Sunday, 16 February 2020

commute 改判 VS remission 减刑; persistent vs incessant vs unremitting vs unabating;

用法学习: 1. do a number on treat someone badly, typically by deceiving, humiliating, or criticizing them in a calculated way. to deliberately do something that has a negative effect on someone or something The reviewers really did a number on that film. to injure someone or something, or to hurt or embarrass someone. to hurt or damage someone or something badly Tod really did a number on the old house. I don't envy the new tenants. I really did a number on my ankle when I fell. She really did a number on her old boyfriend, making him beg her to come back and then turning him down. 2. Lyme disease, also known as Lyme borreliosis, is an infectious disease caused by the Borrelia bacterium which is spread (spread的过去式和过去分词都是spread The disease is a bacterial infection spread by a bite from an infected tick.) by ticks (tick 蜱 an insect that sucks your blood.). The most common sign of infection is an expanding area of redness on the skin, known as erythema migrans, that appears at the site of the tick bite about a week after it occurred. Deer ticks can carry the bacteria that cause Lyme disease. Lyme disease causes a rash, often in a bull's-eye pattern, and flu-like symptoms. Joint pain and weakness in the limbs can also occur. Most people with Lyme disease recover completely with appropriate antibiotic treatment. For those who develop syndromes after their infection is treated, pain medication may provide symptomatic relief. Singer Justin Bieber revealed last week that he recently received a diagnosis of Lyme disease, a tick-borne illness that can cause fever, rash, joint pain, fatigue, and neurological problems. The star said he was aware of social media speculation that he had a drug problem, after he was pictured looking unwell with blotches on his skin. blotch [blɑtʃ] a colored mark on something, especially a red mark on your skin. 3. shoulder charge an instance of a player charging into another so that there is contact between their shoulders ( permissible in some circumstances) A shoulder charge on Rathbone by fullback Norman Ligairi was penalized midway through the first half. she shoulder-charged the door, and found herself in a moonlit room. exuberance [ɪɡˈzjubərəns] I. the quality of feeling energetic, or the behaviour of someone who feels this way. Exuberance is behaviour which is energetic, excited, and cheerful. Her burst of exuberance and her brightness overwhelmed me. He maintained a youthful exuberance 旺盛精力, . One thing that stands out is her exuberance and zest for life. If you talk about the exuberance of something, you like it because it is lively, exciting, and full of energy and life. The sheer exuberance of the sculpture was exhilarating. II. the fact that plants are strong and growing quickly: They marvelled at the exuberance 郁郁葱葱, 茂盛, 旺盛成长 of the rainforest. The flowering plant beds change from neatness to riotous multi-coloured exuberance. exhilarating [ɪɡˈzɪləˌreɪtɪŋ] adj making you feel extremely happy, excited, and full of energy. an exhilarating walk on the cliffs. If you describe an experience or feeling as exhilarating, you mean that it makes you feel very happy and excited. It was exhilarating to be on the road again and his spirits rose. Falling in love is a heady 让人头晕目眩的, exhilarating experience. heady I. affecting you in a strong and pleasant way. the heady 冲头的 scent of jasmine. II. very exciting and making you feel that you can achieve anything you want. the heady freedom of the late 1960s. A heady drink 上头的 atmosphere, or experience strongly affects your senses, for example by making you feel drunk or excited. ...in the heady days just after their marriage. I felt heady and euphoric. 4. scurry I. When people or small animals scurry somewhere, they move there quickly and hurriedly, especially because they are frightened. The attack began, sending residents scurrying for cover. The rats scurry around, searching for scraps of food in the rubbish. to move fast with small quick steps scurry about/around/off etc.: They were scurrying around like ants. II. If people scurry to do something, they do it as soon as they can. Pictures of starving children have sent many people scurrying to donate money. to hurry to do something or to get something The animals scurried for shelter. 5. turn out I. If something turns out a particular way, it happens in that way or has the result or degree of success indicated. If I had known my life was going to turn out like this, I would have let them kill me. Sometimes things don't turn out the way we think they're going to. I was positive things were going to turn out fine. II. If a business or other organization turns out something, it produces it. They have been turning out 生产, 制造 great blades for 400 years. III. If you turn someone out of a place 赶出去, 轰出去, especially the place where they have been living, you force them to leave that place. Surely nobody would suggest turning him out of the house. They were turned out of the hotel. It was previously a small monastery but the authorities turned all the monks out. IV. If you turn out the contents of a container, you empty it by removing them or letting them fall out. Turn out 倒出来, 倒空 the dough on to a floured surface. Turn the plants out of their pots. V. If people turn out for a particular event or activity 出席, 现身, they go and take part in it or watch it. Thousands of people turned out for the funeral. It was no wonder the fans turned out. The matches yielded 259 goals. VI. When you are commenting on pleasant weather, you can say that is has turned out nice or fine, especially if this is unexpected. [British, spoken] It's turned out nice again. If something turns out to be a particular thing, it is discovered to be that thing. Cosgrave's forecast turned out to be quite wrong. It turned out that I knew the person who got shot. VII. When you turn out something such as a light or gas, you move the switch or knob that controls it so that it stops giving out light or heat. I'll just play until the janitor comes round to turn the lights out. turned out 打扮一新, 穿得齐整 If you are well turned out or smartly turned out, you are dressed smartly. ...a well-turned-out young chap in a black suit. ...a woman, smartly turned out in patterned skirt and green top. 6. proving ground 试验场, 测试场 an area or situation in which a person or thing is tested or proved. High-crime areas are proving grounds for new police officers. car proving ground 新车测试场. Holden is also supported by a national parts distribution centre, a global design studio and its traditional car proving ground at Lang Lang. Indian college forces students to strip to prove they're not menstruating: Following the shocking event, students held a protest on campus, which has resulted in the launch of an investigation by the Gujarat State Women's Commission, who called it a "shameful exercise". The police are also said to have made a complaint. However, the vice-chancellor of the university the college is affiliated with 隶属于, 从属的, 附属的 says the students had simply broken the rules, and some have even come forward to apologise. 7. pore over sth 认真阅读, 认真研究(pore: to meditate deeply.) to look at and study something, usually a book or document, carefully: She spends her evenings poring over textbooks. He pored over the letter searching for clues about the writer. The ABC has failed in its legal bid to block federal police poring over documents collected in a controversial raid on the public broadcaster. ribbing 开玩笑 the act of laughing at someone in a friendly way as a joke. good-natured 善意的取笑 teasing. "he took a good deal of ribbing with the utmost good humour" They gave him a ribbing about his accent. counter-intuitive 不合常规的, 不合常理的 contrary to intuition or to common-sense expectation. Something that is counter-intuitive does not happen in the way you would expect it to: Steering a sailboat is counter-intuitive 违反常识的 - you push the tiller the opposite way to the way you want to go. "this explanation sounds perversely counter-intuitive". 8. Conscious thought: conscious thoughts, memories etc are ones which you know about. Just like when learning to ride your bike, a conscious thought is something you're engaged with, you are very aware of what you're thinking and why you're thinking it. the conscious mind. Without conscious thought, she instinctively placed a hand on his arm. It affects the audience at a deeper, less conscious level. sapiosexual someone who is sexually attracted by another person’s intellect Are you set on fire by intelligence? You may be part of a special group of people called sapiosexuals. someone who is sexually attracted to highly intelligent people, regardless of looks. Sexually attracted to intellectual or mental qualities, rather than to the physical body. About 0.5% of users on the dating website OkCupid identify as sapiosexual. Appearing on ITV's Good Morning Britain on Friday, the 44-year-old, who co-wrote 'Shallow' with Lady Gaga, said: "I feel like I identify as sapiosexual." He said he had just learned the term backstage before the interview. He added that he didn't know there was a word for sapiosexuality until hearing it on the show. 9. drumbeat I. A drumbeat is the sound of a beat on a drum. II. People sometimes describe a series of warnings or continuous pressure on someone to do something as a drumbeat. [mainly US, journalism] From the first days of the reforms, the parliament kept up a drumbeat of 不停歇, 不眠不休的, 不断施加压力 protest. Forti's friends and family agree and have kept a drumbeat over the years insisting he's innocent. In 2013, Forti's case came to the attention of Italian journalist Manuela Moreno. Gianni Forti's relentless campaign to keep his nephew's case in the public eye paid off 有了结果, 付出有了回报 when a witness came forward with an intriguing story after seeing a television program about Forti's case. late bloomer 晚熟者, 大器晚成的人 (early bloomer 伤仲永) A late bloomer is a person whose talents or capabilities are not visible to others until later than usual. The term is used metaphorically to describe a child or adolescent who develops slower than others in their age group, but eventually catches up and in some cases overtakes their peers, or an adult whose talent or genius in a particular field only appears later in life than is normal – in some cases only in old age. late-blooming adjective I. of or characteristic of a late bloomer: late-blooming brilliance. II. late in coming about or showing full development: the country's late-blooming interest in soccer. 10. negligee [ˌneɡlɪˈʒeɪ] 薄纱睡袍 a thin piece of clothing worn over night clothes, typically by women. A negligee is a very thin garment which a woman wears over her nightclothes. ...a pink satin negligee. nightie 睡袍 a nightdress. A nightie is the same as a nightdress or nightgown.

commute VS remission: commute 轻判, 改判, 减刑 (和remission不同) I. to travel regularly to and from work. I commute by train. II. transitive legal to change a punishment to one that is less severe. If a death sentence or prison sentence is commuted to a less serious punishment, it is changed to that punishment. His death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. Prison sentences have been commuted. Enrico Forti is trying to have his sentence commuted. His sentence has been commuted to one of life imprisonment. remission [rɪˈmɪʃ(ə)n] (remittence 病症消失, remitment 减刑, remittal 减刑) I. medical (=remittence) a period of time when an illness or disease becomes less severe. An abatement or lessening of the manifestations of a disease; a period where the symptoms of a disease are absent. Her cancer was in remission. in remission: Her sister's cancer is in remission. II. the process by which someone is allowed not to pay money that they owe. Scholarship students will receive full remission of their tuition fees. III. (= remitment) mainly British 减刑 (和commute的减刑不同). the reduction of a prison sentence because the prisoner has behaved well. A reduction or cancellation of the penalty for a criminal offence; in particular, the reduction of a prison sentence as a recognition of the prisoner's good behaviour. IV. An act of remitting, returning, or sending back. a. (law) A referral of a case back to another (especially a lower or inferior) court of law; a remand, a remittal. be (released) on license 假释 legal to be freed from prison early under certain conditions. It is also known as being on parole. The pair were released on license having served 5 years of a 10-year sentence. remit [riː'mɪt] noun [British] Someone's remit is the area of activity which they are expected to deal with, or which they have authority to deal with. That issue is not within the remit of the working group. The centre has a remit to advise Asian businesses and entrepreneurs. remit [ri'mɪt] verb I. 汇款. If you remit money to someone, you send it to them. Many immigrants regularly remit money to their families. III. In an appeal court, if a case is remitted to 打回重审, 发回重审 the court where it was originally dealt with, it is sent back to be dealt with there. The matter was remitted to the justices for a rehearing. unremitting [ˌʌnrɪˈmɪtɪŋ] 一刻也不消停的, 不停歇的, 无休无止的, 不曾减轻的, 不见好转的, 没有好转迹象的 continuing for a long time without stopping or ever getting better. Something that is unremitting continues without stopping or becoming less intense. I was sent to boarding school, where I spent six years of unremitting misery. He watched her with unremitting attention. The weather was unremittingly awful. unremitting pain/opposition/hostility.

persistent vs incessant vs unremitting vs unabating (ceaseless formal, constant, incessant, never-ending, perpetual, unceasing formal): persistent [pərsɪstənt] I. Something that is persistent continues to exist or happen for a long time; used especially about bad or undesirable states or situations. Her position as national leader has been weakened by persistent fears of another coup attempt. His cough grew more persistent until it never stopped. Shoppers picked their way through puddles caused by persistent rain. II. Someone who is persistent continues trying to do something, even though it is difficult or other people are against it. ...a persistent critic of the government's transport policies. He phoned again this morning. He's very persistent. incessant [ɪnsesənt] 不消停的, 一刻不停歇的, 无休止的, 无休无止的, 没玩没了的 An incessant process or activity is one that continues without stopping. never stopping, especially in an annoying or unpleasant way: Dee talked incessantly. ...incessant rain. ...his incessant demands for affection. incessant rain/noise/complaints. unremitting [ˌʌnrɪˈmɪtɪŋ] 一刻也不消停的, 不停歇的, 无休无止的, 不曾减轻的, 不见好转的, 没有好转迹象的 [formal] never stopping, becoming weaker, or failing. Something that is unremitting continues without stopping or becoming less intense. continuing for a long time without stopping or ever getting better. unremitting pain/opposition/hostility. I was sent to boarding school, where I spent six years of unremitting misery. He watched her with unremitting attention. The weather was unremittingly awful. Our thanks are due to Bob Lawrence whose unremitting labours have ensured the success of the whole project. remit verb [rɪˈmɪt] noun ['riːmɪt]. I. noun Someone's remit is the area of activity which they are expected to deal with, or which they have authority to deal with. [British] That issue is not within the remit of 工作范围, 职责范围 the working group. [+ of] The centre has a remit 工作范畴, 领域 to advise Asian businesses and entrepreneurs. II. verb If you remit money to someone, you send it to them. [formal] Many immigrants regularly remit money to their families. III. verb. 审批被上诉法庭打回去. 审判上诉法庭被拒. In an appeal court, if a case is remitted to the court where it was originally dealt with, it is sent back to be dealt with there. The matter was remitted to the justices for a rehearing. unabating 气势如虹的, 气势不减的, 不消停的, 不曾减弱的 [ˌʌnəˈbeɪtɪŋ] not lessening in strength. abate [əˈbeɪt] 减弱 to gradually become less serious or extreme The fighting shows no sign of abating. with bated breath 屏息静气, 耐心等待 If you wait for something with bated breath, you wait anxiously to find out what will happen. [formal] Every Monday the whole office used to wait with bated breath for his report. We listened with bated breath to Grandma's stories of her travels. While the world was waiting with bated breath to see the first photo of baby Sussex, it didn't seem to be on the minds of the Cambridges' social media team. unabated. adj. 不消停的. to make or become less in amount, intensity, degree, etc. To reduce in amount, degree, or intensity; lessen. Fighting continued unabated for several hours. the storm has abated. To abate a tax; to abate one's enthusiasm. The storm has abated.

Big Bang Theory: 1. Can you pass the Parmesan cheese? Sure. What are you doing? I'm trying to get the hair out of my eyes. Sheldon, you are one day late for your haircut. Thank you for captioning my nightmare (to put a caption above or below a picture. is it really necessary to caption [ˈkæpʃ(ə)n] the obvious?). 2. Bernadette: So, what are we gonna do? Howard: You really want me to sign a pre-nup? Bernadette: I don't know. My dad's pretty insistent on it, though. Howard: Why don't I talk to your dad, man-to-man? Bernadette: Really? Oh, that'd be so great. Howard: Done. Bernadette: I should probably give you a heads-up about a couple of things. Even though he's retired from the police force, he still carries his gun. But don't worry, he won't shoot it. It's more of a fashion statement( A fashion statement is loosely defined as something original worn to make a bold statement about fashion knowledge or draw attention to oneself. Girls who started wearing pencil skirts in the 1950s were making a bold fashion statement in their clothing, as it differed widely from the accepted fashion trends. fashion statement 时尚宣言 clothes that you wear or something else that you own in order to attract attention and show other people the type of person you are: I thought I'd be bold and make a fashion statement.). Howard: Okay. Bernadette: And just to be safe, when you talk to him, don't bring up Jimmy Carter, gardeners, foreign people, homosexuals, Sean Penn, Vatican II, gun control, organic food, the designated hitter rule, recycling or the fact that you're Jewish. Howard: Got it, got it. Will you e-mail me that list? Bernadette: So the thing to watch for 当心, 留意, if he's shouting at you, you're okay, but if he starts to get real quiet, leave as quickly as you can without making eye contact 看也不要看. Not in a straight line, throw some zigs and zigs in there. Howard: You know, this isn't that pressing 迫切, 着急, 急切. Why don't I talk to him about it in May. Bernadette: In May you're gonna be on the International Space Station. Howard: They've got a phone. 3. I was gonna freshen up 梳洗一下 for you but I blacked out a little on the way to the bathroom. Survival training? Is that like camping? Uh-huh. 4. A travel order identifies the travel purpose and includes necessary financial information for budgetary and reimbursement purposes. It also provides documentation for using travel programs to a Travel Management Company (TMC) and travel service vendors (FTR § 301-71.100). The travel order provides the traveler information regarding what expenses may be reimbursed. It should be issued before travel begins unless an urgent or unusual situation prevents prior issuance (FTR § 301-71.108). However, a written travel order is not necessary when it is known that the travel claim involves only transportation reimbursement. 例子: Lookie here, I got my travel orders. "Payload Specialist Howard Wolowitz is requested to report to the NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, for astronaut training Monday 8:00 a.m." Yeah, but it's from NASA, so it's 0800. But it says "8:00 a.m" "You read it as "0800." It doesn't have an "O" in front of it. You know what does have an "oh" in front of it? "Oh, my God, I'm an astronaut, and you're dying of jealousy. 5. Why don't you just let your hair grow out 头发长长点 ( if colored, cut, or permed hair grows out, it grows so that it no longer has the color or style that it had. If you grow out a hairstyle or let it grow out, you let your hair grow so that the style changes or so that you can cut off the part that you do not want. I also let my hair go darker and grew out my fringe. The red rinse had grown out completely. ) a little? Why don't I let my hair grow out? Um, why don't I start wearing Birkenstocks and seeking validation of my opinions by asking "Can you dig it?" Well, I don't know. I think you might look sexy with long hair. The kind that flows down to your shoulders and blows back while riding on a horse. Bareback and bare-chested. I'm gonna go brush my teeth; it might take a while. 6. Hey, want to spend some time playing the new Star Wars game this weekend? Oh, I don't know. I kind of promised myself I'd get off the computer 离开电脑, be more physically active 多运动运动. Get some exercise. You're about to walk up three flights of stairs. Good point, I'm in. You know what would be great? Let's do it like the old days. You mean, are you talking gaming marathon? Yeah. 7. This is not your office. It hasn't been assigned 分配 yet. Well, I called dibs at the Christmas party when Professor Rothman tried to have intercourse with the Toys for Tots collection box. Dibs?! This is a university, not a playground. Offices are not assigned because someone called dibs. 8. as long as: I. seeing that; since. Since, in view of the fact that. As long as you're here, you may as well help me with the garden. Well, as long as we're here, I might as well take a leak. II. Provided that, if, assuming (depending upon some condition or requirement). I don't mind if he stays there, as long as he cleans up after himself when he's done. 9. President Siebert? Can't this wait? I'm sorry. We just need a word. Now? You realize I'm your boss, and I am holding my penis? Sheldon, give the man some privacy. I'm sorry. This guy's got no respect for boundaries. What do you want? Will you tell this lunatic that Professor Rothman's office is rightfully mine? Can't you take this up with your department chairman? We tried. His assistant said he was on sabbatical. Although we distinctly heard his office window open and shut. Gentlemen, there's a task I'm trying to accomplish here, and I'm having trouble doing it. Oh, my. President Siebert, I don't mean to be an alarmist 不是要吓唬你, but difficulty initiating a urine stream could be a symptom of benign prostatic hyperplasia. If you're interested, I can send you a link to a YouTube video that'll show you how to perform your own rectal exam. Uh, helpful hint-- trim your nails first 修剪指甲. Ignore him, President Siebert. I'm sure a young man such as yourself has a perfectly healthy prostate. Oh, he's just trying to butter you up. And for the record, butter is an excellent lubricant for your rectal exam. 10. What am I gonna do? I don't know. You can't take it down. You'll break her heart. Look at that face. That enormous, unsettling, crazy face. Is there any chance I'll learn to love it? That depends. Do you like pictures of yourself where you look like a man? All right, it's got to go. What will you tell Amy? How about I tell her the painting makes you feel jealous because you're not in it? Nuh-uh. What if she gets me one? I already have a picture of me and Howard's mom getting our hair cornrowed in Venice Beach. I've suffered enough. Well, I guess I could take it down and put it up when she comes over, but it's kind of heavy. 11. In the interest of preserving our friendship We're not friends. Well, that's a little hard to hear, but all right. As you know, the essence of diplomacy is compromise. With that in mind, I propose the following. I will take Rothman's office, and you will find a way to be okay with that. How about you decide 决定, 决胜 this with Rock-Paper-Scissors Lizard-Spock. 12. Barry, how good of a shot ( shot I. an act of firing a gun He pulled out his rifle and fired three shots. She was killed by a single shot to the head. I. the sound of a gun being fired Where were you when you heard the shot 枪击声, 枪响? III. a good/bad etc shot 好射手, 射击术, 枪法 someone who is good, bad etc at shooting Sergeant Cooper is an excellent shot. IV. 投篮. an attempt in sport to throw, kick, or hit the ball towards the place where you can get a point Shaw took a shot at the goal from the halfway line, but missed. Good shot! V. a photograph. a close-up shot 照片 of a demonstrator being beaten by a policeman. I managed to get some good shots of the carnival. We hired a photographer to take some publicity shots. action shots of football players (=ones taken of people while they are moving). VI. film/tv [countable] the view of something in a film or television programme that is produced by having the camera in a particular position. In the opening shot, we see Travolta’s feet walking down the sidewalk. VII. informal an attempt to do something or achieve something, especially something difficult shot at (doing) something. This is her first shot at 第一次尝试 directing a play. If Lewis won his next fight, he would be guaranteed a shot at the title (=chance to win the title). I decided to have a shot at decorating the house myself. I didn't think I had much chance of winning the race, but I thought I'd give it a shot (=try to do it). The network finally gave Keaton a shot at presenting his own show. give something your best shot. be a long shot. a 10 to 1 shot/50 to 1 shot etc. a shot in the dark. VIII. a remark that is intended to criticize or hurt someone. I'm not going to sit here listening to you two take shots at each other all night. She couldn't resist a parting shot (=one that you make just before you leave) – 'And you were a lousy lover!' That was a cheap shot (=one that is unfair and unreasonable)! IX. a small amount of a strong alcoholic drink. a shot of tequila. a shot glass (=a small glass for strong alcoholic drinks) X. [countable] especially American English an injection of a drug (=when it is put into the body with a needle). Have you had your typhoid and cholera shots? a shot across the bows/a warning shot (across the bows) something you say or do to warn someone that you oppose what they are doing and will try to make them stop it – used especially in news reports. The president's own supporters are firing a warning shot across his bows. a 10 to 1 shot/50 to 1 shot etc a horse, dog etc in a race, whose chances of winning are expressed as numbers. be a long shot I. used to say that a plan is worth trying, even though you think it is unlikely to succeed. It's a long shot, but someone might recognise her from the photo and be able to tell us where she lives. II. American English if someone is a long shot, they are not likely to be chosen for a job or to win an election, competition etc Turner is a long shot to win next month's mayoral election. by a long way/shot informal (also by a long chalk British English) (=used when something is much better, quicker, cheaper etc) It was his best performance this year, by a long way. a long way very much, far, or a great amount or degree. We're still a long way from achieving our sales targets. Psychiatry has come a long way (=developed a lot) since the 1920s. Your contributions will go a long way towards helping children in need (=will help to reach a goal). not by a long way/shot informal(also not by a long chalk British English) (=not at all or not nearly) He had not told Rory everything, not by a long shot.) are you? Not pistols. Minds. A trivia contest, and you may choose the field of battle 什么领域的, 什么方面的. Next Generation trivia, Deep Space Nine trivia, - - Voyager trivia, or model trains. You have a complete advantage in trivia. You have an eidetic [aɪˈdɛtɪk] memory ( relating to mental images that are vivid and detailed. an eidetic memory. ). Plus, I haven't watched Star Trek since I discovered the strip club near my apartment has a free buffet. It's gonna be hard to find something you're both equally good at. Is there anything you're both equally bad at? Sports. All right, this is one-on-one. First person to five wins the office. Any questions? Yes, Sheldon. Five what? Balls in the basket. Ew! It's out, right? Time. Ran out of room. You know all those terrible things bullies used to do to us? Yeah. I get it. Ooh, aah! Hey! He did that on purpose! No, he didn't. Nothing that's happening here is being done on purpose. Okay, uh, forget one-on-one. Let's try a free throw contest. First person who makes a basket wins the office. Making it too easy there, Hofstadter. No, I'm not. Use the force 用力, Sheldon. Use the force. I'm gonna need more force. All right, Cooper, prepare to have your heart broken. Do I get points for that? Oh! All right, we gave it 45 minutes. It's no longer funny. Let's try something else. What do you propose? Uh, on the count of three, both of you bounce the balls as hard as you can. The highest bounce wins the office. Oh, you are going down, Cooper. I don't think so, Kripke. I've bounced many a rubber ball in my day. All right, that's enough trash talk. 13. I've got to go 我得走了. I've got to get up early. My company's testing a new steroid that supposedly doesn't shrink testicles, and the last one there has to do the measuring. I guess I should get going 我该走了, too. 14. Let us take you off the wall. Out of sight, out of mind. I wish. You know, can I borrow that movie? Those singing hooligans really got my motor running. Sure, sure. Enjoy. I mean, get it back to me 还回来 when you can, or you know what, actually, you keep it. It's just going to be my gift to you. Wait Where'd the painting go? It's right over there. You hate it. I feel like an idiot. No, come on, you're not an idiot. Look, just help me put it back up. Why? So you can just take it down when I leave? I don't need your pity. You're absolutely right. I should have been honest with you and told you the gift was too much. Yes, too much. Because our friendship is fundamentally asymmetrical 不对等的. I clearly like you more than you like me. I don't think you can put a number on how much one person likes another. I bought you a painting that's 12 square feet in area. There's a number. Amy, come on If you don't like feet, you can try dollars. The painting set me back three grand. Look, look, Amy, all you need to know is, you are my friend and I don't want to lose you out of my life. I'm sorry, I'm just having trouble believing you right now. Grab your hammer. No. Damage is done. Okay, look, I didn't want to say this, but the real reason I took the painting down was because it made Bernadette very jealous. Oh, my goodness, how could I have not seen that? The painting is a constant reminder that of the three of us, she is the least cool. We're going to go put this painting back up in your apartment. Well, what about Bernadette? Oh, screw her. She's just lucky we let her hang out with us. 15. What are you doing? I'm trying to raise the temperature in here before my nipples tear through my shirt. Why don't you just turn up the thermostat? Aha! Good question. It turns out the thermostat for my new office isn't in my new office. No. It's next door, in Professor Davenport's office, who is currently enjoying the hot flashes associated with menopause. Why is there a hole here? Why is there a hole in my new office? I've narrowed it down to two possibilities: "There was something in the wall that someone outside the wall wanted," or the more disturbing 更吓人的, "there was something in the wall that wanted out." Well, at least you finally got a window that opens. 16. Sheldon: No, Leonard, go ahead and mock. Like my daddy always said, Shelly, women aren't anything but flippin' pains in the bottom. Leonard: That's what your father used to say? Sheldon: Well, I took out 去掉 the bad words and the yeehaw, but you get the gist. Howard: Look, if you don't want to go to the party, just don't go. You're a grown man. Act like one. Tell Amy you want to spend the weekend having a sleepover and playing video games with your friends. Maybe she'll dig it. Women like a firm hand on the tiller ( firm/steady hand on the tiller 强势管理, 铁手管理 (idiomatic) Reliable, composed control (of an organization or situation). A person exhibiting such control. a situation in which someone is keeping good control of a situation. If ever there was an urgent need for a steady hand on the tiller, it is now,' said one European diplomat. ). Raj: I can never find the tiller. I got a book; it didn't help. Sheldon: Yeah, I always thought if I were ever enslaved, it would be by an advanced species from another planet, not some hotsy-totsy ( hotsy-totsy adj. I. (slang) Fine, all right, good. II. (slang, usually derogatory) Fancy, sophisticated. noun. (slang) An attractive woman, especially one who is the companion of a man.) from Glendale. 17. Penny: Sorry, Stallion. Your weird friend Giraffe is here. Sheldon: Hello, Penny. I just stopped by to bring you this gift. Penny: Gummy bears? Thank you. Sheldon: Now that you're in my debt 你欠我的, please manipulate Amy into releasing me from my commitment to attend her aunt's tedious birthday party. Penny: Not a chance. Sheldon: All right. I thought the candy might not be enough so let me up the ante. These are Cooper Coupons. These are for various things I can do for you. Um, oh, this one is for one free grammar check. Uh, you could use it for emails, letters, tattoos, what have you. Um, oh, this is fun one. This is an afternoon with me at the California Science Center, where I point out their mistakes. Leonard: Keep an eye on those expiration dates, I've been burned more than once. Penny: All right, sweetie, I'm not going to get involved in your relationship. Sheldon: Oh, come on. It's just a simple favour. Now, when's the last time I asked you to do something for me? Penny: Yesterday. You made me look in your ear to see if there was a ladybug in it. Sheldon: I'm going to run around outside with a wet head and try to catch a cold. 18. Amy: I had to go to my aunt's party all by myself, and everybody was like, where's this boyfriend you're always talking about? Is he real, or did you make him up like Armin the miniature horse breeder? Penny: Who's Armin the miniature horse breeder? Amy: The pretend boyfriend I invented to get my family off my back. It unravelled quickly when I couldn't answer the question how'd you two meet? Penny: I would have thought at a miniature horse show. Amy: Oh, that's good. Penny: Mm. Amy: I panicked and said Woodstock. I just wanted to show Sheldon off to my family. Penny: Sure, I get that. I mean, he's your first boyfriend and all. Amy: Not just my first boyfriend, he's the best boyfriend. I mean, think about it. I'm dating Sheldon Cooper. Penny: Yes. On purpose. Amy: He's handsome, he's lanky, he's brilliant, and his skin has that pale, waxy quality. Penny: Well, sickly is the new sexy. Amy: Yeah. Penny: Mm. You know, Amy, sometimes when you're in a relationship with someone you really care about, the sucky part is, it leaves you open to getting hurt. Amy: Do you ever worry about Leonard doing that to you? 19. Penny: Well, I was thinking about Sheldon's little joke the other night about me eating all your food. Sheldon: Oh, that was no joke. But I understand your confusion as I am our group's resident cut-up. Leonard: I'm sorry, you are our resident cut-up? Sheldon: Yes. Leonard: Prove it. Sheldon: Knock, knock. Leonard: Who's there? Sheldon: Interrupting physicist. Leonard: Interrupting physi… Sheldon: MUON! Penny: Anyway, I got a little residual cheque from my commercial and I thought, hey, how about I get the guys a little thankyou to pay them back. So, Sheldon, ta-da! Sheldon: Ah! A vintage, mint in box( Mint condition is an expression used to denote the quality of a pre-owned good as displaying virtually no imperfections and being in pristine condition relative to its original production state. Originally, the phrase related to the way collectors described the condition of coins. As the name given to a coin factory is a "mint", then mint condition is the condition a coin is in when it leaves the mint. Abbreviations include: NRFB – Never removed from box. MIB – Mint in box. MIP – Mint in package. MOC – Mint on card (for accessories sold attached to a card). ), 1975 Mego Star Trek transporter with real transporter action. Hot-darn! Leonard: Where did you get that? Penny: Uh, from Stuart at the comic-book store. Leonard: You went to the comic-book store by yourself? Penny: Yeah, it was fun, I walked in and two different guys got asthma attacks. Felt pretty good. Sheldon: Well this calls for an expression of gratitude. Penny: Ooh, am I about to get a rare Sheldon Cooper hug? Sheldon: Not this time. Then they wouldn't be special. Thanks Penny. Penny: You're welcome. Don't worry, I didn't forget about you. Leonard, I got you a label maker. Leonard: Wow. No, it's great. Also, uh, mint in box. Penny: Mmm. And, I got you a transporter too! Leonard: Awesome! 20. Spock: I need to speak with you. Sheldon: Fascinating. The only logical explanation is that this is a dream. Spock: It is not the only logical explanation. For example, you could be hallucinating after being hit on the head by, say, a coconut. Sheldon: Was I hit on the head by a coconut. Spock: I'm not going to dignify that with a response. Now, to the matter at hand. You need to play with the transporter toy. Sheldon: But it's mint in box. Spock: Yes, and to open it would destroy its value. But remember, like me, you also have a human half. Sheldon: Well, I'm not going to dignify that with a response. Spock: Consider this. What is the purpose of a toy? Sheldon: To be played with. Spock: Therefore? To not play with it would be? Sheldon: Illogical. Oh, damn it Spock, you're right. I'll do it. Spock: Sheldon, wait. You have to wake up first. 21. This is Maid of Honor Amy Farrah Fowler, bringing you the wedding activities just weeks out from the big day. Let's check in with a beautiful, radiant young woman, and her friend who's about to get married. Ladies, can you tell us what you're doing? Um, these are gift bags 伴手礼 we're going to put in the hotel rooms of our out-of-town guests 外地来的. This is a map of Pasadena. This is a list of local restaurants. And then, for Howie's relatives, we have antihistamines, antacids, and medicine for diarrhea and constipation. Yeah, we labeled them "stop and go." All right, pivoting to the big question: Bernadette, on your wedding night you'll be consummating your marriage. What do you think your first sexual position will be as husband and wife? Amy, please. Keeping in mind that whoever's on top may set the tone for the marriage. Okay, show's over. Hey, they may conceive a child on their wedding night. Don't you think the kid might get a kick out of knowing how it happened? I don't care. Ask her things like "Are you going to take Howard's name?" Not "Who's going to sit on who. " I've actually been thinking I'm going to hyphenate: Bernadette Maryann Rostenkowski-Wolowitz. 22. Hey, Sheldon, clear 腾出来, 空出来 your weekend. Starting Saturday morning, Star Wars marathon Whoohoo!

Saturday, 15 February 2020

虚拟语气 The Subjunctive Mood; would rather would sooner 用法

一、语气的定义和种类

l、语气：语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。

2、语气的种类：
(1)陈述语气 indicative mood: 表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：We are not ready. 我们没准备好。What a fine day it is!多好的天气啊!
(2)祈使语气 Imperative Mood: 表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如: Open the door, please。请打开门。
(3)虚拟语气: 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如: If I were you, I should study English. 如果我是你，我就学英语了。May you succeed! 祝您成功！

二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法

条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。

如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件句。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如: If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园。

如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如: If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。(事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。)

在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:

与现在事实相反: 从句: 动词的过去式（be的过去式一般用were）
主句:would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形

与过去事实相反 : 从句 :had + 过去分词
主句 :would/ should/ could/ might + have + 过去分词

与将来事实相反 : 从句:动词过去式，should + 动词原形，
主句 :were to + 动词原形 would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形

注: 主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should可用于各种人称。

l、表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如: If my brother were here, everything would be all right.
2、表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如: If you had taken my advice，you wouldn't (couldn't) have failed in the exam.
3、表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如: If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should (would，could，might) go to see my grandmother. If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out.
4、有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致（表示错综时间的虚拟语气），这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如: If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now. (从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在)

5、虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式:
(l) 省略连词if。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had 或 should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。例如: Should he come (If he should come), tell him to ring me up. Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it.

(2) 用介词短语代替条件状语从句。有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来，而是通过介词短语来表示。如: Without air (If there were not air), there would be no living things. But for your help (If it hadn't been for your help) I couldn't have done it.

假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。如:
I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. (If I hadn't been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.) (如果我那天不忙的话，我就……)；
I would have finished the work, but I have been ill. (If I hadn't been ill, I would have finished the work.) (如果我没生病的话，我就会完成……)

6、省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。
(1) 省去条件从句。如: You could have washed your clothes yourself. (事实是: 你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。)
(2) 省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。如: If my grandmother were with me! If only she had not left (事实是: 她已经走了。)

三、虚拟语气的其他用法

l、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法

在"It is important (strange，natural，necessary) that…"这类句型里，that 所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “should+ 动词原形”结构，表示某事是"重要"、"奇怪"、"自然"、"必要"等意义。

如: It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules.
It is strange that you should say such a thing.
It was important that you should tell me all the information.
Funny you should ask.

2、虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法：

(1). 在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。

1) 表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be动词一般用were)。如: I wish I knew the answer to the question. (可惜不知道)；
2) 表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用"had+过去分词"。如: I wish (wished) I hadn't spent so much money. (实际上已经花掉)；
3) 表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为"would+动词原形"。此时要注意，主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动物名词除外)。如: I wish it would stop raining. I wish you would come soon.

I wish that I met my uncle now.
I wish I had met my uncle yesterday.I wish I could meet my uncle tomorrow.

(2). 在suggest，demand，order，propose，command, request, desire, suggestion, order, request, demand, importance, proposal, order, ask, decide, demand, require, recommend, insist, advise 等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。如: I demand that he (should) answer (用动词原形) me immediately. He made a suggestion that we (should) have a fancy dress party. I think it is a thing of importance that it (should) be done soon. He suggested that we (should) help them with English. The teacher ordered that the homework (should) be finished within half an hour.

Oh, hi, Penny, guess what? Sheldon got bongos. Why did you get bongos? Richard Feynman played the bongos. I thought I'd give that a try. Richard Feynman was a famous physicist. Oh, Leonard, it's 3:00 o'clock in the morning. I don't care if Richard Feynman was a purple leprechaun who lived in my butt. Penny meant if he were a purple leprechaun [ˈleprəˌkɔn]. Penny forgot to use the subjunctive. Sheldon, go to bed. You have work in the morning. wiki: A leprechaun [ˈleprəˌkɔn] is a type of fairy of the Aos Sí in Irish folklore. They are usually depicted as little bearded men, wearing a coat and hat, who partake in mischief. They are solitary creatures who spend their time making and mending shoes and have a hidden pot of gold at the end of the rainbow. If captured by a human, they often grant three wishes in exchange for their freedom. Like other Irish fairies, leprechauns may be derived from the Tuatha Dé Danann. Leprechaun-like creatures rarely appear in Irish mythology and only became prominent in later folklore.

Insist后接宾语从句时，有时用虚拟语气，有时用陈述语气，其区别是：若谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生，或尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气；若谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生，或已经成为事实，则要用陈述语气。比较：She insisted that I (should) stay for supper. He still insisted that he wasn’t there at the time.

与insist相似, Suggest后接宾语从句时，也可用虚拟语气或陈述语气，其区别是：若谓语动词所表示的情况尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气，此时翻译为建议, 若谓语动词所表示的情况为既成事实，则要用陈述语气，此时的suggest 通常为"认为, 表明". He suggested that we (should) come another day. His smile suggested that he was satisfied.

3、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法
(1). 在带有even if/ even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如: Even if he had been ill, he would have gone to his office.

(2). 由as if或as though 引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时. 从句谓语形式为动词的过去式 (be用were)或 "had+过去分词". 如: He treated me as if I were a stranger. She talked about the film as if she had really seen it.

注:如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。

You use as if and as though when you are giving a possible explanation for something or saying that something appears to be the case when it is not. Anne shrugged, as if she didn't know. 非虚拟. He burst into a high-pitched laugh, as though he'd said something funny.

as if I. in such a way that something seems to be true It looks as if it's going to rain. Jack smiled as though he was enjoying a private joke. II. used when you are describing something and you imagine an explanation for it that you know is not the real one. The house was in such a mess – it looked as though a bomb had dropped on it. III. spoken used for emphasizing that something is not true or is not important. "Don't get lost or anything, will you?" "As if I would 搞得好像 – I’m not stupid." Why was he worrying about the interview? – As if it mattered anyway!

as if by magic 奇迹般的, 变魔术般的 in a surprising or sudden way that is impossible to explain. I mentioned his name, and he appeared as if by magic. do something as if/ like/ as though you own the place to behave in an annoying way that shows that you think you can do whatever you want. The new president's friends have been strutting around town as if they owned the place. She acts like she owns the place! They walked in as if they owned the place. make as if to do something 装作是要做某事, 装的好像是要做某事 to make a movement so that you seem to be going to do something. Dad made as if to chase me out of the room. look as if you have seen a ghost 跟见鬼了似的, 看见鬼了似的 to look very frightened and upset. if/when/as the spirit moves you 随心所欲的 used for saying that someone does something when they want to, rather than when they think they should At these meetings, people stand up and speak as the spirit moves them.

As if and as though are conjunctions 连词.

We use as if and as though to make comparisons. They have a similar meaning. We use as if and as though to talk about an imaginary situation or a situation that may not be true but that is likely or possible. As if is more common than as though:

    The floods were rising and it was as if it was the end of the world.

    It looks as if they've had a shock.

    It looks as though you've not met before.

We can use both as if and as though followed by a non-finite clause or a prepositional phrase:

    She moved her lips as if to smile.

    They were shouting as though in panic.

As if and as though commonly follow the verbs feel and look:

    She felt as if all her worries had gone.

    They felt as though they had been given the wrong information.

    I've got so much work it looks as if I’ll have to stay at home this evening.

In informal English, like can be used in a similar way to as if, though it is not always considered correct in formal contexts:

    It felt like it could snow at any minute.

(3)在in order that或so that引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词多用 “could或might（有时也用should）+ 动词原形”。如: Mr green spoke slowly so that his students could (might) hear clearly.

4、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法
在"It is time (that) …"句型中，定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词形式一般用过去式，意思是"该干某事的时候了"。如: It's (high) time we did our homework.

It is (high/about) time that ... + did / were ... It is time that you went to bed. When you wait until you are 30 and your parents kick you out of their basement before you finally get around to getting a job, this is an example of a situation where someone might say "It is high time you got a job!" If you say that it is high time that something happened or was done, you are saying in an emphatic way that it should happen or be done now, and really should have happened or been done sooner. It is high time the Government displayed a more humanitarian approach towards victims of the recession. It is high time to consider the problem on a global scale.

It's time that: We can use the expression it's time + subject + past verb form to refer to the present moment: Gosh! It’s almost midnight. It’s time we went home. Not: ~~It’s time we go home~~. It’s time with a verb in the to-infinitive form can refer to the speaker and the listener together: Come on. It’s time to start packing. We have to leave in two hours. (or It’s time we started packing.)

5、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法

(1). 情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌，或委婉的语气，常见于日常会话中。如: It would be better for you not to stay up too late.

(2). 在一些习惯表达中。如: I would rather not tell you 后边不接从句时, 表示的是一种选择不用虚拟，跟动词原形.

would rather的用法附在后面

would rather that ... + did / were ... I would rather that you were not here now (后边接从句时表示的是一种和事实相反的希望愿望，从句为虚拟语气).

would sooner that ... + did / were ...
I would sooner that you got up earlier. I would sooner that you were not my brother.

(3). 用“may + 动词原形”表示"祝愿"、"但愿”，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。如: May you be happy! May good luck be yours.

We use would rather or 'd rather to talk about preferring one thing to another. Would rather has two different constructions. (The subjects are underlined in the examples.)

Compare

same subject (+ base form)	different subject (+ past simple clause)
I'd rather stay at home than go out tonight.	I'd rather you stayed at home tonight.
I'd rather not go out tonight.	I'd rather you didn't go out tonight

In negative sentences with a different subject, the negative comes on the clause that follows, not on would rather:

She'd rather you didn't phone after 10 o'clock.

Not: ~~She wouldn't rather you phoned after 10 o'clock~~.

When the subject is the same person in both clauses, we use would rather (not) followed by the base form of the verb 原型:

We'd rather go on Monday.

Not: ~~We'd rather to go … or We'd rather going …~~

More than half the people questioned would rather have a shorter summer break and more holidays at other times.

I'd rather not fly. I hate planes.

When we want to refer to the past we use would rather + have + -ed form (perfect infinitive without to):

She would rather have spent the money on a holiday. (The money wasn't spent on a holiday.)

I'd rather have seen it at the cinema than on DVD. (I saw the film on DVD.)

When the subjects of the two clauses are different, we often use the past simple to talk about the present or future, and the past perfect to talk about the past:

I would rather they did something about it instead of just talking about it. (past simple to talk about the present or future)

Would you rather I wasn't honest with you? (past simple to talk about the present or future)

Not: ~~Would you rather I'm not honest with you? or …~~ ~~I won't be honest with you~~?

I'd rather you hadn't rung me at work. (past perfect to talk about the past)

We can use much with would rather to make the preference stronger. In speaking, we stress much:

I'd much rather make a phone call than send an email.

She’d much rather they didn't know about what had happened.

We often use I'd rather not as a short response to say no to a suggestion or request:

A: Do you want to go for a coffee?

B: I'd rather not, if you don't mind.

We use the phrases would sooner and would just as soon when we say that we prefer one thing to another thing. They mean approximately the same as would rather:

I don’t really want to go back to France again this year. I’d sooner go to Spain.

Thanks for the invitation, but, if you don’t mind, we’d just as soon stay at home and watch it all on TV.

Would sooner is more common than would just as soon. However, would rather is more common than both of these phrases.

The Zero Conditional

We can make a zero conditional sentence with two present simple verbs (one in the 'if clause' and one in the 'main clause'):

If + present simple, .... present simple.

This conditional is used when the result will always happen. So, if water reaches 100 degrees, it always boils. It's a fact. I'm talking in general, not about one particular situation. The result of the 'if clause' is always the main clause.

The 'if' in this conditional can usually be replaced by 'when' without changing the meaning.

For example: If water reaches 100 degrees, it boils. (It is always true, there can't be a different result sometimes). If I eat peanuts, I am sick. (This is true only for me, maybe, not for everyone, but it's still true that I'm sick every time I eat peanuts)

Here are some more examples:

If people eat too much, they get fat.
If you touch a fire, you get burned.
People die if they don't eat.
You get water if you mix hydrogen and oxygen.
Snakes bite if they are scared
If babies are hungry, they cry

See this page about the first conditional to learn about the difference between the first and the zero conditionals. The first conditional is about a specific situation, but the zero is talking in general.

The First Conditional

The first conditional has the present simple after 'if', then the future simple in the other clause:

if + present simple, ... will + infinitive

It's used to talk about things which might happen in the future. Of course, we can't know what will happen in the future, but this describes possible things, which could easily come true.

If it rains, I won't go to the park.
If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight.
If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes.
She'll be late if the train is delayed.
She'll miss the bus if she doesn't leave soon.
If I see her, I'll tell her.

First vs. Zero Conditional:

The first conditional describes a particular situation, whereas the zero conditional describes what happens in general.

For example (zero conditional): if you sit in the sun, you get burned (here I'm talking about every time a person sits in the sun - the burning is a natural consequence of the sitting)

But (first conditional): if you sit in the sun, you'll get burned (here I'm talking about what will happen today, another day might be different)

First vs. Second Conditional:

The first conditional describes things that I think are likely to happen in the future, whereas the second conditional talks about things that I don't think will really happen. It's subjective; it depends on my point of view.

For example (first conditional): If she studies harder, she'll pass the exam (I think it's possible she will study harder and so she'll pass)

But (second conditional): If she studied harder, she would pass the exam (I think that she won't study harder, or it's very unlikely, and so she won't pass)

The Second Conditional

The second conditional uses the past simple after if, then 'would' and the infinitive:

if + past simple, ...would + infinitive

(We can use 'were' instead of 'was' with 'I' and 'he/she/it'. This is mostly done in formal writing).

It has two uses.

First, we can use it to talk about things in the future that are probably not going to be true. Maybe I'm imagining some dream for example.

If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.(I probably won't win the lottery)
If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello.
She would travel all over the world if she were rich.
She would pass the exam if she ever studied.(She never studies, so this won't happen)

Second, we can use it to talk about something in the present which is impossible, because it's not true. Is that clear? Have a look at the examples:

If I had his number, I would call him. (I don't have his number now, so it's impossible for me to call him).
If I were you, I wouldn't go out with that man.

How is this different from the first conditional?

This kind of conditional sentence is different from the first conditional because this is a lot more unlikely.

For example (second conditional): If I had enough money I would buy a house with twenty bedrooms and a swimming pool (I'm probably not going to have this much money, it's just a dream, not very real)

But (first conditional): If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes (It's much more likely that I'll have enough money to buy some shoes)

The Third Conditional

When do we use the third conditional?

The third conditional is used to express the past consequence of an unrealistic action or situation in the past. For example,

If he had studied harder, he would have passed the exam.

The first action (studying hard) did not happen. But in the case that he happened, the consequence was passing the exam. The third conditional is very similar to the second conditional. But while the second conditional refers to something unrealistic now or in the future, the third conditional refers to something unrealistic in the past. We often use the third conditional to express regrets – describing things we are sorry happened or didn’t happen. For example,

If my alarm had gone off, I wouldn’t have been late to work.
If there hadn’t been so much traffic we wouldn’t have missed our flight.

How do we create the third conditional?

To make a sentence in the third conditional, we use,

If + past perfect, would/wouldn’t have + past participle.

If you had told me about the meeting, I would have come.
If you had told me about the meeting, I wouldn’t have missed it.

As with all conditionals, you can also invert this structure:

Would have + past participle if + past perfect.

I’d have come to the meeting if you’d told me about it.
I wouldn’t have missed the meeting if you’d told me about it.

The word would is often contracted to ‘d by native speakers. It’s also acceptable to use this in informal writing. And in speech it’s common to contract have to ‘ve in the third conditional. For example,

I’d’ve come to the meeting if you’d told me.

However, we can’t write this, even in an informal context. It’s useful to be aware of it though, so you can identify it when native speakers say it.

As an alternative to would, we can complete the second part of a third conditional sentence with could. For example,

If I’d stayed at university, I could have got a masters degree.

Here are some other examples of the third conditional:

He’d have got the job if he hadn’t been so nervous in the interview.
What would you have done if you’d been me?
If it hadn’t been snowing heavily, we’d have carried on skiing.
The company would have survived if there hadn’t been a recession.
Would you have accepted the offer if we’d reduced the price?
If you hadn’t invited me out, I’d have stayed in all day.
She wouldn’t have given you a fine if you’d apologized.
If they hadn’t won that match, the club would have fired the manager.
They could have stayed here if they hadn’t found any accommodation.

Mixing the second and the third conditionals

It’s possible to combine the second and the third conditionals. There are two ways of doing that. We can either, Describe the present consequence of a past situation

If + past simple, would have + past participle

If I were adventurous, I’d have gone backpacking after university.

Describe the past consequence of a present situation

If + past perfect, would + verb

If we hadn’t missed the flight, we’d be in our hotel by now.

Here are some more examples,

If I’d studied for a year in the U.S, my English would be fluent now.
The roads wouldn’t be so icy if it hadn’t rained so much last night.
If she weren’t so shy, she’d have gone to the party on her own.
The fans would be miserable now if their team had been relegated.

The third conditional has quite a tricky structure that takes some time and practice to become familiar with. So why not start now by doing a fun quiz.

We make the third conditional by using the past perfect after 'if' and then 'would have' and the past participle in the second part of the sentence:

if + past perfect, ...would + have + past participle

It talks about the past. It's used to describe a situation that didn't happen, and to imagine the result of this situation.

If she had studied, she would have passed the exam (but, really we know she didn't study and so she didn't pass)
If I hadn't eaten so much, I wouldn't have felt sick (but I did eat a lot, and so I did feel sick).
If we had taken a taxi, we wouldn't have missed the plane
She wouldn't have been tired if she had gone to bed earlier
She would have become a teacher if she had gone to university
He would have been on time for the interview if he had left the house at nine

缤纷

Sunday, 16 February 2020

commute 改判 VS remission 减刑; persistent vs incessant vs unremitting vs unabating;

Saturday, 15 February 2020

虚拟语气 The Subjunctive Mood; would rather would sooner 用法

Would rather 的用法

Same subject

Different subjects

Much rather

Short responses: I'd rather not

Would sooner, would just as soon

Would rather, would sooner: typical errors

what if/suppose/supposing用于表示Suggestions, 不用虚拟语气

what if/suppose/supposing 表示Possibility, 用虚拟语气