用法学习: 1. devious [ˈdi:vɪəs] 狡猾的, 狡诈的, 诡计多端的 adj. If you describe someone as devious you do not like them because you think they are dishonest and like to keep things secret, often in a complicated way. Newman was certainly devious, prepared to say one thing in print and something quite different in private. A contradiction in terms 自相矛盾 A phrase or expression in which the component words contradict one another, often unintentionally, or are claimed to do so when seen from a particular point of view. "A miniature giant" is a contradiction in terms. Contradictio in terminis (Latin for contradiction in terms) refers to a combination of words whose meanings are in conflict with one another. Examples are "liquid ice", "settled science", "progressive conservatism", and "square circle". If the contradiction is intentional (rhetorical or poetic), then one can speak of an oxymoron. 2. Lying in state 遗体瞻仰 is a term used to describe the tradition in which a coffin is placed on view to allow the public at large
to pay their respects to the deceased. It traditionally takes place in
the principal government building of a country or city. While the
practice differs among countries, a viewing in a location that is not
the principal government building is referred to as lying in repose. Lying in repose (老百姓的)遗体瞻仰
is a term used to describe when a deceased person, often of some
stature, is available for public viewing公众瞻仰. "Lying in repose" is different
from the formal honor of "lying in state", which is generally held at
the principal government building of the country and often accompanied by an honor guard. An honor guard, or ceremonial guard仪仗队, is a ceremonial unit, usually military in nature and composed of volunteers who are carefully screened for their physical ability and dexterity( [dɛk'stɛriti] I. 灵巧, 心灵手巧
Skill and grace in physical movement, especially in the use of the
hands; adroitness. II. 聪慧, 机敏 Mental skill or adroitness; cleverness. ). Only those persons who are highly motivated and maintain exceptionally high standards of appearance and conduct and show aptitude for ceremonial duty are likely to be considered才会被考虑. A primary role for honor guards in the United States and some other countries is to provide funeral honors for fallen comrades and to guard national monuments. An honor guard may also serve as the "guardians of the colors" by displaying and escorting the national flag on ceremonial occasions at official state functions. Finally, honor guards usually provide detachments ( detachment 军事上的特殊用法 (行动小组, 特别分队)
the separation of a small unit from its main body, esp of ships or
troops. a body of troops; part of a fleet. A part of a unit separated
from its main organization for duty elsewhere. A temporary military or
naval unit formed from other units or parts of units. detail v. to select (personnel) for a specific duty. n. a small body of men detailed for special duties. ) for review
by visiting heads of state. Honor guards also serve in the civilian
world for fallen police officers and other civil servants. Persons
serving in this capacity may or may not be designated, meaning they may
not be assigned to serve each and every time there is a funeral in their
jurisdiction. In the U.S., military honor guards may serve as ambassadors to the public, presenting a positive image of their service, and assisting with the recruiting招新 effort. Heads of state 政府首脑 inspect guards of honour 阅军, 检阅三军仪仗队( guard of honour a group of people, usually soldiers, who are arranged in a row at a special occasion such as a marriage ceremony or an official visit, to honour someone very important. A guard of honour is a ceremonial event practiced in the military and sports throughout the Commonwealth of Nations as a mark of respect. In the military in countries of the Commonwealth of Nations, a guard of honour is a ceremonial practice to honour domestic or foreign dignitaries, the fallen in war, or a ceremony for public figures who have died. In military weddings, especially those of commissioned officers, a guard, comprising usually of service members of the same branch, form the Saber arch. An honor guard, or ceremonial guard 仪仗队, is a ceremonial unit, usually military in nature and composed of volunteers who are carefully screened for their physical ability and dexterity. Only those persons who are highly motivated and maintain exceptionally high standards of appearance and conduct and show aptitude for ceremonial duty ( aptitude 天分, 天才, 与生俱来的能力 natural ability that makes it easy for you to do something well. an aptitude test. aptitude for: I had no aptitude for accountancy and began to hate it. ) are likely to be considered. A primary role for honor guards in the United States and some other countries is to provide funeral honors for fallen comrades and to guard national monuments. An honor guard may also serve as the "guardians of the colors" by displaying and escorting the national flag on ceremonial occasions at official state functions. Finally, honor guards usually provide detachments for review 检阅 by visiting heads of state. Honor guards also serve in the civilian world for fallen police officers and other civil servants. Persons serving in this capacity may or may not be designated指定的, meaning they may not be assigned to serve each and every time there is a funeral in their jurisdiction. In the US, military honor guards may serve as ambassadors to the public, presenting a positive image of their service, and assisting with the recruiting effort. ). They move along the rank, appearing to scrutineers 检阅 the soldiers, perhaps saying s word or two. This a carryover ( I. 继承. 传承. something that happens now that is the result of a situation that existed in the past. II. an amount of money that has not been used within a period of time and can be kept and used later. carry over I. [intransitive/transitive] if something carries over or is carried over from one situation into another, it has the same effect in the new situation as it had in the old one. Stresses at work can often be carried over into your home life. II. [transitive] 带入 to take something that you earn or are given in one year or period of time into the next one. You are not allowed to carry over holiday entitlement from one year into the next. ) from early medieval 中世纪的(middle age) practice when the king was really scrutinize the soldiers he had been sent and saying to himself: what sort of rubbish have they sent this time? 3. open-hearted Someone who is open-hearted is kind, loving, and honest. Open-handed 大方的, 慷慨的 generous. plunder I. 抢劫品, 劫掠品. to take valuable things from a place using force, sometimes causing a lot of damage. The city was plundered and burned during the war. II. to take or use something that belongs to someone else in order to give yourself an advantage. Film producers often plunder TV's most popular shows. Such opened-handedness must have war and plunder to feed it(日耳曼野蛮军将领对手下的大方恩赐必须有战争和战利品来支撑). open hearted. A prize of war战利品 is a piece of military property seized by the victorious party after a war or battle, typically at sea. This term was used nearly exclusively in terms of a captured ship during the 18th and 19th centuries. Rules defining how prizes were claimed and administered originated before there were organized government navies and were an outgrowth of privateering. spoils [spɔɪlz] the benefits that someone gets when they win something, for example a war. a. the prize that someone gets when they win a competition. 4. I want some clarification regarding the usage of the phrase "what's to say." This somewhat colloquial saying can be used interchangeably with "who's to say,"有什么资格说, 谁能说, 谁敢说, 谁说的, 谁又能说, 凭什么说 and it is largely a construction句子结构 that is used with verbal rather than written correspondence. Whenever you start a sentence with "what's to say" or "who's to say," you need to complete the sentence with a full clause and a question mark. This is because these sentences are used for expressing the uncertainty of an event or a posited ( posit to say that something is true or that something should be accepted as true.) truth. Here are a few examples. What's to say he wanted to go to the party in the first place? Who's to say that we're to blame for global warming? Who's to say what I can and cannot do? Just like when it comes to ending sentences in a preposition and maintaining a consistent parallel structure, using "what's to say" or "who's to say" to start a sentence is largely a matter of personal preference. Some people like this kind of writing style, whereas others feel that it is too casual for certain applications. If you separate the respective contractions, you can see how these sentences are still grammatically acceptable. "Who's to say" can be separated into "who is to say." This poses a question and the appropriate response to such a question would involve answering the question of "who." In the above example on global warming, you could refer to David Suzuki or Al Gore. In most instances, you can replace "who's to say" with "what's to say" to get the same desired query. You are still questioning the certainty of a certain statement. This is quite different than the difference between much and many, since that is much more distinct. 5. This turn-the-other-cheek ( turn the other cheek 逆来顺受的, 主动送上脸的 to deliberately not hurt or upset someone who has hurt or upset you. ) Religion is supported by iron men. Turning the other cheek is a phrase in Christian doctrine that refers to responding to an aggressor without violence or legal defense. The bible: Ye have heard that it hath been said, An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth: But I say unto you, That ye resist not evil: but whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also. If a despot专制君主([ˈdespot] someone who has a lot of power and uses it in a cruel and unreasonable way.) was in need of assets he would simply seize someone's property or send his troops down to the bazaar to grab a pile of merchandise. European governments, even when called 'absolute', could never act like that. Not evertying is the king's was the foundation of European thinking想法 about government. From the right to private property derives the notion of individual rights. They are very backward(I. [only before noun] moving or looking in the direction that is behind you. a backward glance. II. 落后的. not developing quickly, normally, and successfully. a remote and backward region. a. 迟钝的. old-fashioned used for describing a child or student who is unable to make normal progress in learning. It is now more acceptable to say that someone has learning difficulties. a backward step or a step backward an action that does not bring progress, but makes the situation as bad as it was in the past. By cutting expenditure on health care, I feel we are taking a backward step to the bad old days. backward-looking not interested in new ideas or ways of doing things.). In time 假以时日, 渐渐的, 逐渐的, 随着时间流逝 the fat boy became a handsome man. Geometry is a sort of make believe world ( make-believe the activity of pretending that something is real or that a situation is better than it really is. make believe假装 to pretend that something is real, especially in a game. The children like to make believe that they live in a castle. make do (with/without something) to succeed in dealing with a situation by using what is available/despite not having something. There wasn't much food, but we made do. make as if to do something看上去好像 to make a movement so that you seem to be going to do something. Dad made as if to chase me out of the room. make it 5 o'clock/7.30 etc British spoken to decide that it is a particular time by looking at your watch. 'What time is it?' 'I make it 5 o'clock.' make it through something to not die as a result of an illness or an accident. She's made it through the worst of the illness now. make it with someone American informal to have sex with someone make like mainly American spoken to pretend to be something you are not. She makes like she's the boss round here.). Though the Jews believed they were the chosen people, they didn't have a dream run过得并不好. 6. Jesus knew the Jewish law and teaching very well and his own teaching grew out of this. Part of his teaching was to sum up the essence of the law. This was one of his summations总结归纳: love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your mind and love your neighbour as yourself. It's not clear whether Jesus was saying you can take the summary 总结的结论 and forget all the detail. Or whether he was saying that the detail is important - about cleanliness, sacrifice and all the rest - but the summary is a guide to the most important things. 7. Caffè Americano is a style of coffee prepared by adding hot water to espresso, giving it a similar strength to, but different flavor from, regular drip coffee. The strength of an Americano varies with the number of shots of espresso and the amount of water added. The name is also spelled with varying capitalization and use of diacritics: e.g., café americano. In the United States, "Americano" is used broadly to mean combining hot water and espresso in either order, but in a narrower definition it refers to adding water to espresso (espresso on the bottom), while adding espresso to a smaller volume of water (espresso on the top) is instead referred to as a long black. A latte ([ˈlɑːteɪ] or [ˈlæteɪ]) is a coffee drink made with espresso and steamed milk. A cappuccino ([ˌkæpəˈtʃi:nou]) is an Italian coffee drink which is traditionally prepared with espresso, hot milk, and steamed-milk foam. 8. bitch I. [singular] very informal something difficult or unpleasant. A difficult or confounding problem. Level 5 was a real bitch, don’t you think? That's a bitch of a question. These milk cartons are a real bitch to open. II. [singular] very informal a complaint about someone or something. A complaint, especially when the complaint is unjustified. What's his latest bitch? a. British informal a conversation in which people complain or say unkind or cruel things about someone else. We had a good bitch about Steve while he was out. III. Something unforgiving and unpleasant. Karma's a bitch, Payback is a bitch. revenge/payback's a bitch(revenge is a dish best served cold) US informal If a person says payback's a bitch, they mean that something bad has happened as a result of something else. to break someone策反某人. faze to make someone feel confused, shocked, or upset. To disrupt the composure of; disconcert. I am fazed. 失去冷静. 心慌意乱的. 慌张的. 不知所措的. ChapStick润唇膏(品牌名)(chap n. a man, especially one that you like. Bill's such a nice chap. Who's the tall, dark-haired chap? v. I. 脱皮. if your skin chaps, or if it is chapped, it becomes dry and painful, especially because of cold weather. Of the skin, to split or flake due to cold weather or dryness. II. To cause to open in slits or chinks; to split; to cause the skin of to crack or become rough.) is a brand name of lip balm manufactured by Pfizer Consumer Healthcare and used in many countries worldwide. It is intended to help treat and prevent chapped 干裂的 lips, hence the name. Many varieties also include sunscreen in order to prevent sunburn. Due to its popularity, the term has become a genericized trademark( genericized that has become generic. Kleenex was in danger of being the most genericized brand name. generic trademark. A generic trademark, also known as a genericised trademark or proprietary eponym, is a trademark or brand name that has become the generic name for, or synonymous with, a general class of product or service, usually against the intentions of the trademark's holder. A trademark is said to become genericised when it began as a distinctive product identifier but has changed in meaning to become generic. A trademark typically becomes "genericised" when the products or services with which it is associated have acquired substantial market dominance or mind share such that the primary meaning of the genericised trademark becomes the product or service itself rather than an indication of source for the product or service.). It popularly refers to any lip balm contained in a lipstick-style tube and applied in the same manner as lipstick. However, the term is still a registered trademark, with rights exclusively owned by Pfizer. 9. minx a young woman who is rude, or is good at persuading people to do what she wants, especially men. a precocious or sometimes socially forward超前的, 领先于时代的 young girl. Pay it forward回报社会 is an expression for describing the beneficiary of a good deed repaying it to others instead of to the original benefactor. "Pay it forward" is implemented in contract law of loans in the concept of third party beneficiaries. Specifically, the creditor offers the debtor the option of paying the debt forward by lending it to a third person instead of paying it back to the original creditor. This contract may include the provision that the debtor may repay the debt in kind, lending the same amount to a similarly disadvantaged party once they have the means, and under the same conditions. Debt and payments can be monetary or by good deeds. A related type of transaction, which starts with a gift instead of a loan, is alternative giving. 10. moat 壕沟, 护城河(the castle is moated) a deep wide hole, usually filled with water, that surrounds a castle as protection against attack. a. a hole like a moat used in a zoo for preventing animals from escaping. A moat is a deep, broad ditch, either dry or filled with water, that surrounds a castle, other building or town, historically to provide it with a preliminary line of defence. In some places moats evolved into more extensive water defences, including natural or artificial lakes, dams and sluices. In later periods the moat or water defences may be largely ornamental. A tearoom is a small room or restaurant where beverages and light meals are served, having a sedate or subdued atmosphere. The term may also refer to a room dedicated to the serving of tea in a private house. A customer might expect to receive cream tea or Devonshire tea, often served from a china set, and a scone with jam and clotted cream – alternatively a High tea may be served. In Scotland teas are usually served with a variety of scones, pancakes, crumpets and other cakes. In a related usage, a tearoom may be a room set aside特别保留作为 in a workplace for workers to relax and (specifically) take refreshment during work-breaks工作间隙. Traditionally a staff member serving food and beverages in such a tea room would have been called a tea lady. 11. mack daddy I. a slang term for a pimp that has come to mean a virile man. a conspicuously successful pimp. II. a slick womanizer. III. one that is the best. a person who is good at arousing sexual interest in another person. Jeff is such a mack daddy. IV. a generally "cool" or "hip" person. V. 施展个人魅力, 用个人魅力获得所需的人. A person who is pathologically expert at charming people into giving him what he wants, then drops them cold as soon as he gets it (at least until he wants something else from them). VI. A gamer, manipulator, user, exploiter, con artist, etc., who temporarily uses personal charm to gain some type of advantage. nowhere I. not in any place or to any place. nowhere to go/live/sit etc. I have no job and nowhere to live. Nowhere is drug abuse more of a problem than in the US. II. get/go nowhere. to have no success or make no progress. The proposal went nowhere in the Senate. get nowhere with somebody/something He was getting nowhere with the Bentley case. get somebody nowhere A negative attitude will get you nowhere. I soon realized that being tough was getting me nowhere fast (=was not helping me achieve anything). III. be nowhere to be seen/found also be nowhere in sight to not be in a place, or not be seen or found there. IV. nowhere near. a. a long way from a particular place. He swore he was nowhere near her house on the night she died. b. not at all. 远远没有, 差远了准备好. nowhere near ready/full/finished etc. The building's nowhere near finished. She's nowhere near as pretty as you are. V. out of/from nowhere. happening or appearing suddenly and without warning. In the last few seconds, Gunnell came from nowhere to win another gold medal. From out of nowhere he asks me to marry him! Do not use another negative word (e.g. 'not') with nowhere. Use anywhere with not: We had nowhere to go. | We didn't have anywhere to go. 12. appreciate I. 欣赏. 懂得欣赏. If you appreciate something, for example a piece of music or good food, you like it because you recognize its good qualities. Anyone can appreciate our music. In time you'll appreciate the beauty and subtlety of this language. II. 懂得, 明白, 理解. 了解. If you appreciate a situation or problem, you understand it and know what it involves. She never really appreciated the depth and bitterness of the Irish conflict. He appreciates that co-operation with the media is part of his professional duties. III. If you appreciate something that someone has done for you or is going to do for you, you are grateful for it. Peter stood by me when I most needed it. I'll always appreciate that. Thanks, lads. I appreciate it. V. 升值. (depreciate)If something that you own appreciates over a period of time, its value increases. They don't have any confidence that houses will appreciate in value. interest I. If something interests you, it attracts your attention so that you want to learn or hear more about it or continue doing it. That passage interested me because it seems to parallel very closely what you're doing in the novel. It may interest you to know that Miss Woods, the housekeeper, witnessed the attack. II. 引起兴趣, 感兴趣. 劝诱;说服(某人)做(某事) If you are trying to persuade someone to buy or do something, you can say that you are trying to interest them in it. In the meantime I can't interest you in a new car, I suppose? The group wasn't able to interest them in reproducing literature specifically for women. III. 利益相关者;利益集团 You can use interests to refer to groups of people who you think use their power or money to benefit themselves. The government accused unnamed 'foreign interests' of inciting the trouble. He resigned as finance minister only weeks before the election and stood against big-business interests. IV. n. 权益;股权;产权 A person or organization that has interests in a company or in a particular type of business owns shares in this company or this type of business. Her other business interests include a theme park in Scandinavia and hotels in the West Country. the Hatch family, who controlled large dairy interests. V. N-COUNT 利害关系 If a person, country, or organization has an interest in a possible event or situation, they want that event or situation to happen because they are likely to benefit from it. The West has an interest in promoting democratic forces in Eastern Europe. Domestic consumers of petroleum products have an interest in a secure source of petroleum products. 13. Dance bar is a term used in India to refer to bars in which adult entertainment in the form of dances by relatively well-covered women are performed for male patrons in exchange for cash. Dance bars used to be present only in Maharashtra, but later spread across the country, mainly in cities. Dance bars were banned in the state of Maharashta, in August 2005, with the passing of the Bombay Police (Amendment) Act, 2005. Subsequently, the government shut down dance bars. However, many continued to flourish as late as 2011, although in a clandestine 偷偷的, 私下里的 way in Mumbai and its outskirts. Mumbai alone had 700 dance bars, at their peak in April 2005 when it was banned, though officially only 307 dance bars existed, the rest were illegal, while the figures for rest of the state was 650 dance bars in total. In all they employed 150,000 people, including 75,000 bar girls. These bars functioned as fronts for prostitution掩护, 打掩护, 幌子. After the ban was enforced, no rehabilitation program was initiated for the nightclub dancers, known as bar-balas. Many moved to Dubai and other Middle Eastern countries, while others went to New Delhi, Chennai and Hyderabad. 14. "The RBA has to manage a booming Sydney economy while the rest of the country is struggling to grow in the face of a range of headwinds顶风, 逆风," the report's author, economist Terry Rawnsley, said. Sydney's economy underperformed表现不佳 for much of the last decade. However, as the effects of the mining boom fade, it has emerged as a key source of national growth. 14. Mahogany([məˈhɒɡəni] 桃花心木 I. [uncountable] a hard brown-red wood, used for making furniture. a. [countable] the tree that produces this wood. II. [uncountable] a brown-red colour. crimson dark purple-red in colour.) is a kind of wood—the straight-grained, reddish-brown timberof three tropical hardwood species of the genus Swietenia, part of the chinaberry family, Meliaceae, indigenous to the Americas. coagulated blood凝血块, 血豆腐([kəuˈæɡjuleɪt] if a liquid coagulates, it becomes thick and solid. Blood slowly coagulated round the edges of the cut.), corrugated[ˈkorəˌɡeɪtɪd]有棱的 paperboard. corrugated materials have been shaped into parallel folds. a corrugated iron roof. corrugated cardboard. apotheosize (əˈpoθɪəˌsaɪz) or apotheosise 神化, 尊为神 vb (tr) I. to deify. II. To glorify; exalt. elevate to, or as if to, the rank of a god; idolize. Apotheosise of Hercules. The demigod 半神半人 ( I. an important person who is admired by people as if they were a god. This word shows that you think people are silly for treating someone like this. II. a god who is less important than other gods, especially one who is partly a god and partly a human being. ) Hercules [ˈhɜːkjuˌli:z] was one of many children of Jupiter or Zeus, but unlike most of them, he was immortal. That did not make him completely a god -- at least until his apotheosis. For instance, he might have grown old -- had he lived long enough. Since Hercules was immortal, dying was a problem. He should not have been able to die, but before addressing the how of his ending his life, it is necessary to address the why. Why on earth would a hero still in the full vigor of his manhood want to shake off his mortal coil? 15. akimbo [əˈkɪmbəu] If you stand arms akimbo or with arms akimbo双手叉腰((with) arms akimbo with your hands on your hips and your elbows sticking out), you stand with your hands on your hips and your elbows pointing outward. A well-known phenomenon with the logo(kappa) is that by covering over the two figures' heads, it appears to be a woman sitting with her legs akimbo. 16. scepter 权杖, 王杖 I. A scepter is one of the attributes of a king.(13.82K) 权杖. II. The crown and the scepter are the insigne of kings. III. The scepter is the king's badge of office. A sceptre [ˈseptə(r)] (or scepter in U.S. English) is a symbolic ornamental staff or wand held in the hand by a ruling monarch as an item of royal or imperial insignia([ɪnˈsɪɡniə] a mark or sign that shows someone's rank or status, or what organization they belong to. a. a mark on an object that shows who made it, who it belongs to, or what organization it is connected with.). Sometimes, it could be used for showing a sense of divinity. With the advent of Christianity, the sceptre was often tipped with a cross instead of with an eagle, but during the Middle Ages the finials on the top of the sceptre varied considerably. In England from a very early period two sceptres have been concurrently used, and from the time of Richard I they have been distinguished as being tipped with a cross and a dove respectively. In France the royal sceptre was tipped with a fleur de lys, and the other, known as the main de justice, had an open hand of benediction on the top. Sceptres with small shrines on the top are sometimes represented on royal seals, as on the great seal of Edward III, where the king, enthroned, bears such a sceptre, but it was an unusual form; and it is of interest to note that one of the sceptres of Scotland, preserved at Edinburgh, has such a shrine at the top, with little images of Our Lady, Saint Andrew and Saint James the Great in it. This sceptre was, it is believed, made in France about 1536, for James V. Great seals usually represent the sovereign enthroned, holding a sceptre (often the second in dignity) in the right hand, and the orb and cross in the left. Harold appears thus in the Bayeux tapestry. Ceremonial mace(a decorated stick carried by an official on special occasions. 比sceptre短, 胖, 且有很多装饰.): The ceremonial mace is a highly ornamented staff of metal or wood, carried before a sovereign or other high official in civic ceremonies by a mace-bearer, intended to represent the official's authority威严, 威仪. The mace, as used today, derives from the original mace used as a weapon. Processions often feature maces, as on parliamentary or formal academic occasions. The earliest ceremonial maces were practical weapons intended to protect the king's person, borne by the Sergeants-at-Arms, a royal bodyguard established in France by Philip II, and in England probably by Richard I. By the 14th century, these sergeants' maces had started to become increasingly decorative, encased in precious metals. The mace as a real weapon went out of use with the disappearance of heavy armor. 17. A pedestal 雕像的底座, 基座, bust一般放在柱子一般的pedestal上 or plinth is the support of a statue or a vase. Although in Syria, Asia Minor and Tunisia the Romans occasionally raised the columns of their temples or propylaea on square pedestals, in Rome itself they were employed only to give greater importance to isolated columns, such as those of Trajan and Antoninus, or as a podium to the columns employed decoratively in the Roman triumphal arches. 18. At the mouth of the River Tiber, Ostia was Rome's seaport, but due to silting ( silt [sɪlt] 淤泥, 淤积 sand, dirt, and very small rocks that are carried from one place to another by moving water. ) the site now lies 3 kilometres (2 miles) from the sea. The site is noted for the excellent preservation of its ancient buildings, magnificent frescoes 壁画 and impressive mosaics马赛克. tapestry 挂毯, rotunda原型建筑. 关于pantheon万神庙： The building was originally approached by a flight of steps, although later construction raised the level of the ground leading to the portico柱廊(前边柱子形成的一个门廊), eliminating the steps. The pediment山墙 was decorated with relief 浮雕 sculpture, probably of gilded bronze. Holes marking the location of clamps that held the sculpture suggest that its design was likely an eagle within a wreath; ribbons extended from the wreath into the corners of the pediment. 18. mean I. to have a particular meaning: What does 'perpendicular' mean? The red light means stop. to intend to express a fact or opinion: I didn't mean that as a criticism. That's what I meant when I said he's been acting oddly. What exactly do you mean by 'old-fashioned'? [+ (that)] It doesn't mean that you can stop working. II. to be serious about something that you have said: I'll take that sandwich away if you don't eat it properly - I mean it! to have an important emotional effect on someone: You don't know what it means to me to get this letter. Their support has meant a lot to us. III. be meant to do sth If you are meant to do something, that is what you should do in order to behave correctly: You're meant to shake the bottle first. He's not meant to drive any more. mean well to intend to behave in a kind way: I know my parents mean well, but I wish they wouldn't interfere. IV. something that you say in order to correct yourself: We went there in May - I mean June. mean (for someone) to do something to intend (for someone) to do something. John meant to go with us to the zoo. John meant for Jane to do the dishes. have been meaning to do sth 想着要做某事, 打算着要做某事 to have been wanting and planning to do something: I've been meaning to call you for weeks. mean to do sth to intend to do something: I didn't mean to hurt her. to have a particular result: These changes will mean better health care for everyone. 区别: be meant to do something: to be intended to do something/be supposed to do something. Tissues are meant to be used once. Laptops are meant to be portable and I don't see how a heavy 17 inch notebook is portable. The iphone 4s is meant to be faster than the iphone 4. be meant for something: to be intended for a particular person or purpose. The book is meant for children. The second dirty secret is the misconception that outlet merchandise was originally meant for a real store. 19. Prima donna[ˌpriːmə ˈdonə], Italian for "first lady," is a term originally used in opera or Commedia dell'arte companies to designate 指派 the leading female singer in the company, the person to whom the prime roles would be given. The prima donna was normally, but not necessarily, a soprano. The corresponding term for the male lead (almost always a tenor) is primo uomo. Prime donne often had grand off-stage personalities and were seen as demanding of their colleagues. From its original usage in opera, the term has spread in contemporary usage to refer to anyone behaving in a demanding or temperamental fashion or has an inflated view 过度膨胀的 of oneself. 20. Constantine第一个基督徒罗马大帝. His reputation flourished名声大涨 during the lifetime of his children and centuries after his reign. The medieval church upheld him as a paragon 完美无缺 of virtue while secular rulers invoked him as a prototype, a point of reference参照点, and the symbol of imperial legitimacy and identity.
欧洲食物: 1. The pistachio ([pɪˈstæʃiˌou], -[stɑ:ʃiˌou])开心果
a member of the cashew family, is a small tree originally from Central
Asia and the Middle East. Pistachio trees can be found in regions of
Iran, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Greece, Xinjiang (China), Tunisia,
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, India, Egypt, Italy (Sicily),
Uzbekistan, Afghanistan (especially in the provinces of Samangan and
Badghis), and the United States, specifically in California. The tree
produces seeds that are widely consumed as food. Habitat: Pistachio is a desert plant, and is highly tolerant of saline soil 盐碱地 ( saline [ˈseɪlaɪn] containing salt. a saline solution. n. 生理盐水. a liquid containing salt and water, used especially in medical treatments and to clean contact lenses. saltine[ˈsɔ:lti:n] 咸味的, 盐味的. a thin dry biscuit that usually has salt on top of it. saltine crackers. Soil salinity [səˈlɪnəti] 土壤盐碱度 is the salt content in the soil; the process of increasing the salt content is known as salinization. Salt is a natural element of soils and water. Salination can be caused by natural processes such as mineral weathering矿物质风化 or the gradual withdrawal of an ocean. It can also be caused by artificial processes such as irrigation. Weathering风化作用 is the breaking down of rocks, soil and minerals
as well as artificial materials through contact with the Earth's
atmosphere, biota and waters. Weathering occurs in situ, roughly
translated to: "with no movement" , and thus should not be confused with
erosion, which involves the movement of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, snow, wind, waves and gravity and then being poo. Two important classifications of weathering processes exist – physical and chemical weathering;
each sometimes involves a biological component. Mechanical or physical
weathering involves the breakdown of rocks and soils through direct
contact with atmospheric conditions, such as heat, water, ice and
pressure. The second classification, chemical weathering, involves the
direct effect of atmospheric chemicals or biologically produced
chemicals also known as biological weathering in the breakdown of rocks,
soils and minerals.). It has been reported to grow well when irrigated with water 用水灌溉 having 3,000–4,000 ppm of soluble salts. Pistachio trees are fairly hardy ( I. 硬骨头的. 能忍风霜的. 不怕风霜的, 不怕条件艰苦的, 不惧环境艰苦的. 能生存的. strong and able to deal with or exist in unpleasant or extreme conditions. A few hardy souls turned out to take an early-morning swim. II. a hardy plant is able to live outside during the winter. ) in the right conditions, and can survive temperatures ranging between −10 °C (14 °F) in winter and 48 °C (118 °F) in summer. They need a sunny position and well-drained soil. Pistachio trees do poorly in conditions of high humidity, and are susceptible to root rot根茎腐烂, 烂根 ( disease characterized by root decay; caused by various fungi. Root rot is a condition found in both indoor and outdoor plants, although more common in indoor plants with poor drainage. As the name states, the roots of the plant rot. Usually, this is a result of overwatering淹死了, 浇太多水.
In houseplants, it is a very common problem, and is slightly less
common in outdoor plants. In both indoor and outdoor plants, it is
usually lethal and there is no effective treatment. The excess water makes it very difficult for the roots to get the air that they need, causing them to decay. To avoid root rot, it is best to only water plants when the soil becomes dry, and to put the plant in a well-drained pot. Using a heavy soil, such as one dug up from outdoors can also cause root rot.) in winter if they get too much water and the soil is not sufficiently free-draining. Long, hot summers are required for proper ripening of the fruit. Pistachio trees are vulnerable to a wide variety of diseases
(see list of pistachio diseases). Among these is infection by the
fungus Botryosphaeria, which causes panicle and shoot blight (i.e.,
kills flowers and young shoots), and can damage entire pistachio
orchards. The fruit is a drupe, containing an elongated seed, which is the edible portion. The seed, commonly thought of as a nut, is a culinary nut, not a botanical nut. The fruit has a hard, creamish exterior shell. The seed has a mauvish skin and light green flesh, with a distinctive flavor. When the fruit ripens, the shell changes from green to an autumnal yellow/red, and abruptly splits part way open. This is known as dehiscence(Dehiscence [dɪˈhɪsəns] 开裂, 裂口 is the splitting at maturity along a built-in line of weakness in a plant structure
in order to release its contents, and is common among fruits, anthers
and sporangia. Sometimes this involves the complete detachment of a
part. Structures that open in this way are said to be dehiscent. Structures that do not open in this way are called indehiscent, and rely on other mechanisms such as decay or predation to release the contents. Wound dehiscence伤口开裂, 崩裂, 创伤崩裂, 创伤迸发 is a surgical complication in which a wound ruptures along surgical suture. Risk factors are age, diabetes, obesity, poor knotting or grabbing of stitches, and trauma to the wound after surgery.), and happens with an audible pop. The splitting open is a trait that has been selected by humans. Commercial cultivars栽培品种 vary in how consistently they split open. 2. Chowder[ˈtʃaudə(r)] 海鲜浓汤, 或蔬菜浓汤(a thick soup usually made with fish or shellfish, milk or cream, and vegetables.) is a seafood or vegetable stew, often served with milk or cream and mostly eaten with saltine crackers(saltine [ˈsɔ:lti:n] 咸味的, 盐味的. a thin dry biscuit that usually has salt on top of it. sardine沙丁鱼. saline [ˈseɪlaɪn] containing salt. a saline solution. ). Chowder is usually thickened with broken up 掰碎的 crackers, but some varieties are traditionally thickened with crushed打碎的, 粉碎的 ship biscuit. New England clam蚌壳类 chowder is typically made with chopped clams and diced potatoes, in a mixed cream and milk base, often with a small amount of butter. Other common chowders include Manhattan clam chowder, which substitutes tomatoes for the milk and cream and typically omits potatoes; corn chowder, which uses corn instead of clams; a wide variety of fish chowders; and potato chowder, which is often made with cheese. Clam chowder is any of several chowders containing clams and broth. Along with the clams, diced potato is common, as are onions, which are occasionally sautéed in the drippings from salt pork or bacon. Celery is frequently used. Other vegetables are uncommon, but small carrot strips might occasionally be added, primarily for color. A garnish of parsley serves the same purpose. Bay leaves are also sometimes used as a garnish and flavoring. It is believed that clams were added to chowder because of the relative ease of harvesting them. Clam chowder is often served in restaurants on Fridays in order to provide a seafood option for those who abstain from meat every Friday, which once was a requirement for Catholics before liturgical changes in Vatican II. Though the period of strict abstinence from meat on Fridays was reduced to Lent, the year-round tradition of serving clam chowder on Fridays remains. A clam is a bivalve mollusc. There are freshwater and marine海水的 varieties ( [məˈriːn] I. biology 海生的. 盐水的. 海水的. living in or happening in the sea. marine life/animals. a. relating to the sea and creatures that live in it. a marine biologist. marine ecology. II. involving ships or the business of moving people and goods in ships. a marine supply store. a marine salvage company. ) ranging in size from those that even as adults are nearly microscopic微小的 to others, such as the giant clam, which can weigh 200 kilograms (440 lbs). Some have life cycles of only one year, while at least one has been discovered that may be over 500 years old. They do not have heads and most are blind but some, such as the scallops, have rudimentary eyes([ˌruːdɪˈment(ə)ri] basic, and not detailed or developed.). Though a common food item, many species of clam are too small to be useful as food, and not all species are considered palatable. However, all clams have two calcareous shells or valves, and all are filter feeders(Filter feeders 吃海水漂浮物 (a sub-group of suspension feeders) are animals that feed by straining suspended matter and food particles from water, typically by passing the water over a specialized filtering structure. Some animals that use this method of feeding are clams, krill, sponges, baleen whales, and many fish (including some sharks). Some birds, such as flamingos and certain sub-species of duck, are also filter feeders. Filter feeders can play an important role in clarifying water, and are therefore considered ecosystem engineers.). 3. Paella西班牙米饭(Valencian: [paˈeʎa] or [pəˈeʎə], Spanish: [paˈeʎa], English approximation [pɑ:ˈeɪlə], [ˈpaɪjeɪə] or [ˈpaɪjɛlə]) is a Valencian(The Valencian Community,[a] or simply Valencia, is an autonomous community of Spain, with nationality status. It is located in the central and south-eastern side of the Iberian Peninsula. Catalonia加泰罗尼亚.) rice dish with ancient roots that originated in its modern form in the mid-nineteenth century near Albufera lagoon, a coastal lagoon in Valencia, on the east coast of Spain. The dish is widely regarded as Spain's national dish, but most Spaniards [ˈspænjə(r)d] consider it to be a regional Valencian dish; Valencians regard paella as one of their identifying symbols. Spanish food historian, Lourdes March, notes that the dish "symbolizes the union and heritage of two important cultures, the Roman, which gives us the utensil and the Arab which brought us the basic food of humanity for centuries." The three best known types of paella are Valencian paella (Spanish: paella valenciana), seafood paella (Spanish: paella de marisco), and mixed paella (Spanish: paella mixta), but there are many others as well. Valencian paella is believed to be the original recipe and consists of white rice, green vegetables, meat (chicken and rabbit), land snails, beans and seasoning such as saffron, rosemary and occasionally lemon. Optional ingredients include artichoke, pepper and chicken liver. Seafood paella replaces meats with seafood and omits beans and green vegetables. Mixed paella is a free-style combination of land陆地 animals, seafood, vegetables, and sometimes beans. Most paella chefs use calasparra or bomba rices. All types of paellas use olive oil. 4. Tapas (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈtapas]) are a wide variety of
appetizers, or snacks, in Spanish cuisine. They may be cold (such as
mixed olives and cheese) or hot (such as chopitos, which are battered,
fried baby squids). In select bars in Spain, tapas have evolved into an
entire, and sometimes sophisticated, cuisine. In Spain, patrons of tapas
can order many different tapas and combine them to make a full meal. In
some Central American countries, such snacks are known as bocas. In
Mexico, similar dishes are called "botanas." The serving of tapas is
designed to encourage conversation, because people are not so focused
upon eating an entire meal that is set before them. Also, in some countries it is customary 惯常的 for diners to stand and move
about 走来走去的 while eating tapas. In Spain,
dinner is usually served between 9 and 11 p.m. (sometimes as late as
midnight), leaving significant time between work and dinner. Therefore,
Spaniards often go "bar hopping" and eat tapas in
the time between finishing work and having dinner. Since lunch is
usually served between 2 and 4 p.m., another common time for tapas is
weekend days around noon as a means of socializing before proper lunch
at home. It is very common for a bar or a small local restaurant
to have eight to 12 different kinds of tapas in warming trays with glass
partitions covering the food. They are often very strongly flavored
with garlic, chilies or paprika, cumin, salt, pepper, saffron and
sometimes in plentiful amounts of olive oil. Often, one or more of the
choices is seafood(mariscos), often including anchovies, sardines or
mackerel小银鱼 in olive oil, squid or others in a tomato-based sauce,
sometimes with the addition of red or green peppers or other seasonings.
It is rare to see a tapas selection not include one or more types of
olives, such as Manzanillo or Arbequina olives. One or more types of
bread are usually available to eat with any of the sauce-based tapas. 5. A
schnitzel (German pronunciation:[ˈʃnɪtsəl]) is a boneless meat, thinned
with a meat tenderizer, coated with flour, beaten eggs and bread
crumbs, and then fried. A popular food in many countries, it is made
from veal, mutton, chicken, beef, turkey, or pork. It is very similar to
the French dish escalope. Schizophrenia 分裂症 /ˌskɪtsɵˈfrɛniə/ or
/ˌskɪtsɵˈfri:niə/) is a mental disorder often characterized by abnormal
social behavior and failure to recognize what is real. Common symptoms
include false beliefs, unclear or confused thinking, auditory
hallucinations幻听, reduced social engagement and emotional expression, and
inactivity. Diagnosis is based on observed behavior and the person's
reported experiences. 5. A churro西班牙油条, sometimes referred to as a Spanish doughnut, is a fried-dough pastry—predominantly choux—based snack. Churros are popular in Spain, France, the Philippines, Portugal, Ibero-America and the United States. In Spain, churros can either be thin (and sometimes knotted) or long and thick . They are normally eaten for breakfast dipped in hot chocolate or café con leche. Churros are typically fried until they become crunchy, and may be sprinkled with sugar. The surface of a churro is ridged due to having been piped from a churrera, a syringe with a star-shaped nozzle. Churros are generally prisms in shape, and may be straight, curled or spirally twisted. Like pretzels, churros are often sold by street vendors, who will often fry them freshly on the street stand and sell them hot. 6. Rhubarb[ˈru:ˌbɑ:(r)b](I. 大黄. a plant with long red or pink stems that people cook and eat as a fruit. II. a word that actors repeat to represent the sound of people talking, for example in a play.) (Rheum rhabarbarum) is a species of plant in the family Polygonaceae. They are herbaceous perennials growing from short, thick rhizomes. They have large leaves that are somewhat triangular, with long fleshy petioles. They have small flowers grouped in large compound leafy greenish-white to rose-red inflorescences. In culinary use, fresh raw petioles (leaf stalks) are crisp (similar to celery) with a strong, tart taste. Most commonly, the plant's leaf stalks are cooked with sugar and used in pies and other desserts. A number of varieties have been domesticated for human consumption, most of which are recognised as Rheum x hybridum by the Royal Horticultural Society. Rhubarb is usually considered a vegetable. In the United States, however, a New York court decided in 1947 that since it was used in the United States as a fruit, it counted as a fruit for the purposes of regulations and duties. A side effect was a reduction on imported rhubarb tariffs, as tariffs were higher for vegetables than fruits. For cooking, the stalks are often cut into small pieces and stewed (boiled in water) with added sugar. Little water is needed, as rhubarb stalks contain a great deal of water on their own. Spices such as cinnamon, nutmeg, and ginger are sometimes added. The sliced stalks are boiled until soft. Stewed rhubarb, rhubarb sauce, like applesauce, is usually eaten cold.
