用法学习: 1. caste [kɑ:st] I. [countable/uncountable] 印度种姓制度. one of the
traditional social classes that people were born into in Hindu society,
or the system of having these classes. II. [countable] a group of people who have the same social or professional status. The Chinese view foreigners as a completely separate caste who require special luxuries. half-caste
an offensive word for someone who has one white parent and one black
parent. A more polite expression is person of mixed race. The
caste system in India is a system of social stratification, which
historically separated communities into thousands of endogamous
hereditary groups ( hereditary [həˈredət(ə)ri] I. biology 遗传的. a hereditary disease or quality is passed from a parent to a child in their genes. Cystic fibrosis is a hereditary condition. II. legal a hereditary title or right 世袭的 is officially passed from a parent to their child. hereditary peer someone who has become a member of the British House of Lords because their parent was a member. hierarchy [ˈhaɪəˌrɑ:(r)ki] I. [countable/uncountable] a system for organizing people according to their status in a society, organization, or other group. the management/Church/social hierarchy. He reached a high level within the Soviet political hierarchy. II. [countable] the group of people who control an organization. Candidates are chosen by the party hierarchy. III. [countable] formal a series of things arranged according to their importance. man's hierarchy of needs. ) called jātis, usually translated into English as
"castes". The jātis are thought of as being grouped into four varnas: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. Certain groups, now known
as "Dalits贱民", were excluded from the varna system altogether, ostracised
as untouchables. While identified with Hinduism, the caste system
is found in other religions on the Indian subcontinent, including
Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Sikhism. Caste is
commonly thought of as an ancient fact of Hindu life, but contemporary
scholars have argued that the caste system was deliberately reinforced,
if not constructed by the British colonial regime. 2. Iran [ɪˈrɑ:n], Iranian [ɪˈreɪnɪən] = Persian
小孩子遭遇裸奔: Taking your son to a football game is a passage of rite bonding experience for any father. But it just may have backfired for one US dad, who might need to get counselling for his son after the boy's all too close streaker experience at a college gridiron 美式足球赛 game. The pair were watching a match between Old Dominion University and Middle Tennessee in Norfolk, Virginia, on the weekend when a naked pitch invader ran onto the field to bring some levity ( [ˈlevəti] 轻松, 活跃气氛, 欢乐. a way of speaking or behaving that shows you do not think something is very serious. At the time, he had disapproved of such levity. Stern faces abound amid attempts to bring levity to Twelfth. Carnival atmosphere fails to materialise despite efforts of Orange Order . Levi's = Levis [ˈliːvaɪz] ) to the crowd. Storming onto the turf during a timeout in the second quarter, the streaker, wearing only a pair of runners, first threw a pass 传球 (In American football and Canadian football a lateral pass横传 or lateral (officially backward pass in American football and onside pass in Canadian football), occurs when the ball carrier throws the football to a teammate in a direction parallel to or away from the opponents' goal line. A lateral pass is distinguished from a forward pass, in which the ball is thrown forward, towards the opposition's end zone. In a lateral pass the ball is not advanced, but unlike a forward pass a lateral may be attempted from anywhere on the field by any player to any player at any time.) in the end zone before security moved in to catch their man. But showing admirable evasive skills 闪避技巧 - no doubt owing in part to a sweaty torso - the man managed to elude his would-be captors抓捕者, including a police officer, before running from the field. However, as he entered a players' entry, he came face to face with the young fan, stumbling into the boy's father, who was fortunately quick enough to shield 挡住, 护住 him from any contact. The streaker was then collared ( collar v. I. often humorous to find someone and talk to them, usually about something that they do not want to talk about. II. very informal 薅住脖领子. to catch or arrest someone. ) by officials and, excuse the pun, tackled to the concrete before being arrested. As for the boy, he now has a lifetime memory of his night at the football, though not quite what he was expecting when dad told him they were going to the game.
希特勒的一生: Hitler's father, Alois Hitler, Sr. (1837–1903), was the illegitimate child of Maria Anna Schicklgruber. Because the baptismal register did not show the name of his father, Alois initially bore his mother's surname, Schicklgruber. In 1842, Johann Georg Hiedler married Alois's mother, Maria Anna. After she died in 1847 and Johann Georg Hiedler in 1856, Alois was brought up in the family of Hiedler's brother, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler. In 1876, Alois was legitimated and the baptismal register changed by a priest to register Johann Georg Hiedler as Alois's father (recorded as Georg Hitler). Alois then assumed the surname Hitler, also spelled as Hiedler, Hüttler, or Huettler. Nazi official Hans Frank suggested that Alois's mother had been employed as a housekeeper for a Jewish family in Graz and that the family's nineteen-year-old son, Leopold Frankenberger, had fathered Alois. Because no Frankenberger was registered in Graz during that period, and no record 没有任何记录 of Leopold Frankenberger's existence has been produced, historians dismiss the claim that Alois's father was Jewish. Alois had made a successful career in the customs bureau and wanted his son to follow in his footsteps. Hitler later dramatised an episode 闹出点妖孽来 from this period when his father took him to visit a customs office, depicting it as an event that gave rise to an unforgiving antagonism ( antagonism [ænˈtæɡəˌnɪz(ə)m] I. 对立, 对抗, 互相不待见, 互看不顺眼. 互不喜欢. a strong feeling of disliking someone, usually a feeling that has existed for a long time. antagonism between: the growing antagonism between the two groups. antagonism towards/to: It was difficult to explain their antagonism towards strangers. II. opposition to something such as an idea or proposal. ) between father and son, who were both strong-willed佞臣, 脾气拧, 犟脾气, 倔强, 有主见的, 有主意的, 不服软的. Ignoring his son's desire to attend a classical high school and become an artist, Alois sent Hitler to the Realschule in Linz in September 1900. Hitler rebelled against 抗争 this decision, and in Mein Kampf revealed that he intentionally did poorly in school, hoping that once his father saw "what little progress I was making at the technical school he would let me devote myself to my dream". Like many Austrian Germans, Hitler began to develop German nationalist ideas from a young age. He expressed loyalty 表达中心 only to Germany, despising 鄙视 the declining Habsburg Monarchy and its rule over an ethnically variegated empire. Hitler and his friends used the German greeting "Heil", and sang the "Deutschlandlied" instead of the Austrian Imperial anthem. After Alois's sudden death on 3 January 1903, Hitler's performance at school deteriorated and his mother allowed him to leave. He enrolled at the Realschule in Steyr in September 1904, where his behaviour and performance showed some improvement. In 1905, after passing a repeat of the final exam重考, Hitler left the school without any ambitions for further education or clear plans for a career. From 1905, Hitler lived a bohemian life in Vienna, financed by orphan's benefits and support from his mother. He worked as a casual labourer and eventually as a painter, selling watercolours (watercolour 水彩画 or watercolours [countable/uncountable] a type of paint that is mixed with water for painting pictures. a. [countable] a painting that is done with watercolour paints.) of Vienna's sights. Vienna's Academy of Fine Arts rejected him拒绝 in 1907 and again 1908, citing "unfitness for 不适合 painting". The director recommended that Hitler study architecture, which was also an interest, but he lacked academic credentials. On 21 December 1907, his mother died of breast cancer at the age of 47. After the academy's second rejection, Hitler ran out of money and was forced to live in homeless shelters and men's hostels. At the time Hitler lived there, Vienna was a hotbed 温床 of religious prejudice and racism. Fears of being overrun 被打败 by immigrants from the East were widespread, and the populist(representing the interests and opinions of ordinary people.) mayor, Karl Lueger, exploited the rhetoric of virulent antisemitism for political effect. Georg Schönerer's pan-Germanic antisemitism had a strong following in the Mariahilf district, where Hitler lived. Hitler read local newspapers, such as the Deutsches Volksblatt, that fanned 煽动prejudice and played on 利用 Christian fears of being swamped by an influx of eastern Jews. Hostile to what he saw as "Catholic Germanophobia", he developed an admiration for Martin Luther. Hitler was a decorated 荣誉在身的 veteran of World War I. He joined the German Workers' Party (precursor of the NSDAP) in 1919, and became leader of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923, he attempted a coup in Munich to seize power. The failed coup resulted in Hitler's imprisonment, during which time he wrote his memoir, Mein Kampf (My Struggle). After his release in 1924, Hitler gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles and promoting Pan-Germanism, antisemitism([ˌænti ˈseməˌtɪz(ə)m] 反犹太运动 anti-Semitic 反犹太的 people, opinions, writings etc show a feeling of hate towards Jewish people.), and anti-communism with charismatic oratory 魅力无限的口头演说 and Nazi propaganda. Hitler frequently denounced international capitalism and communism as being part of a Jewish conspiracy. Hitler's Nazi Party became the largest elected party in the German Reichstag, leading to his appointment as chancellor in 1933. Following fresh elections won by his coalition, the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act, which began the process of transforming the Weimar Republic into the Third Reich, a single-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of National Socialism. Hitler aimed to eliminate Jews from Germany and establish a New Order to counter what he saw as the injustice of the post-World War I international order dominated by Britain and France. His first six years in power resulted in rapid economic recovery from the Great Depression, the denunciation 废除 of restrictions imposed on Germany after World War I, and the annexation of territories that were home to millions of ethnic Germans, actions which gave him significant popular support. Hitler actively sought Lebensraum ("living space") for the German people. His aggressive foreign policy is considered to be the primary cause of the outbreak of World War II in Europe. He directed large-scale rearmament and on 1 September 1939 invaded Poland, resulting in British and French declarations of war on Germany. In June 1941, Hitler ordered an invasion of the Soviet Union. By the end of 1941 German forces and their European allies occupied most of Europe and North Africa. Failure to defeat the Soviets and the entry of the United States into the war美国加入战争 forced Germany onto the defensive and it suffered a series of escalating defeats接连失败. In the final days of the war, during the Battle of Berlin in 1945, Hitler married his long-time lover, Eva Braun. On 30 April 1945, less than two days later, the two committed suicide to avoid capture by the Red Army, and their corpses were burned. Under Hitler's leadership and racially motivated ideology, the regime was responsible for the genocide of at least 5.5 million Jews, and millions of other victims whom he and his followers deemed racially inferior. 一战: During his service at headquarters, Hitler pursued his artwork, drawing cartoons and instructions for an army newspaper. During the Battle of the Somme in October 1916, he was wounded in the left thigh when a shell exploded in the dispatch runners' dugout( dugout [ˈdʌɡaut] 防空洞, 战壕 I. a small shelter by the side of a sports field where team members sit during a game when they are not playing. a. a hole or tunnel in the ground used as a shelter by soldiers during a battle. II. a boat made by cutting out the inside of a log (=long piece of wood from a tree). ). On 15 October 1918, he was temporarily blinded in a mustard gas attack and was hospitalised in Pasewalk. While there, Hitler learnt of Germany's defeat, and—by his own account据他自己描述—on receiving this news, he suffered a second bout of blindness. Hitler described the war as "the greatest of all experiences", and was praised by his commanding officers for his bravery. His wartime experience reinforced his German patriotism and he was shocked by Germany's capitulation缴枪投降 in November 1918. His bitterness 酸涩 over the collapse of the war effort began to shape his ideology. Like other German nationalists, he believed the Dolchstoßlegende (stab-in-the-back myth), which claimed that the German army, "undefeated in the field", had been "stabbed in the back" 被背后刺了一刀 on the home front by civilian leaders and Marxists, later dubbed the "November criminals". The Treaty of Versailles stipulated that Germany must relinquish several of its territories 割弃领土 and demilitarise 去军事化 the Rhineland. The treaty imposed economic sanctions and levied heavy reparations on the country. Many Germans perceived the treaty—especially Article 231, which declared Germany responsible for the war—as a humiliation奇耻大辱. The Versailles Treaty and the economic, social, and political conditions in Germany after the war were later exploited by Hitler for political gain为了政治目的利用了. 希特勒进入政坛: After World War I, Hitler returned to Munich. With no formal education or career prospects, he remained in the army. In July 1919 he was appointed Verbindungsmann (intelligence agent) of an Aufklärungskommando (reconnaissance commando) of the Reichswehr, assigned to influence other soldiers and to infiltrate the German Workers' Party (DAP). While monitoring the activities of the DAP, Hitler was attracted to the founder Anton Drexler's antisemitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist, and anti-Marxist ideas. Drexler favoured a strong active government, a non-Jewish version of socialism, and solidarity 团结一致 among all members of society. Impressed with Hitler's oratory skills口才, Drexler invited him to join the DAP. Hitler accepted on 12 September 1919, becoming the party's 55th member. At the DAP, Hitler met Dietrich Eckart, one of the party's founders and a member of the occult Thule Society. Eckart became Hitler's mentor, exchanging ideas交换意见, 交换看法 with him and introducing him to a wide range of Munich society. To increase its appeal增加吸引力, the DAP changed its name to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers Party – NSDAP). Hitler designed the party's banner of a swastika in a white circle on a red background. Hitler was discharged from the army on 31 March 1920 and began working full-time for the NSDAP. The party headquarters was in Munich, a major hotbed of anti-government German nationalists determined to 致力于 crush Marxism and undermine 破坏 the Weimar Republic. In February 1921—already highly effective at speaking to large audiences—he spoke to a crowd of over 6,000. To publicise the meeting, two truckloads of party supporters drove around Munich waving swastika flags and throwing leaflets. Hitler soon gained notoriety for his rowdy polemic speeches against the Treaty of Versailles, rival politicians, and especially against Marxists and Jews. In June 1921, while Hitler and Eckart were on a fundraising trip to Berlin, a mutiny 抗令不尊 broke out within the NSDAP in Munich. Members of its executive committee wanted to merge with the rival German Socialist Party (DSP). Hitler returned to Munich on 11 July and angrily tendered his resignation. The committee members realised that the resignation of their leading public figure and speaker would mean the end of the party. Hitler announced he would rejoin on the condition that he would replace Drexler as party chairman, and that the party headquarters would remain in Munich. The committee agreed, and he rejoined the party on 26 July as member 3,680. Even then, Hitler still faced some opposition within仍有反对意见 the NSDAP: Opponents of Hitler in the leadership had Hermann Esser expelled from the party开除党籍 and printed 3,000 copies of a pamphlet attacking Hitler as a traitor 叛党者, 背叛者 to the party. In the following days, Hitler spoke to several packed houses and defended himself and Esser, to thunderous applause掌声雷动. His strategy proved successful, and at a general membership meeting, he was granted absolute powers as party chairman, with only one vote against仅一票反对. Hitler's vitriolic beer hall speeches began attracting regular audiences. He became adept at 熟练于, 纯熟, 得心应手 using populist themes, including the use of scapegoats, who were blamed for his listeners' economic hardships. Psychiatrist Carl Jung commented in 1938 that Hitler is the "first man to tell every German what he has been thinking and feeling all along in his unconscious about German fate, especially since the defeat in the World War". Hitler used personal magnetism ( 个人吸引力. 个人魅力, 个人磁力. a personal attractiveness or interestingness that enables you to influence others. ) and an understanding of crowd psychology to advantage while engaged in public speaking. Historians have noted the hypnotic effect 催眠效应 ( hypnotic (hɪpˈnotɪk) Inducing or tending to induce sleep; soporific: read the bedtime story in a hypnotic voice.) of his rhetoric 用词, 修辞 on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. The historian Alfons Heck, a former member of the Hitler Youth describes the reaction to a speech by Hitler: We erupted into a frenzy of nationalistic pride that bordered on hysteria. For minutes on end连续几分钟, we shouted at the top of our lungs, with tears streaming down our faces: Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil! From that moment on, I belonged to Adolf Hitler body and soul." — Alfons Heck. Although Hitler's oratory skills and personal traits口才和个人魅力 were generally received well by large crowds and at official events, some who met Hitler privately noted that his appearance and demeanour failed to make a lasting impression. Early followers included Rudolf Hess, former air force ace Hermann Göring, and army captain Ernst Röhm. Röhm became head of the Nazis' paramilitary organisation, the Sturmabteilung (SA, "Stormtroopers"), which protected meetings and attacked political opponents. A critical influence on his thinking during this period was the Aufbau Vereinigung, a conspiratorial group of White Russian exiles and early National Socialists. The group, financed with funds channelled from wealthy industrialists, introduced Hitler to the idea of a Jewish conspiracy, linking international finance with Bolshevism.
