用法学习: 1. dogpile mainly US informal noun. I. 摞在一起, 摞起来, 一拥而上. 叠罗汉. an occasion when a group of people jump or lie on top of each other, either because they are happy and excited, or because they are fighting: His game-winning double led to a huge celebratory dogpile. The kids all jumped on their dad, who was soon practically invisible under a dogpile of shrieking, wriggling bodies. He disappeared under a dog pile of swarming police. II. 围攻. 群起而攻之. an occasion when large numbers of people make a verbal attack on someone (= using words), especially on the internet, or the people themselves: Bravo to them for thinking for themselves and not just joining the dogpile. There is a lot of outrage from this dogpile, but you shouldn't believe everything that you see on the internet. verb. I. to jump or lie on top of another person or other people in a large group, either because you are happy and excited, or because you are fighting: The players dogpiled in celebration on the field. I was punched, kicked, thrown to the ground, and dogpiled. II. to verbally (= using words) attack and criticize someone in large numbers, especially on the internet: They've created a system where dissenting voices are reported and dogpiled and pushed off the platform. Don't dog-pile me. I'm just saying what I think. dogpile on I'm sure we all want to dogpile on the company manager for this screwup. 2. yardstick 标志, 尺度, 衡量标准, 标尺 I. a fact or standard by which you can judge the success or value of something. a standard used to compare similar things in order to measure their value or success: a yardstick for sth The firm uses the index as a yardstick for measuring itself against competitors. Productivity is not the only yardstick of success 成功的标志. There has been no yardstick by which potential students can assess schools. She had never had a boyfriend before and so had no yardstick by which to compare Charles's behaviour. A high salary isn't the only yardstick for success. The only valid yardstick for measuring traffic safety is deaths per miles driven. II. a ruler (= a long flat object used for measuring the length of things) that is one yard (= approximately 91.4 centimetres) long: The dressmaker measured the cloth with a yardstick. run the rule over (one) 查看, 审查, 注意 examine cursorily for correctness or adequacy. To examine, scrutinize, or inspect someone to see if they are worthy. Primarily heard in UK. Talent scouts for the football club have been running a rule over local players to see if there is anyone drafting up to the professional level. We've asked one of the directors to sit in on the interview and run a rule over applicants. A committee of directors will run the rule over would-be bidders. roll over I. 听命. 听从. 言听计从. 唯命是从. to agree to what someone wants, especially because you are under pressure or under someone's control: "If the bill passes, we're certainly not going to roll over and say that's fine," he said. They're not going to just roll over and let him play because they're getting pressure from everybody. If you roll over something on a computer screen, you move the mouse over an active place so that you can see information that is hidden under it: If you roll your mouse over a word, its definition will appear. III. to move something such as an amount of money from one place to another: roll sth over into sth 滚动增加, 累积 Investors can roll over their maximum £9,000 stake into a new tax-free account. Money left over from last year has been rolled over to this year's tutoring budget. IV. to move a debt or loan from one company to another, or to make a debt or loan arrangement continue for a longer period than previously agreed: Most government debt as it matures is rolled over. 3. bad penny 卑鄙小人, 坏人 an objectionable person or thing. A person with no value. Typically used in the proverb "A bad penny always turns up." A: "I don't think we'll see Todd again now that he's been disgraced at work." B: "You never know—a bad penny always turns up." I'm sure we haven't seen the last of your conniving cousin—a bad penny always comes back, after all. You can always count on Luke to turn up like a bad penny and make everything worse. turn up like a bad penny to appear again in a place where you are not welcome or wanted Pete goes down very well with everyone except Ross, who makes zero effort when he turns up like the proverbial bad penny. penny informal The sum of one's available money. I didn't have a penny back in college. I survived off of rice, beans, and plain pasta for weeks at a time. We put every penny we had into this business. I don't know what we'll do if it doesn't succeed. "Breaking a horse 降服 ( subjugate [sʌbdʒʊɡeɪt], tame, gentle ), 驯服烈马, 驯服" is the traditional term for training a young or unhandled horse to accept a halter, saddle, and rider. Modern equestrians prefer the term "starting" to reflect a process based on trust and communication rather than dominating the animal. Horse training is the variety of practices that teach horses to perform certain behaviors when commanded to do so by humans. Horses are trained to be manageable by humans for everyday care as well as for equestrian activities, ranging anywhere from equine sports such as horse racing, dressage, or jumping, to therapeutic horseback riding for people with disabilities. Most young domesticated horses are handled at birth or within the first few days of life, though some are only handled for the first time when they are weaned from their mothers, or dams(A dam is simply the mother or female parent of a horse. The term is used primarily in horse breeding, pedigrees, and racing to designate the maternal half of an equine's lineage.). Advocates of handling foals ( [fəʊl] A foal is a young horse, mule, or donkey, usually up to one year of age. ) from birth sometimes use the concept of imprinting to introduce a foal within its first few days and weeks of life to many of the activities they will see throughout their lives. Within a few hours of birth, a foal being imprinted will have a human touch it all over, pick up its feet, and introduce it to human touch and voice. While a foal is far too young to be ridden, it is still able to learn skills it will need later in life. By the end of a foal's first year, it should be halter-broke, meaning that it allows a halter placed upon its head and has been taught to be led by a human at a walk and trot, to stop on command and to stand tied. Some people, whether through philosophy or simply due to being pressed for time, do not handle foals significantly while they are still nursing, but wait until the foal is weaned from its dam to begin halter breaking and the other tasks of training a horse in its first year. The argument for gentling ( gentle verb. I. to train a horse to be tame (= not wild or frightened of people, and safe around them), using methods that do not hurt or frighten the horse but teach it to trust people: If you are talking about gentling (sometimes called breaking) a completely untrained horse, you need a professional trainer. He trains wild horses, or to use the term he prefers, gentles them. adj. I not violent, severe, or strong: gentle exercise 缓度的, 轻度的锻炼 She had been advised that gentle exercise would help her recovery. gentle breeze A gentle breeze was blowing through the open windows. gentle persuasion 温柔说服 You can actually accomplish a lot more by gentle persuasion. II. not steep or sudden: gentle slope 轻缓的, 缓坡度 The path has a gentle slope. gentle gradient The easier ski slopes are very short, with gentle gradients.) and halter-breaking at weaning is that the young horse, in crisis from being separated from its dam, will more readily bond with a human at weaning than at a later point in its life. Sometimes the tasks of basic gentling are not completed within the first year but continue when the horse is a yearling. 4. The first is to accept the wisdom of former UK Prime Minister Lord Palmerston's adage that countries have no eternal allies, just eternal interests (Therefore I say that it is a narrow policy to suppose that this country or that is to be marked out as the eternal ally or the perpetual enemy of England. We have no eternal allies, and we have no perpetual enemies. Our interests are eternal and perpetual, and those interests it is our duty to follow.). The second is to recognise that an unbalanced alliance leads to servility (servility [sɜːˈvɪl.ə.ti] formal disapproving the quality of being servile (= too eager to serve and please someone else ): She found the servility of the hotel staff embarrassing. The world they want to create is one of constant submission and servility. servile [ˈsɜː.vaɪl] 驯服的, 听话的 too eager to serve and please someone else in a way that shows you do not have much respect for yourself: As a waiter you want to be pleasant to people without appearing totally servile.), not partnership. Perpetual VS Eternal: Perpetual (日常生活里设计合同法律或者日常夸张说法的. 没有终止日期但仍在时间概念之内的) implies something keeps going and going — it has a sense of repetition or continuity. It's still in time, just never stopping. A perpetual motion machine keeps running; a perpetual lease never expires; someone can be a perpetual complainer (always at it). Eternal (神圣的, 虚拟的, 情感方面的, 没在时间概念之内的) suggests something that stands completely outside of time — it has no beginning and no end, and the question of duration doesn't even apply. God is eternal (not subject to time at all); eternal truths don't "keep going," they simply are. A useful test: You can say perpetual noise (it just never stops), but eternal noise sounds odd — eternity is too grand a concept for something mundane. Conversely, eternal life works because it implies transcendence, whereas perpetual life just sounds like you're stuck living forever in ordinary time. In practice: Perpetual is the word for contracts, law, and everyday hyperbole. Eternal is reserved for the divine, the abstract, or the deeply emotional — "eternal love," "eternal damnation," "eternal truth." 5. perturbed [pəˈtɜːbd] (flustered, ruffled) 担心的, 烦恼的, 心绪不宁的, 烦躁不已的 worried or troubled: Ms. McCurdy was too perturbed to pay attention. He didn't seem unduly/overly perturbed by the news. I wouldn't say angry. I was a little bit perturbed at his constantly fighting with Lebanon, you know. vocabulary: Imagine a couple of snakes getting loose in a pet shop, and the manager running around trying to round up the snakes and calm down the customers, and you'll picture a perturbed person. Perturbed means flustered and confused. When you're perturbed, you're upset by something, and rattled enough by it to be thrown off your usual calmness into a state of confusion. In astronomy, perturbation is defined as "the effects on a large body when it is subjected to gravitational effects from more than one other large body." When a planet is perturbed in astronomy, it is pulled in different directions by strong forces, which is a great metaphor for what happens to a person who is perturbed. unperturbed [ˌʌn.pəˈtɜːbd] not worried about something, especially when this is slightly surprising: He seemed completely unperturbed at the idea of having to sing in a room full of strangers. dance to (someone's or something's) tune to do what a person or thing wants or forces one to do. do one's own dance 想做什么就做什么 = dance to one's own tune Netanyahu has a long history of doing his own dance, irrespective of what he has heard from Washington. 6. 制造业回归: This reshoring ( reshore to move a business or part of a business that was based in a different country back to its original country: Many companies are reshoring back to Britain. The company decided to reshore its manufacturing. ) success story has drawn plaudits ( plaudit 褒奖, 赞扬, 赞誉 an expression of approval; praise: She won plaudits for her toughness during tense labor negotiations. She's received plaudits for her work with homeless people. The quality of his photography earned/won him plaudits from the experts.) from the White House, even though a Chinese corporation now owns GE Appliances and its American boss complains about President Donald Trump's tariffs. As the United States races to produce 力争 more of what it consumes, GE'S experience shows that bringing work home offers real advantages over ocean-spanning supply chains. But reviving domestic production means overcoming daunting obstacles, including relentless cost pressures, young Americans' aversion 反感, 厌恶 to factory jobs and gaps in the nation's industrial base. "This should be a good proof case 实证, 明证 of, yeah, this can work. Is it easy? No. And do we have a lot of things working against us? Yeah," said Kevin Nolan, GE Appliances' chief executive. What GE is trying has been a central Trump objective since he entered politics more than a decade ago, promising to quickly reverse a loss of manufacturing jobs that he attributed to faulty trade deals. Yet even as GE and other U.S. companies continue repatriating work that had migrated to low-wage venues, the labor market impact has been hard to discern. 7. bottle it 不敢了, 退缩了, 却步了(balk at), 犹豫了 UK informal to not do something because you are frightened; to fail at something because you are frightened. If you say that someone has bottled it, you mean that they have lost their courage at the last moment and have not done something they intended to do. He was scheduled to appear on the TV show, but bottled it at the last minute. He should have taken the penalty but he bottled it. Walker should have been sent off for that but the referee bottled it. Under pressure, they bottled it. I was going to tell him what I thought of his plan but I bottled it. She denied that her team had bottled it. hot spot I. a place that is popular, for example, for vacations or entertainment: This summer's vacation hot spot is Alaska. II. a place where war or other fighting is likely to happen. III. a building or area where you can connect to the Internet at high speed without wires. a public place where people can use computers, mobile phones, etc. with wi-fi (= a system for connecting electronic equipment to the internet without using wires): There are wi-fi hotspots in all our cafés. 8. Are you Andy? Yeah. Is this yours? Did you write this stuff? My girlfriend, Jill, found your speed-dating card. Yeah, right. God, I've been looking for that speed-dating card. Thank you so much for bringing it to me. So, you actually wrote that one girl looked like... she was "hurting for a squirting"? Mmm-hmm. Yeah. Hurting for a squirting, I wrote that. So you wrote "ho fo show." Yeah, I remember that girl. She was a ho. Fo show. You are never gonna meet anybody... with that kind of mentality about women, you sick son of a bitch. Who the fuck are you to put me on trial 说三道四, 说东道西的? I've never even met you. So why don't you back the shit off, all right? And stop with the inquisition 盘问, 诘问, 审问(inquisition [ˌɪn.kwɪˈzɪʃ.ən] formal disapproving I. a period of asking questions in a detailed and unfriendly way: subject someone to an inquisition The police subjected him to an inquisition that lasted twelve hours. II. in the past, an official organization in the Roman Catholic Church whose purpose was to find and punish people who opposed its beliefs. stop with something (用于一种行为, 习惯等): "Stop with something" is more nuanced. It usually means stop doing a particular behaviour or habit, often with a tone of irritation or exasperation. Very common in informal/spoken English. "Stop with the excuses." "Can you stop with the drama?" "Stop with the jokes, I'm trying to concentrate." It implies the behaviour has been going on for a while and is annoying. You wouldn't say "stop with the car" — it only works with ongoing behaviours or patterns. If what I am now writing is destined to meet the eye of any reader, young and inexperienced in dramatic compositions, let such either stop with me, if curiosity can be controlled, or be prepared to admire the brilliancy of the dialogue without approving of the pinciples of the speakers in the following scenes. The next day Luigi came to me with my wages, and told me, "As I was an honest man, I ought not to stop with thief takers any longer". ). That's how you talk? You know what, I don't have to answer to you. You ain't my bitch. Know what I saying? So, shit, man. Fuck it. You shouldn't even be hanging out with this pervert. I don't hang out with him. I work with him and that's it. I tried to introduce him to a few nice people... he made a fool of himself. I don't mess with him, baby. That's not me.You should keep your ho on a leash. Bro, I can't let you... Hey. I can't let you be talking to my woman like that, dawg. Know what I'm saying? Bitch is running wild(a woman (or a person being compared to a woman) is acting completely out of control, behaving outrageously, or speaking her mind aggressively without anyone to restrain her.), man. 9. flub 犯错, 做错, 出错, 弄错(Fluff one's lines: A direct UK/Australian English equivalent for saying the wrong words. Blank on one's lines 大脑一片空白: Forgetting the words entirely and having a temporary loss of memory. Mangle one's words: Speaking clumsily and garbling the pronunciation. Stumble over one's words: Tripping over the rhythm of the speech. Dreaded dry-up: A theater term for when an actor completely stops speaking because they have forgotten what comes next. ) US informal to fail or make a mistake, especially when performing. If you flub something that you are trying to do, you are unsuccessful or you do it badly. If you try a sales technique and flub it, not making a sale, will you try it again? He really flubbed badly by not catching the ball. Sheila flubbed her lines 说错话(台词NG) in the second act. noun. A flub is a mistake or an unsuccessful attempt to do something. ...a flub that made listeners cringe. I can tell she has no idea what's she's asking about because she's already flubbed her lines and he's had to repeat himself. meat on the bone 资源, 帮助, 意义, 价值, 真货, 答案 I. Some amount of substance, value, or meaning. We all were hoping to have our questions answered during the governor's press briefing, but there wasn't much meat on the bone 货真价实的东西, 实质性的东西. The game's premise and mechanics are interesting, but there's just no meat on the bone when it comes to story and gameplay variety. For a cheesy, special effects-laden action movie, the plot actually has quite a bit of meat on the bone. What's your answer? Every time I see this argument, there's no meat. II. Some amount of resources to be shared or depend on. We asked for more funds to help tackle the issue, but the city council told us there was no meat on the bone in the annual budget. This used to be a thriving industrial town, but after all the factories closed down, people started moving out in search of places with more meat on the bone. Where's the beef? I. What is the problem? This meaning uses "beef" in the sense of a conflict, complaint, grudge, feud, etc. So, he borrowed your sweater and then he returned it. Where's the beef? II Where is the most substantive or the important part (of something)? This usage originated with a popular catchphrase introduced in a 1984 commercial for the Wendy's fast food chain in which a woman humorously questioned the purported lack of meat in competitors' hamburgers. a phrase used when someone is "poetically" asking about the substance and value of a proposal or statement—"where is the substance and value of this?" So, if something proposed has a lot of flare (big bun), but no true substance (not enough meat) someone might remark: "Where's the beef". The phrase was further popularized that year when US presidential candidate Walter Mondale used it to question the substance of the policy proposals of his primary opponent, Gary Hart. Where is the substance?; Where is the important content? That's really clever and appealing, but where's the beef? Where's the beef? There's no substance in this proposal. The writing is good, but where's the beef? You need evidence to back up your claims. The program looks good on paper, but how do we know it will really work? Has any research been done? Where's the beef? flare-up I. a sudden burst of fire or light. a flare-up of the embers. II. a situation in which something such as violence, pain, or anger suddenly starts or gets much worse. a sudden increase in or occasion of something such as an illness, violence, or an expression of emotion: a flare-up of arthritis. There were flare-ups of anger during the long meetings. flare-up of 激化 There was another flare-up of rioting later that day. flare up I. Lit. [for something] to ignite and burn. The firewood flared up at last—four matches having been used. II. Lit. [for a fire] to burn brightly again and expand rapidly. After burning quietly for a while, the fire suddenly flared up and made the room very bright. III. Fig. 病情加重 [for a pain or medical condition] to get worse suddenly. My arthritis flares up during the damp weather. IV. Fig. [for a dispute] to break out or escalate into a battle. A war flared up in the Middle East. We can't send the whole army every time a dispute flares up. V. flare up at someone or something Fig. to lose one's temper at someone or something. I could tell by the way he flared up at me that he was not happy with what I had done. I didn't mean to flare up. flare verb. I. to burn brightly either for a short time or not regularly: flare up The flame above the oil well flared up into the dark sky. New fires flared and people were told to leave their homes. II. When something bad such as violence, pain, or anger flares (up), it suddenly starts or gets much worse: Violence flared up again last night. temper flares Tempers flared after a three-hour delay at the airport yesterday. III. to (cause to) become wider: The horse's nostrils flared. He flared his nostrils in rage. The skirt fits tightly over the hips and flares just below the knees. noun. I. a sudden increase in the brightness of a fire: There was a sudden flare when she threw the petrol onto the fire. II. a very bright light or coloured smoke that can be used as a signal, or a device that produces this: We set off a flare to help guide our rescuers. Every agent is given a pack with rations, signal flares, and a first-aid kit. III. trousers that get wider below the knee: He grew his hair long and started to wear flares. IV. the fact of something, especially clothing, becoming wider at one end: This skirt has a definite flare. V. in American football, a short throw to a back who is running towards the sideline: Under pressure, he threw a flare to Wilson that lost three yards. He caught a flare pass from Merino and managed to make seven yards. VI. in baseball, a ball that is hit a short distance through the air into the outfield: Pitch him away and he gets his little flares and infield hits. Jones hit a flare to right that fell just inside the line. VII. in gymnastics, a movement in which the gymnast balances on their hands and moves their legs wide apart in a circular movement: It was an immaculate performance, full of crowd-pleasing flares and eye-catching manoeuvres. The American lost his rhythm on a flare sequence and finished sixth. 10. cravenly [ˈkreɪ.vən.li] formal disapproving in an extremely cowardly (= not brave) way: I cravenly agreed, simply in order not to antagonize him. He wrote to her afterwards, hoping cravenly that she had not been hurt. craven ( = cowardly) 没骨气的, 唯唯诺诺的, 没胆, 胆小如鼠, 胆怯, 懦弱 a person who is not at all brave and who is too eager to avoid danger, difficulty, or pain: They condemned the deal as a craven surrender. ...his craven obedience to his employers. I thought I was brave but I am a coward, a craven. a craven act of terrorism. Politicians are too craven to tackle this problem. vocabulary: A craven man is no Superman or Spiderman, nor is he a firefighter or a soldier. A craven man is the opposite of those guys: he has not an ounce of courage. In "The Wizard of Oz," the Cowardly Lion could have been called the Cravenly Lion, but that didn't sound quite right. Use craven as you would cowardly. A craven leader is scared to lead, while a craven gymnast stays on the mat and avoids the balance beam. You can also use the word to describe other things, besides humans. Craven policies 极度保守的政策, for example, are probably weak and do not take bold measures. overhead adj. I. relating to the overheads of a business: One way of increasing profit margins is to cut overhead costs. II. in sports played with a racket, hit from above head height: The winning shot was an overhead smash at the net. Squash has fewer overhead shots than other racket sports. II. in sports such as basketball, thrown from above head height. She set up the score with a two-handed overhead pass to Donnelly. III. at a level higher than a person's head; in the air or the sky above the place where you are: overhead lighting A flock of geese flew overhead. noun. I. (= overhead transparency) a transparent sheet used for showing text or pictures with an overhead projector. note: A transparency, also known variously as a viewfoil or foil (from the French word "feuille" or sheet), or viewgraph, is a thin sheet of transparent flexible material, typically polyester (historically cellulose acetate), onto which figures can be drawn. These are then placed on an overhead projector for display to an audience. Many companies and small organizations use a system of projectors and transparencies in meetings and other groupings of people, though this system has been largely replaced by video projectors and interactive whiteboards. II. overheads [plural] UK (US overhead [ C or U ]) 日常费用. 运营费用. the regular and necessary costs, such as rent, heat, electricity, and telephone, involved in operating a business: overhead expenses. We need to reduce our overheads. Many businesses are moving out of New York because the overheads there are so high. turn into a pillar of salt: I saw what you did with your friend. Oh, and you didn't turn into a pillar of salt. Good for you. Or you may find yourself transformed into a pillar of salt, or turned to stone and left to cry for all eternity. As a result, she was turned into a pillar of salt. All those who have ever made the mistake of crossing me have been turned into pillars of salt. wiki: In the Bible, Lot's wife is a figure first mentioned in Genesis 19. The Book of Genesis describes how she became a pillar of salt after she looked back at Sodom during its destruction by God. She is not named in the Bible, but is called Ado or Edith in some Jewish traditions. She is also referred to in the deuterocanonical books at the Book of Wisdom (Wisdom 10:7) and the New Testament at Luke 17:32. The story of Lot's wife begins in Genesis 19 after two angels arrived in Sodom at eventide and were invited to spend the night at Lot's home. The men of Sodom were exceedingly wicked and prompted Lot to offer up these "strangers" to have sex with; instead, Lot offered up his two daughters but they were refused. As dawn was breaking, Lot's visiting angels urged him to get his family and flee, so as to avoid being caught in the impending disaster for the iniquity of the city. The command was given, "Flee for your life! Do not look behind you, nor stop anywhere in the Plain; flee to the hills, lest you be swept away." While fleeing, Lot's wife looked behind her at Sodom and was turned into a pillar of salt. 11. bullion [ˈbʊl.i.ən] 金条 pure gold or silver formed into bars. rare metal such as gold or silver, often in the form of thick blocks, that is bought and sold in large quantities as a commodity or investment: The price of gold bullion rose by 4.8%. A shipment of gold bullion was stolen. The simplest way of doing this is to hold the commodity in a tangible form, such as gold bullion. It was once so precious it was used as a currency - in the way that we might use gold bullion today. Beckham's sarong gate: Over the years, Beckham doubled down on having no regrets over the sarong, insisting past fashion choices were entirely his own. If anything, the incident has become part of brand Beckham mythology; an early indication of David and Victoria's fashion-forwardness 时尚超前意识 and media savvy that has morphed into today's multimillion-dollar sport, beauty and business empire. "He's very knowing ( knowing 很懂的, 懂行的 showing that you know about something, even when it has not been talked about. having or showing knowledge of private or secret information: My mother gave me a knowing smile. a knowing 洞悉的, 会意的, 心照不宣的, 心有灵犀的, 心灵相通的, 会心的, 心知肚明的, look/glance/smile. A knowing gesture or remark is one that shows that you understand something, for example the way that someone is feeling or what they really mean, even though it has not been mentioned directly. Ron gave her a knowing smile. Dan exchanged a knowing look with Harry. He smiled knowingly. )," said Doig, who added that Beckham always had "a bit of a laugh about it" when they discussed the sarong. Brand Beckham would not be the success it is today, "if it were not for the two of them making very daring 穿衣风格大胆 ( Daring (勇于冒险并向往刺激的) leans toward the excitement and drama of the risk itself — there's an element of flair or spectacle. A daring rescue. A daring escape. Bold (信心十足并且心意坚定的) leans toward confidence and willingness to stand out or face pushback, without necessarily implying physical danger. A bold claim. A bold strategy. Bold colours. The overlap: both can describe courageous action. "A bold move" and "a daring move" are often interchangeable, but daring adds a hint of thrill or audacity, while bold adds a hint of conviction and self-assurance. Quick test: if the courage is about excitement and risk, reach for daring. If it's about confidence and standing firm, reach for bold.) fashion choices in the '90s that put them front and center of every newspaper in the world," Doig added. 12. gangbanger 黑帮分子 I. a member of a violent street gang. a member of a violent group of young men, especially ones who use guns and commit crimes. II. a person who participates in a sexual gangbang. A Power of Attorney is a legal document allowing someone to make legal and financial decisions for you. There are 2 types of Power of Attorney documents: General Power of Attorney - A legal document that allows you to appoint a person to manage financial and legal decisions on your behalf, only while you have the ability to make your own decisions. A General Power of Attorney becomes invalid when you die, or you lose capacity to manage your own affairs. Enduring Power of Attorney - A legal document that allows you to appoint a person to manage financial and legal decisions on your behalf and continues even if you lose the ability to make decisions for yourself. It also becomes invalid when you die. A Power of Attorney is only valid during your lifetime. After death, your Will comes into effect. Lasting powers of attorney (LPAs) in English law were created under the Mental Capacity Act 2005, and came into effect on 1 October 2007. The LPA replaced the former enduring (durable) powers of attorney (EPA) which were narrower in scope. Their purpose is to meet the needs of those who can see a time when they will lack capacity to look after their own affairs. There are two types of LPA: health and welfare, and property and financial affairs; either or both may be created. The LPA allows them to make appropriate arrangements for family members or trusted friends to be authorised to make decisions on their behalf. 13. clam up = shut up like a clam 缄口不语, 沉默不语, 闭口不言, 拒不开口, 闭口不谈, 缄默 to become silent suddenly, usually because you are embarrassed or nervous, or do not want to talk about a particular subject. to refuse to talk or answer: He just clammed up when I walked in. He just clams up if you ask him about his childhood. install I. 安装家具. 安装机器. 安装设备. to put furniture, a machine, or a piece of equipment into position and make it ready to use: The plumber is coming tomorrow to install the new washing machine 安装洗衣机. The company would like to install wind turbines on the hill. have sth installed The firm is having a new security system installed. II to put someone in an important job or position. to place someone formally in an official job of high rank: The new president of the university was installed before the graduation ceremony. install someone as something She has installed a couple of young academics as her advisers. He was installed as chief justice of the state Supreme Court. The new company will be headed up by Jo Riley, who will be installed as Managing Director. install someone/yourself in/at somewhere UK to put someone/yourself in a comfortable position where you want to stay: He seems to have installed himself in your spare room 住的挺好, 扎根 for good! instate I. to place in a position or office; install. II. to establish something: He pledged to instate new policies. reinstate I. If you reinstate someone, you give them back a job or position which had been taken away from them. The governor is said to have agreed to reinstate five senior workers who were dismissed. The prime minister announced his resignation, but he is expected to be reinstated within a few days. II. To reinstate a law, facility, or practice 重新实施 means to start having it again. ...the decision to reinstate 恢复实施, 恢复政策 the grant. Her conviction was reinstated last month. restore I. To restore a situation or practice means to cause it to exist again. The army has recently been brought in to restore order. As they smiled at each other, harmony was restored again. The death penalty was never restored. His visit is expected to lead to the restoration of diplomatic relations. They were committed to the eventual restoration of a traditional monarchy. Some people are in favour of restoring capital punishment ( = death penalty ) 恢复死刑 for murderers. II. To restore someone or something to a previous condition means to cause them to be in that condition once again. restore sth to sth If you take totally abandoned land, you could restore it to profitability 恢复盈利 after about three years. We need to restore competition to the operating-system and browser markets. restore growth 恢复增长/profitability. We will restore her to health 恢复健康 but it may take time. He said the ousted president must be restored to power 复位, 官复原职. His country desperately needs Western aid to restore its ailing economy. I owe the restoration of my hearing to this remarkable new technique. III. When someone restores something such as an old building, painting, or piece of furniture 修缮, 修复, they repair and clean it, so that it looks like it did when it was new. ...experts who specialise in examining and restoring ancient parchments. ...the beautifully restored old town square. I specialized in the restoration of old houses. The bones were 'mislaid' during the seventeenth-century restorations. IV. If something that was lost or stolen is restored to its owner 物归原主, it is returned to them. If the economy picks up, he expects to restore funding to road projects. The following day their horses and goods were restored to them. The burglars were arrested and my stolen property was restored. V. If you restore a quality or ability that someone has not had for a long time, you make it possible for them to have that quality or ability again: Doctors have restored his sight 恢复视力. The government is trying to restore public confidence 恢复公众信心 in its management of the economy. restore confidence/faith The move by the US Federal Reserve this week to cut interest rates has restored a lot of public confidence. The firm is battling to restore its reputation 恢复名誉, 恢复声誉 after the scandal. 14. give out I. If a machine or part of your body gives out, it stops working: At the end of the race his legs gave out and he collapsed on the ground. The batteries are likely to give out 完蛋 soon. He was old and his heart just gave out 失去功能, 不行, 不工作, 停止工作, 不堪重负. II. Irish English informal to complain about something: After this win hopefully people will stop giving out to the team and the coach. She's running out of things to give out about. III. old-fashioned to make a piece of information public, especially information that is not true: give out that 声称 They had given out that he had died of typhoid. It was given out that he had been shot while trying to escape. give it out Fletcher gave it out that it was all part of a grand plan. IV. to give something to each of a number of people: They're giving out free tickets to the circus. V. to last no longer, or to work no longer: Food supplies will give out 供应不足, 供应不上, 弹尽粮绝 by the end of the week. businesslike [ˈbɪz.nɪs.laɪk] I. getting things done in a quick and practical way. happening in a way that is practical and effective and is not personal, or typical of business. If you describe someone as businesslike, you mean that they deal with things in an efficient way without wasting time. Mr. Penn sounds quite businesslike. This activity was carried on in a businesslike manner. The meeting was brief and businesslike. We hope the meeting can be conducted in a businesslike way, without a lot of emotional statements. The meetings were very businesslike. She had a brisk and businesslike manner. II. suitable for a place of business: We work in a casual yet businesslike environment. To design a simple, professional letterhead, pick an attractive, businesslike font and use it to center your name and address at the top. 15. crèche [kreʃ] 育儿所(child care) a place where young children are cared for during the day while their parents do something else, especially work, study, or shop. a place where young children are taken care of during the day while their parents do something else, especially work, study, or shop: Her son was in the crèche while she worked. There are no creche facilities provided for staff. Does your employer provide a crèche?
divide VS division VS gap, gulf VS chasm VS schism VS divergence VS rift:
divide verb. I. to (cause to) separate into parts or groups: divide into 分组 At the end of the lecture, I'd like all the students to divide into small discussion groups. be divided into 分裂 After the Second World War, Germany was divided into two separate countries. II. to share: divide something among someone/something I think we should divide the costs equally among us. III. If something divides two areas, it marks the edge or limit of them: divide someone/something from someone/something 分隔, 切分 There's a narrow alley that divides our house from the one next door. dividing line 分隔线, 分界线 This path marks the dividing line between my land and my neighbour's. IV. to use different amounts of something for different purposes or activities: divide something between something She divides her time between her apartment in New York and her house in the Berkshires. V. If Members of Parliament divide, they vote by separating into two groups, one group who want the law that is being voted on to be accepted and one group who are against it: After a lengthy debate, MPs/the House of Commons divided. VI. to cause a group of people to disagree about something: The party is divided over the issue of capital punishment. divide and rule = mainly US divide and conquer a way of keeping yourself in a position of power by causing disagreements among other people so that they are unable to oppose you: It's just a fact that the principle that underpins any empire is divide and rule. divide something by something to calculate the number of times that one number fits (exactly) into another: 10 divided by 5 is/equals 2. divide (something) into something If a number divides into another number, it fits (exactly) into it when multiplied a particular number of times: What do you get if you divide 6 into 18? noun. I. a difference or separation. a separation: The river forms a divide between mountains and coastal plains. divide between The divide between the rich and the poor in this country is continuing to grow. II. A divide is a significant distinction between two groups, often one that causes conflict. ...a deliberate attempt to create a Hindu-Muslim divide in India. It's on taxes that the divide between the two candidates is widest. III. 分界点. A divide is a moment in time or a point in a process when there is a complete change from one situation to another. The time had come to cross the great divide between formality and truth. IV.(watershed 分水岭) A divide is a line of high ground between areas that are drained by different rivers. division I. The division of a large unit into two or more distinct parts is the act of separating it into these parts. ...Czechoslovakia's division 分裂 into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. II. The division of something among people or things is its separation into parts which are distributed among the people or things. The current division 划分 of labor between workers and management will alter. III. Division is the arithmetical process of dividing one number into another number. I taught my daughter how to do division 除法 at the age of six. IV. A division is a significant distinction or argument between two groups, which causes the two groups to be considered as very different and separate. The division 分歧 between the prosperous west and the impoverished east remains. V. In a large organization, a division is a group of departments whose work is done in the same place or is connected with similar tasks. ...the bank's Latin American division 分部. ...the sales division. VI. A division is a group of military units which fight as a single unit. Several armoured divisions are being moved from Germany. VII. In the British Parliament, a division is a vote where the Members of Parliament go into separate rooms in order to record their vote. VIII. In some sports, such as football, baseball, and basketball, a division is one of the groups of teams which make up a league. The teams in each division are considered to be approximately the same standard, and they all play against each other during the season. Villa had just been relegated from the First Division. ...the Scottish Premier Division leaders, Dundee United. divisive [dɪˈvaɪsɪv] 有分歧的, 有争议的 likely to cause arguments between people. Something that is divisive causes unfriendliness and argument between people. Abortion has always been a divisive issue. A referendum would be divisive. a divisive issue. divisiveness 分歧 We live in a world that seems ever more full of rancor and divisiveness. schism [skɪzəm , sɪz-] 分立, 分裂, 嫌隙, 分歧, 意见不统一 When there is a schism, a group or organization divides into two groups as a result of differences in thinking and beliefs. ...the great schism which divided the Christian world in the 11th century. The church seems to be on the brink of schism. an occasion when one group divides into two groups because of a disagreement. chasm [ˈkæzəm] 意见不一 I. a very big difference that separates one person or group from another. If you say that there is a chasm between two things or between two groups of people, you mean that there is a very large difference between them. ...the chasm that divides the worlds of university and industry. ...the chasm between rich and poor in America. chasm between: a widening chasm 区分, 分歧 between town and country. II. 裂缝. a very deep crack in rock or ice. divergence 分歧, 发散 I. a difference in the way that two or more things develop from the same thing. A divergence is a difference between two or more things, attitudes, or opinions. There's a substantial divergence of opinion within the party. This overall figure conceals wide divergences between the main industrial countries. The tenor of the opening remarks reflects the divergence in the priorities of the two sides. divergence between The divergence between the incomes of the rich and the poor countries seems to be increasing. divergence from Recently published statistics show a divergence from previous trends. II. The degree to which two or more things diverge. an angle is made by the divergence of straight lines. divergence of: a wide divergence of opinion on this issue. divergent things that are divergent are different from each other. Differing from another: two people who have divergent views. a divergent opinion分歧意见. convergence 汇聚, 会聚 I. The act of moving toward union or uniformity. The convergence or divergence of the rays falling on the pupil. — Berkeley. II. 交汇点. A meeting place. We built a homestead at the convergence of two rivers. disconnect verb. I. To disconnect a piece of equipment means to separate it from its source of power or to break a connection that it needs in order to work. The device automatically disconnects the ignition when the engine is switched off. Vicky Brown arrived home to find the men disconnecting her microwave. She ran back to the phone. The line had been disconnected. disconnect something from something Never try to fix a broken machine without disconnecting it from the electricity supply. II. If you are disconnected 被断掉, 断线, 切断 by a gas, electricity, water, or telephone company, they turn off the connection to your house, usually because you have not paid the bill. You will be given three months to pay before you are disconnected. If you are disconnected while speaking on the phone, the phone connection is suddenly broken and you can no longer continue your conversation. III. If you disconnect something from something else, you separate the two things. He disconnected the IV bottle from the overhead hook. IV. to stop being connected to the internet: be/get disconnected Our broadband keeps getting disconnected. If the signal is still weak, try disconnecting from your current network and using a different wireless connection. noun. a lack of a connection; disconnection. a situation in which two or more things are not connected in the way that they should be: disconnect between 割裂 The study found a disconnect between the state's social programs and some people who need government assistance. a disconnect between political discourse and the public.
Divide as a noun is narrower and more dramatic — it almost always refers to a deep, lasting gulf: the urban-rural divide. the digital divide. a divide between rich and poor. Gap — the most neutral. Simply an absence, a space between two things. Can be trivial (a gap in the schedule) or significant (a gap in understanding), but carries no inherent drama. Chasm: a gap so extreme it becomes almost unbridgeable. Borrows its weight from geology (a deep crack in the earth). Always dramatic; rarely used for minor differences. Divide — like chasm, suggests something deep and structural, but more often social or ideological than emotional. The north-south divide, the digital divide — these are systemic, baked-in separations rather than active quarrels.
social divide VS social division: Social divide: pictures two sides with a gulf between them — rich vs poor, urban vs rural. It’s vivid and binary. Journalists favour it because it's punchy and concrete. Social division is broader — society can have many divisions simultaneously (class, race, religion, gender). It's the more academic term, used when analysing the structure of inequality rather than painting a stark picture. The growing social divide between the wealthy and everyone else — stark, two-sided gap. Social divisions along racial and class lines — multiple fault lines, analytical tone. Social division within the community — the state of being fractured, not necessarily binary. Short answer: Use social divide when you want to evoke a stark, visible gulf. Use social division when the context is broader, more analytical, or involves multiple fracture lines.
Divergence (成员意见不同意): Members' views start drifting in different directions.
Divide (成员意见对立, 截然相反): A clear line emerges between moderates and radicals. cultural divide 文化隔阂.
Division( 分成不同派系): The party formally splits into two factions (still in the same party).
Rift (drive/create几派领导间有嫌隙, 猜忌, 隔阂, gap是最中性的隔阂, drive a wedge, gulf 隔阂很大 ): A public argument causes lasting personal enmity between leaders. generation gap 代购. emotional barriers 疏离感 between people.
Chasm(隔阂很深, 难以调和): The two sides now hold completely opposite, irreconcilable worldviews.
Schism(某一派系独立出来): One group breaks off to form a new political party.
