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用法学习: 1. Swedish journalist Thomas Eriksson travelled to North Korea undercover as a student(undercover adj.&adv. working or done secretly in order to catch criminals, get secret information etc. an undercover drug investigation. undercover police officers. detectives working undercover. Male cop goes undercover as Amish woman to catch pervert. A male western Pennsylvania police officer has been dressing as an Amish woman to try to scare off a man suspected of exposing himself to Amish children. ). He was able to collect a number of images of the notoriously secretive 讳莫如深的 country, including this photo of bronze statues of former leaders Kim Il-Sung and his son Kim Jong-Il. pale copy 山寨(knockoff): "Chabert surprised me, I'd thought he was just a pale copy of Rachin." A pale copy of the original. 2. tedious [ˈti:diəs] 费力耗时的. 无聊透顶的. boring and continuing for too long. a tedious job. make (for) interesting/tedious etc reading to be interesting/boring etc to read. The latest survey makes grim reading. 3. fictitious /fɪkˈtɪʃəs/ I. not real or true and used for tricking people. He had registered at the hotel under a fictitious name. II. 虚拟的. 虚幻的. 书中的. 电影中的. invented for a book, play, or film. a fictitious character.  Earlier the court heard how Contostavlos arranged for 13.9g of cocaine to be taken to Mr Mahmood's hotel because she believed he was offering her a starring role 主演角色 alongside Leonardo DiCaprio in a film based loosely on her life story as a former 'bad girl from the ghetto'.

新闻: 1. 英女歌手被骗贩毒: Jurors were shown secretly filmed footage of the N-Dubz singer's excitement at the prospect of a movie deal. She said: 'Well, if the money is there, the dates are – I am free.' Told she would star with DiCaprio, Contostavlos said: 'That's so weird you say that as说起来好奇怪 I had a dream about Leo. To be honest he's the only actor I've ever had a crush on.' Yesterday it was claimed she was lured into a trap圈套 after her drinks were spiked. Jeremy Dein, QC, defending, accused Mr Mahmood of plying (n. plywood. used as a measurement of the number of layers in toilet paper or plywood. v. I. To use diligently; wield: ply a knitting needle. II. To engage in diligently; practice: plied the carpenter's trade. III. To traverse or sail over regularly: Trading ships plied the routes between coastal ports. IV. To continue offering something to; ensure that (another) is abundantly served: plied their guests with excellent food.) her with drink, encouraging her to be a drug dealer and then threatening that Keira Knightley would get the part if she didn't supply the cocaine. He asked Mr Mahmood: 'You spiked her drinks to get her to incriminate herself, didn't you?' The journalist replied: 'That's absolutely outrageous胡说八道的. No, that's complete and utter nonsense一派胡言的.' Mr Dein said the ploy was 'irresistible难以抵制诱惑的, 难以抗拒的', adding: 'Miss Contostavlos was told it was to be the first urban British role for a US audience. You knew how the story would really be designed to reflect her life.' The singer was flown to Las Vegas for a luxury two-night stay as part of the sting. Jurors heard that she insisted staying another night and called paparazzi to take snaps of her in a bikini by the pool to show off her new tattoo. As part of the elaborate ruse /ruːz/精心策划的圈套, 精心策划的幌子, Mr Mahmood pretended to take calls from接电话 Cameron Diaz and Miss Knightley. Contostavlos is accused of getting her rapper friend Michael Coombs to take 'white sweets' – alleged code for cocaine – to Mr Mahmood at the Dorchester Hotel in London. Coombs, 36, whose rapper name is Mike GLC, has already pleaded guilty to supplying drugs. The alleged drugs deal was reported in the Sun on Sunday newspaper and Contostavlos was arrested in June last year, two weeks after she was dropped as an X Factor judge. 2. 索普出柜压力: "The heights he scaled 达到的高度 throughout his career were unprecedented, but there could have been a whole lot more to the CV of Ian Thorpe." Three-time Olympic gold medallist Hackett applauded Thorpe's courage to come out in a television interview with veteran British journalist Sir Michael Parkinson on Sunday, but claimed "it wasn't a surprise to many". "It would've been unbearable难以忍受的, 难以承受的 to think of the emotional burden Ian has carried over the years," he said. 3. 马航失事采访: "It's a bit surreal to think that one day later and I wouldn't be here talking with you right now." The couple almost didn't make it onto the earlier flight because it was overbooked. "We were on standby and we only found out literally a minute before the boarding closed that we were actually going to be leaving that day," Ms La Posta said. "You get this sick feeling in the pit of your stomach. We started getting butterflies(butterflies in one's stomach a nervous feeling in one's stomach. (get ~; have ~; give someone~.) Whenever I have to speak in public, I get butterflies in my stomach. She always has butterflies in her stomach before a test. It was not frightening enough to give me butterflies in my stomach, but it made me a little apprehensive. Butterflies in the stomach is the physical sensation in humans of a "fluttery" feeling in the stomach, caused by a reduction of blood flow to the organ. This is as a result of the release of adrenaline in the fight-or-flight response, which causes increased heart rate心跳加速 and blood pressure, consequently sending more blood to the muscles.). Your heartbeat starts going. Ms Sim's husband Barry is unfazed 不为所动的( fazed: to make someone feel confused, shocked, or upset. ) about flying in the future but said his wife had been left shaken by the incident. "In my mind lightning never strikes twice in the same place (Lightning never strikes (the same place) twice. Prov. The same highly unlikely thing never happens to the same person twice. Jill: I'm scared to drive ever since that truck hit my car. Alan: Don't worry. Lightning never strikes the same place twice. It's strange, but I feel safer since my apartment was robbed; I figure lightning never strikes the same place twice.) so I am still philosophical ( philosophical (ˌfɪləˈsofɪkəl) I. (Philosophy) of or relating to philosophy or philosophers. II. reasonable, wise, or learned. III. 心态好的. 心态平稳的. 心平气和的. calm and stoical, esp in the face of difficulties or disappointments. able to accept an unpleasant situation calmly because you know that you cannot change it. ) that you get on the flight and you go about your life( go about sth I. [transitive] to do something that you normally do in your usual way. go about your business/work/daily life etc 听天由命, 该干啥干啥, 该怎样怎样, 照常生活: There were no further reports of violence in the town, and most people went about their daily activities as usual. II. [transitive] to start dealing with a problem, situation, or job in a particular way. I think I'd go about it quite differently. go about doing something: How did you go about finding a job?)," he said. 4. 大风大浪警报: Huge waves are expected off the Illawarra, Batemans and Eden coast, with storm-force winds暴风级大风 to whip up heavy surf conditions of up to three metres along the shoreline. BoM has also issued gale-force wind骤风警报 warnings for Sydney Harbour, Botany Bay and the Coffs, Macquarie and Hunter coasts. "Right now it's dead flat 风平浪静 in Sydney but by tonight fairly wild conditions will develop," BOM forecaster Michael Logan said. 5. 马航失事明星twitter开玩笑: Jason Biggs slammed for joking about air tragedy: American actor Jason Biggs has provoked the ire /ˈaɪə(r)/ of thousands after he made a joke about Malaysia Airlines hours after news broke that a plane carrying 295 people had crashed. "It's saddest for the victims and their families, obviously. But Malaysia Airlines is apparently a GREAT airline. Gonna be tough to recover." The actor soon changed his approach改变方式方法, 应对方法 yet again, taking on his critics and sparking more angry replies. "Truly- you losers are literally trying to find s*** to get angry about. Channel your issues elsewhere别处发泄."

 微软裁员: A leaner, meaner Microsoft: "It is particularly important to recognize that the role of phones within Microsoft is different than it was within Nokia," he wrote. "Whereas the hardware business of phones within Nokia was an end unto itself( an end in itself 享受本身. 自力更生, 自举, 凭自己的力量就可以 existing for its own sake; existing for no clear purpose. (be ~; become ~.). if an activity or action is an end in itself, it is important to you not because it will help you to achieve something else, but because you enjoy doing it or think that it is important. satisfying no other purpose than the enjoyment of doing it. Memorizing facts can become an end in itself and not a way of understanding something. Education should be an end in itself. For Bob, art is an end in itself. He doesn't hope to make any money from it. Learning is an end in itself. Knowledge does not have to have a practical application. a means to an end 曲线救国, 只是一种工具 something that you are not interested in but that you do because it will help you to achieve something else (not used with the ). Mike doesn't have any professional ambitions. For him, work is just a means to an end. I didn't particularly like the job - it was just a means to an end. In philosophy, the term means to an end refers to any action (the means) carried out for the sole purpose of achieving something else (an end). It can be thought of as a metaphysical distinction, as no empirical information differentiates actions that are means to ends from those that are not—that are "ends in themselves." It has been incurred that all actions are means to other ends; this is relevant when considering the meaning of life. A means to an end is also an idiom. It often refers to an activity (such as an undesirable job) that is not as important as the goal you hope to achieve (monetary gains for example). For example, Mike doesn't have any professional ambitions. For him, work is just a means to an end. One starts something and finishes it, without that something leading into something else. Thus, it is an end in itself. ), within Microsoft all our devices are intended to embody the finest of Microsoft's digital work and digital life experiences, while accruing ( accrue [əˈkru:] I. To come to one as a gain, addition, or increment: interest accruing in my savings account. II. To increase, accumulate, or come about as a result of growth: common sense that accrues with experience. To accumulate over time: I have accrued 15 days of sick leave. III. To come into existence as a claim that is legally enforceable. ) value to Microsoft's overall strategy." Nokia's Smart Device and Mobile Phone divisions will be combined 合并 into a single overarching ( [ˌəuvərˈɑ:tʃɪŋ] overall; all-encompassing: an overarching concept. ) phone unit. "The [18,000] number is huge, but when you peel back ( peel something back (from something) 拨开, 抽丝剥茧 to lift something away from the surface of something. He peeled the sheets back from the bed and got in. He peeled back the sheets and got into the bed.) and look at the details, it's not as big as you would expect," says Patrick Moorhead, founder and principal analyst at Moor Insights & Strategy. "There's duplication 重复, 冗余(overlap) between some of the hardware people, at Nokia and Microsoft, so these reductions make perfect sense." The reductions drive home a crucial point, one that has become crystal clear during the first few months of CEO Satya Nadella's reign: The Microsoft of tomorrow is not the same as the Microsoft of yesterday. The Nokia layoffs were expected, between the overlapping roles at Nokia and Microsoft's hardware teams and Microsoft's pledge to cut $600 million in costs within six months of purchasing Nokia's hardware business. It's the other cuts that prove Nadella isn't fooling around 不是说说而已, 不是说笑 with his plans to make Microsoft more competitive in an increasingly mobile world. Just last week, Nadella released a massive manifesto for the new fiscal year which, beyond refocusing Microsoft as a productivity company rather than a devices and services company, pledged to shake up the status quo at the entrenched tech giant. "Nothing is off the table 一切皆有可能, 什么都不排除, 什么都可能发生, 一切皆有可能 in how we think about shifting our culture to deliver on this core strategy. Organizations will change. Mergers and acquisitions will occur. Job responsibilities will evolve. New partnerships will be formed. Tired traditions 不合时宜的传统 will be questioned. Our priorities will be adjusted. New skills will be built. New ideas will be heard. New hires will be made. Processes will be simplified. And if you want to thrive at Microsoft and make a world impact影响世界, you and your team must add numerous more changes to this list that you will be enthusiastic about driving." In other words: Even the survivors should be thinking hard about好好考虑 what they bring to the table in a Microsoft that now considers itself an underdog in a world that's rapidly expanding beyond PCs alone. "The [5,500 layoffs] outside of [Nokia] are probably going to make the biggest changes to Microsoft," Moorhead says. "Lowering the bureaucracy降低官僚作风, 减少官僚作风, lowering the amount of people checking other people's work, in areas like program management for example. That's actually all goodness for都是好事 the company. Microsoft needs to increase its pace加快步伐. When you look at companies like Apple and Google, Apple can bring out a major revision to its operating system three times faster than Microsoft can, and OS X is just as complex as Windows." And these 18,000 layoffs may just be the beginning只是个开始 of a bigger shake-up at Microsoft. "I expect more layoffs at Microsoft, but for different reasons—skills changes," Moorhead continues. He expects Nadella to continue to restructure the company to better attack mobile and scale its cloud services even faster, to name just two examples.

腰椎间盘突出, 颈间盘突出: 1. prognosis [proɡˈnəusɪs] I. medical 医生的说法. a doctor's opinion about the way in which a disease or illness is likely to develop. II. formal a statement about what is likely to happen in a particular situation. diagnosis [ˌdaɪəɡˈnəusɪs] a statement about what disease someone has, based on examining them. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent serious problems. Her doctor made a diagnosis of appendicitis. nauseous UK[ˈnɔ:siəs] US, Canada, AU读作[ˈnɔ:Fəs] I. feeling as if you want to vomit. II. 令人作呕的. 想吐的. 干呕的. making someone feel as if they want to vomit. a nauseous smell. nausea [ˈnɔ:ziə] the feeling that you are going to vomit. 2. A hernia疝气 is the protrusion of an organ or the fascia ( [ˈfeɪʃə] I. the dashboard of a car. II. a board above a shop on which the shop's name is written. ) of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it from within. There are different kinds of hernias, each requiring a specific management or treatment. Hernias are not tears in the tissue but are openings in the adipose tissue. It is possible for a hernia to come and go自己消失, but in most cases a pain will persist. Symptoms and signs vary depending on the type of hernia. Symptoms may or may not be present in some inguinal(In human anatomy, the inguinal [ˈɪŋɡwənəl] region 腹部疝气 refers to either the groin/ɡrɔɪn/腹股沟 or the lower lateral 两边的(on the side of something, or moving sideways) regions of the abdomen.) hernias. In the case of reducible hernias, a bulge in the groin or in another abdominal area can often be seen and felt. When standing, such a bulge becomes more obvious. Besides the bulge, other symptoms include pain in the groin that may also include a heavy or dragging sensation, and in men, there is sometimes pain and swelling in the scrotum around the testicular area. Irreducible abdominal hernias or incarcerated hernias may be painful, but their most relevant symptom is that they cannot return to the abdominal cavity when pushed in. They may be chronic, although painless, and can lead to strangulation (loss of blood supply) and/or obstruction (kinking of intestine)( kink v. to bend or twist, or to make something bend or twist. n I. 扭曲. a bend or twist in something that is usually straight. There's a kink in the wire. II. something that is a problem or that seems strange. We need time to iron out any kinks in the new system. ). Strangulated hernias are always painful and pain is followed by tenderness. Nausea, vomiting, or fever may occur in these cases due to bowel obstruction. Also, the hernia bulge in this case may turn red, purple or dark and pink. 3. Spinal disc herniation (The formation of a hernia.): Spinal disc herniation (commonly called a slipped disc) is a medical condition affecting the spine in which a tear撕裂 in the outer, fibrous ring (anulus fibrosus) of an intervertebral disc 椎间盘 (discus intervertebralis) allows the soft, central portion (nucleus pulposus) to bulge out 鼓出, 突出 beyond the damaged outer rings. This tear in the disc ring may result in the release of inflammatory chemical mediators, which may directly cause severe pain, even in the absence of nerve root compression. Disc herniations are normally a further development of a previously existing disc "protrusion", a condition in which the outermost layers of the anulus fibrosus are still intact, but can bulge when the disc is under pressure. Most minor herniations heal within several weeks. Anti-inflammatory treatments for pain associated with disc herniation, protrusion, bulge, or disc tear are generally effective. Severe herniations may not heal of their own accord自动的, 自己的 and may require surgical intervention. The condition is widely referred to as a slipped disc, but this term is not medically accurate as the spinal discs are firmly attached between the vertebrae and cannot "slip". Cervical([ˈsɜ:(r)vɪk(ə)l] I. relating to a woman's cervix子宫颈. cervical cancer. II. relating to your neck. a broken fourth cervical vertebra. cervical smear子宫颈抹片 a medical test in which cells are taken from a woman's cervix to check for cancer. The American word is Pap smear.) disc herniation 颈椎间盘突出: Cervical disc herniations occur in the neck, most often between the fifth & sixth (C5/6) and the sixth and seventh (C6/7) cervical vertebral bodies. Symptoms can affect the back of the skull, the neck, shoulder girdle, scapula, shoulder, arm, and hand. The nerves of the cervical plexus and brachial plexus can be affected. Lumbar ( /ˈlʌmbə(r)/ relating to the lower part of your back.) disc herniation腰椎间盘突出: Lumbar disc herniations occur in the lower back, most often between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebral bodies or between the fifth and the sacrum. Symptoms can affect the lower back, buttocks, thigh, anal/genital region (via the Perineal nerve), and may radiate into the foot and/or toe. The sciatic nerve is the most commonly affected nerve, causing symptoms of sciatica坐骨神经痛([saɪˈætɪkə] severe pain in your lower back, or the back of the top of your legs, caused by pressure on a nerve. ). The femoral nerve can also be affected and cause the patient to experience a numb, tingling feeling throughout one or both legs and even feet or even a burning feeling in the hips and legs. Imaging: X-ray: Although traditional plain X-rays are limited in their ability to image soft tissues such as discs, muscles, and nerves, they are still used to confirm or exclude other possibilities such as tumors, infections, fractures, etc. In spite of these limitations, X-ray can still play a relatively inexpensive role in confirming the suspicion of the presence of a herniated disc. If a suspicion is thus strengthened, other methods may be used to provide final confirmation. Computed tomography scan (CT or CAT scan): A diagnostic image created after a computer reads x-rays. It can show the shape and size of the spinal canal, its contents, and the structures around it, including soft tissues. However, visual confirmation of a disc herniation can be difficult with a CT. Magnetic resonance [ˈrezənəns] imaging (MRI)磁共振: A diagnostic test that produces three-dimensional images of body structures using powerful magnets and computer technology. It can show the spinal cord, nerve roots, and surrounding areas, as well as enlargement, degeneration, and tumors. It shows soft tissues even better than CAT scans. An MRI performed with a high magnetic field strength usually provides the most conclusive evidence for diagnosis of a disc herniation. T2-weighted images allow for clear visualization of protruded disc material in the spinal canal. 4. Spinal decompression减压 is the relief of pressure on one or many pinched nerves (neural impingement) of the spinal column. Spinal decompression can be achieved both surgically and non-surgically and is used to treat conditions that result in chronic back pain such as disc bulge, disc herniation, sciatica, spinal stenosis, and isthmic and degenerative spondylolisthesis. Contraindicated ( Contraindication [ˌkontrəˌɪndɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n] 反证, 证伪, 推翻 a medical reason why someone should not use a particular drug or medical treatment. ): Spinal manipulation is contraindicated for disc herniations when there are progressive neurological deficits such as with cauda equina syndrome. A review of non-surgical spinal decompression found shortcomings in most published studies and concluded that there was only "very limited evidence 非常有限的证据 in the scientific literature to support the effectiveness of non-surgical spinal decompression therapy." Its use and marketing have been very controversial. 5. Disc herniations can result from general wear and tear, such as when performing jobs that require constant sitting and squatting or driving (sedentary lifestyle). However, herniations often result from jobs that require lifting. Minor back pain and chronic back tiredness are indicators of general wear and tear that make one susceptible to herniation on the occurrence of 正在发生 a traumatic event, such as bending to pick up a pencil or falling. 4. The straight leg raise, also called Lasègue's sign, Lasègue test or Lazarević's sign, is a test done during the physical examination to determine whether a patient with low back pain has an underlying herniated disk, often located at L5 (fifth lumbar spinal nerve). With the patient lying down on his or her back on an examination table or exam floor, the examiner lifts the patient's leg while the knee is straight. A variation is to lift the leg while the patient is sitting. However, this reduces the sensitivity of the test. 5. Cauda equina syndrome: Saddle anesthesia坐骨神经麻木, i.e. anesthesia or paraesthesia involving S3 to S5 dermatomes: including the perineum, external genitalia and anus; or more descriptively, numbness or "pins-and-needles" sensations of the groin and inner thighs which would contact a saddle when riding a horse. Bladder and bowel dysfunction: caused by decreased tone of the urinary and anal sphincters ( [ˈsfɪŋktə(r)] 括约肌 a muscle that surrounds and controls an opening in the body, especially in the anus. ). detrusor weaknesses causing urinary ([ˈjuən(ə)ri], urine [ˈjuərɪn] [ˈjuərain], urinate [ˈjuəneɪt] ) retention 尿不净 and post-void residual 尿残留 incontinence as assessed by bladder scanning the patient after the patient has urinated. Severe back pain, saddle anesthesia, incontinence and sexual dysfunction are considered "red flags", i.e. features which require urgent treatment. Diagnosis is usually confirmed by an MRI scan or CT scan, depending on availability. If cauda equina syndrome exists, emergency surgery is usually performed depending on the etiology discovered and the patient's candidacy for major spine surgery(the fact that someone is a candidate in an election. his candidacy for the presidency.). Lifestyle issues 生活习惯 may need to be addressed post-treatment. Issues could include the patients need for physiotherapy and occupational therapy due to lower limb dysfunction. Obesity might also need to be tackled. The prognosis 医生的说法, 医生的看法, 对病情最后发展的预测, 对治疗结果的预测 for complete recovery is dependent upon many factors. The most important of these is the severity and duration of compression upon the damaged nerve(s). Generally, the longer the time before intervention to remove the compression causing nerve damage, the greater the damage caused to the nerve(s). Damage can be so severe that nerve regrowth is impossible, and the nerve damage will be permanent. In cases where the nerve has been damaged but is still capable of regrowth, recovery time is widely variable. Surgical intervention with decompression of the cauda equina can assist recovery有助于恢复. Delayed or severe nerve damage can mean up to several years' recovery time because nerve growth is exceptionally slow. Review of the literature indicates that around 50-70% of patients have urinary retention (CES-R) on presentation with 30-50% having an incomplete 尿不净 syndrome (CES-I). The latter group, especially if the history is less than a few days, usually requires emergency MRI to confirm the diagnosis followed by prompt decompression. CES-I with its more favourable prognosis may become CES-R at a later stage. 6. Saddle anesthesia is a loss of sensation (anesthesia) restricted to the area of the buttocks, perineum and inner surfaces of the thighs. It is frequently associated with cauda equina syndrome. 7. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI)核磁共振, or magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to investigate the anatomy and function of the body in both health and disease. MRI scanners use strong magnetic fields and radiowaves to form images of the body. The technique is widely used in hospitals for medical diagnosis, staging of disease and for follow-up without exposure to ionizing radiation. 8. Intervertebral discs椎间盘 (or intervertebral fibrocartilage) lie between adjacent vertebrae脊椎, 腰椎 in the spine. Each disc forms a fibrocartilaginous joint to allow slight movement of the vertebrae, and acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together. Their role as shock absorbers is crucial.