhala and kaupinam or langot. The loincloth, or breechcloth, is a basic form of dress, often worn as the only garment. Men have worn a loincloth as a fundamental piece of clothing which covers their genitals, not the buttocks, in most societies which disapproved of genital nakedness throughout human history. The loincloth is in essence a piece of material, bark-bast, leather, or cloth, passed between the legs and covering the genitals. Despite its functional simplicity, the loincloth comes in many different forms. 7. Taylor Swift is an enormous commercial powerhouse. Her fandom is stupendously ( stupendous [stjuːˈpen.dəs] I. 惊人的, 巨大的, 非常大的. 非常多的. 巨多的. very surprising, usually in a pleasing way, especially by being large in amount or size. very great in amount or size. in a way that is very surprising, especially by being large in amount, size, or degree: Our charity appeal has been stupendously successful. The crew is stupendously ill-trained. He ran up stupendous debts. He ran up stupendous debts through his extravagant lifestyle. Stupendous news! We've won £500,000! He was a man of stupendous stamina and energy. This stupendous novel keeps you gripped to the end. ...a stupendous amount of money. He is a stupendously swift writer. II. extremely well: You are working stupendously! The Lion King did stupendously because it was a good movie. ) large, kind and loyal. "While Swift's life is extraordinary, it's also cloistered ( cloister ['klɔɪstər] 迴廊, 回廊 a covered passage around esp. a square open space within a religious building, or the space such a passage goes around. a covered stone passage around the four sides of a courtyard (= a square or rectangular space) especially in a religious building such as a church or monastery. ) by wealth and celebrity; perhaps the range of feelings she's allowed to experience has become circumscribed ( circumscribe [ˈsəːkəmskrʌɪb] verb. I. to limit something. If someone's power or freedom is circumscribed, it is limited or restricted. The army evidently fears that, under him, its activities would be severely circumscribed. There are laws circumscribing the right of individual citizens to cause bodily harm to others. Their movements have been severely circumscribed since the laws came into effect. There followed a series of tightly circumscribed visits to military installations. II. mathematics specialized If you circumscribe a triangle, square, etc., you draw a circle that surrounds it and touches each of its corners.)," says the New Yorker. 8. trigger-happy 着急, 急切, 急不可耐, 喜欢诉诸于暴力的, 动辄施暴的 adj. I. ready to react violently, especially by shooting, on the slightest provocation. Someone who is trigger-happy often uses his or her gun, shooting with very little reason: Some have accused the police of being trigger-happy. "territory controlled by trigger-happy bandits". II. disapproving ready to use violence or force immediately, without careful thought. If you describe someone as trigger-happy, you disapprove of them because they are too ready and willing to use violence and weapons, especially guns. He deplored the behaviour of his trigger-happy, hot-headed son. Some of them are a bit trigger-happy–they'll shoot at anything that moves.
collagen: 1. As you age, a glance in the mirror may reveal a few fine lines, wrinkles, age spots and sagging skin. You may become more worried about the thickness of your hair, your creaking joints or a loss of muscle. Ingestible 可被吸收的((of food or liquid) capable of being taken into the body. ingest I. to take (food or liquid) into the body. to eat or drink something. to take food or liquid into the stomach: These mushrooms are poisonous if ingested 摄入. The chemicals can be poisonous if ingested. II. (of a jet engine) to suck in (an object, a bird, etc).) collagen, the protein supplement that's skyrocketed in popularity, is said to help improve all of those things. So should you begin popping a collagen pill, or sprinkling it in your coffee, as part of your anti-aging routine? While the evidence on collagen is far from conclusive, most clinicians agree there's little downside in trying it if you wish – as long as you keep expectations in check and a few things in mind. 2. Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body. It provides structure and support to tissues, including skin, hair and nails, as well as muscle, bone, cartilage [ˈkɑːtɪlɪdʒ] 软骨, 脆骨 ( a strong, elastic type of tissue found in humans in the joints and other places such as the nose, throat, and ears. (a piece of) a type of strong tissue found in humans in the joints (= places where two bones are connected) and other places such as the nose, throat, and ears: He has a torn cartilage in his knee. Cartilage is a strong, flexible substance in your body, especially around your joints and in your nose. ...a serious knee cartilage injury. Chondroitin [kɒnˈdrəʊɪtɪn] 软骨素 is a dietary supplement for osteoarthritis, supporting cartilage health and reducing inflammation and pain. While evidence is mixed on its effectiveness, many studies suggest benefits in pain reduction and decreased need for painkillers, though long-term structural improvements to the joint are uncertain. It's often paired with glucosamine and is generally considered safe, with mild side effects like stomach upset. ) and tendons. Beef, pork and marine life are all popular sources for collagen supplements, which offer the protein in a hydrolyzed form. That means it's broken down into smaller units, including amino acids and peptides ( peptide [ˈpep.taɪd] 肽 a chemical compound that is made of a small chain of two or more amino acids. any of a group of compounds consisting of two or more amino acids linked by chemical bonding between their respective carboxyl and amino groups.), that are easily absorbed and can find their way into tissues, including the skin. The supplements specifically contain high amounts of three amino acids that are key building blocks for collagen synthesis in the body: glycine, proline and hydroxyproline. 3. There are three different types of collagen supplements: marine (from fish), bovine [ˈbəʊ.vaɪn] (from cows) ( I. connected with animals from the cattle group: a bovine virus. II. [disapproval] 老牛似的, 慢吞吞的. slow or stupid in a way that a cow is thought to be. If you describe someone's behaviour or appearance as bovine, you think that they are stupid or slow. I'm depressed by the bovine enthusiasm of the crowd's response. He had a gentle, slightly bovine expression. noun. I. an animal from the cattle group, which includes cows, buffalo, and bison: The animals in the picture are bovines and they are eating grass. a herd of horned bovines. II. connected with cows, or like a cow because of being slow or stupid. ), and vegan. Of the three, the dermatologist recommends marine if you are taking collagen orally. This is because it contains more type 1 collagen - the most common of the five types and the one that gives structure to our skin cells, as well as playing a crucial role in the health of our bones, tendons and connective tissues. Vegan collagen is the least effective, says Ms Wedgeworth. Collagen is an animal-derived protein, so these products are not actually made of collagen, and instead contain a range of amino acids and vitamins. The collagen found in wellness products typically comes from fish scales (known as marine collagen), or the cartilage, bones, tendons or hides of various animals (sometimes called bovine collagen). Cosmetic chemist Michelle Wong says "in general, [collagen supplements] don't have a ton of evidence". But, she says, some small studies suggest collagen that is broken down into smaller, easier-to-process fragments — known as hydrolysed collagen — may get through the blood barrier. "There have been studies that have found that if you take hydrolysed collagen that has [the amino acid] hydroxyproline in it, it breaks up and the hydroxyproline survives in your stomach, making it into your blood." Studies in test tubes suggest that while these fragments don't reform to make collagen, they may stimulate the production of hyaluronic acid. In in vitro studies, they take these fragments and put them on skin cells, and the cells have produced more hyaluronic acid, which is one of the things in your dermis ( dermis [ˈdɝː.mɪs] the thick layer of skin under the epidermis (= thin outer layer) that contains blood vessels, sweat glands and nerve endings. the dense inner layer of skin beneath the epidermis, composed of connective tissue, blood and lymph vessels, sweat glands, hair follicles, and an elaborate sensory nerve network. ) that can plump up your skin," Dr Wong says.
The purpose of men-only clubs like Melbourne's Savage Club seems almost neurotic: The grand front entrance, featuring red timber doors 木门 and stone, to the Savage Club in Melbourne. The last time I had cause to ( have cause to (do something) 有正当理由, 有合理理由 To have a clear, legitimate reason to do something. to have a justifiable reason to do something. If you violate your parole like that, the police will have cause to arrest you, OK? If your parking meter expires, then I have cause to give you a ticket. That's just how it works, sweetheart. I did nothing wrong, so the cops had no cause to bring me down to the station! Do you have cause to think that Mary took your money? He had no cause to yell at me like that.) write about the 131-year-old, men-only Melbourne establishment, the Savage Club, I was taking photos with my little Nokia of a comatose ( 昏迷状态的. 昏迷中的. [ˈkəʊ.mə.təʊs] I. very tired or in a deep sleep because of extreme tiredness, hard work, or too much alcohol: By midnight I was virtually comatose. II. in a coma. (of a person) unconscious and not able to wake up, usually because of illness or injury: The traffic accident left him comatose with massive brain damage. ) former ACTU official, Greg Sword, as he was being gingerly inserted into 塞进, 塞入 the back of an ambulance. Sword had spent a very, very long Friday afternoon at the Savage Club, which sits like Gringotts ( Gringotts Wizarding Bank is the sole financial institution for witches and wizards in Britain, established in 1474 by the goblin Gringott, and located in London's Diagon Alley. It is known for its extreme security, with deeply buried, high-security vaults accessible through a complex system of subterranean tunnels and trolleys, operated by the bank's goblin staff. Gringotts Wizarding Bank was the only wizarding bank in Great Britain, and was owned and operated by goblins. It was founded by a goblin named Gringott in 1474. Its main offices were located around the North Side of Diagon Alley in London, England. In addition to storing money and valuables for wizards and witches, one could go there to exchange Muggle money for wizarding money, which appeared to not be very difficult, as shown when Hermione Granger's parents did so while paying for her school supplies. The currency exchanged by Muggles was later returned to circulation in the Muggle world by goblins. ) on Bank Place, in the Harry Potter corner of the city. After many hours at the club, Sword and his lunch companion, former beer mogul and one-time Liberal prime ministerial hopeful, John Elliott, went on drinking at Syracuse, the bar across the road, but Elliott had volubly [ˈvɒl.jə.bli] ( in a way that involves a lot of words, spoken confidently and forcefully. If you say that someone is voluble, you mean that they talk a lot with great energy and enthusiasm. She was voluble with excitement. Bert is a voluble, gregarious man. In the next booth along, he could see an elderly lady, talking volubly. He protested volubly at the trick that had been played on him. She is talking rather too volubly, waving her hands. ) abandoned Sword, after he had locked himself in a women's toilet and could not be coaxed out by the staff. I was there at the time, watching and recording all of it in my little notebook, as Elliott had moved unsteadily from table to table at which any attractive young woman was seated, until he finally gave up and Sword made his dash for the loos. Asked by the hapless 倒霉的 maître d' to please intervene 介入, 管一管, Elliott had barked, "He's not my problem!" and stomped out the door. Although it's entirely possible that the man who hoped to Fosterise the world really yelled: "Pig's arse!" In the end, an ambulance was called. When I rang Sword the next day to inquire after his welfare, he told me he had been on medication which he had mixed with alcohol. He was mercifully feeling better. It's a story that's followed me for years, and yet that incident has remained my sole peek inside the door of a club so exclusive that this week it almost blew up over the mere idea of letting a woman like me sit at a table for an Elliott/Sword-style long lunch. With presumably a lot less booze. Barely three months into a six-month trial 试运行, 试行, the majority members of the exclusive Savage Club have voted to end immediately a proposal to allow women to lunch in the main dining room on Tuesdays and Wednesdays. Tuesdays and Wednesdays only. Now, don't think for a second that this idea was a feminist takeover: in the grand tradition of Melbourne's men's clubs — all founded when the city was drowning in gold — I am happy to report that steely, capitalist principles alone informed the idea of the trial: the Savage Club needed the money. The then club president had bemoaned to members that lunch attendances were falling, as business groups and members wanting to dine with their wives had to seek alternative city restaurants. A club info sheet sniffed (sniff I. to smell something by taking air in through your nose: He sniffed his socks to see if they needed washing. Dogs love sniffing each other. She sniffed at her glass of wine before tasting it. Dogs are sometimes used at airports to sniff out (= find by smelling) drugs in people's luggage. He was expelled from school for sniffing glue (= taking in the gas from glue because of the feelings of pleasure that this gives). II. 吸鼻子. to take air in quickly through your nose, usually to stop the liquid inside the nose from flowing out: You're sniffing a lot - do you have a cold? III. 鄙夷不屑的说. to speak in an unpleasant way, showing that you have a low opinion of something. to express a bad opinion of something or someone; to show disapproval: The museum's front lawn does not need to be cluttered with silly pop art, sniffed a newspaper editorial. "They didn't even serve wine at dinner!" she sniffed. ) that the places these members and their presumably inconveniently gendered partners had been chased to 赶去 were "probably nowhere near as good as the Savage Club", so something had to be done to get them back (someone send that guy a Melbourne Good Food Guide, stat). So, a trial commenced, on those days only. It did not go well. A faction of men angry at the invasion called for an extraordinary meeting in an email that was just as extraordinary. For the kids playing along at home, see if you can spot the fallacy: "The loud and boisterous bohemian behaviour that the club is famous for will now have to be tempered for fear of upsetting a 'Karen' at the other end of the dining room. "Our wives no longer will have the comfort of knowing we are at a male-only venue, so long hours spent at the club will no longer be viewed as favourable on the home front." Can you see it? On the one hand, men will become neutered and constrained by the mere presence of women but, at the same time, they might become wild and be plausibly accused by their wives of poor behaviour if said women were there at all. Such alluring women would, of course, only be there in the company of their male partners and therefore preoccupied with their own marriage, but let's put that to one side. These clubs are the weirdest anomaly: Women in the dining room — or "ducks on the pond ( ducks on the pond I. (Australia) 有女人在. A coded warning used by men to alert each other that female guests ("ducks") are present ("on the pond"), so that for politeness they should moderate their language. II. (baseball) Members of a batting order who are on base; baserunners. There are two ducks on the pond for the cleanup hitter. III. 有客人来了. (Car Sales) There are customers arriving on the car lot. Ducks on the pond. Who is up?)", as the immoveable Australian tradition would have it — had become intolerable. And here the trial ends. One assumes the Savage Club will now have to hire Melbourne luminary chef, Andrew McConnell, to keep the wandering palates of male members (and their wives) firmly at Bank Place. For the women who were part of the trial, never has the Groucho Marx dictate 口述 been more meaningful: writer Jen Vuk was one of them. If they wanted to have her as a member, she didn't want to join. Writing in The Age, Vuk believed she'd dodged a bullet — or a chewy braised kidney: "You can keep the nostalgia, exclusivity, taxidermy and misogyny," she sniffed. These clubs, which still exist right around the country, are the weirdest anomaly. They sit jostled up against the Australia they firmly shut their doors against: the ramen bars and hookah ( A hookah 水烟袋 (also see other names), shisha, or waterpipe is a single- or multi-stemmed instrument for heating or vaporizing and then smoking either tobacco, flavored tobacco (often muʽassel), or sometimes cannabis, hashish and opium. The smoke is passed through a water basin—often glass-based—before inhalation. ) joints and dumpling cafes and nightclubs and restaurants and shops owned and run by the generations of migrated Australians not represented in their membership. I've only set foot in one of them, I think. I can't remember who invited me to lunch, but I vividly recall weak sunlight filtering through heavy Victorian windows that didn't seem to have been cracked open since Edward the Seventh was tupping Lily Langtree. Old men were nodding off over their cauliflower soup, and I could smell the dust. I perched on the edge of my chair with buttocks clenched: there wasn't a surface I wanted to touch. I was part of an original group of Melburnians who were invited by Myer scion and arts patron, Carillo Gantner, to be foundation members of a rival club to the untouchable establishment, but I couldn't muster the enthusiasm 提不起兴趣. And the former state shadow treasurer, Louise Staley, once spotted me lurking in the foyer of the Lyceum Club, waiting for the architect, Kerstin Thompson, who had completed a beautiful redevelopment of the 113-year-old women-only club. She asked if I wanted to become a member: it was useful to have a place in town you could sit and make some calls, ease off your shoes and pull out your laptop, she said. The Lyceum was founded next door to the Melbourne Club as a place for the excluded wives to go while the members were at lunch. Standing in the club's lovely tree-top level lounge, you look down over the grand rear garden of the Melbourne Club — a clever way to keep an eye on the goings-on back there. No thank you, I said. Groucho knows why. This weekend, my admirable colleagues are the greatest defenders of our great democracy, at a time when this institution has never seemed more fragile. Here is the brilliant Julia Baird introducing you to this year's Boyer Lectures, which focuses on Australia's "future in a changing world"; and the wonderful Annabel Crabb has taken over the national sausage sizzle with her new social history program, Annabel Crabb's Civic Duty — everything you always needed to know about our political process.
