用法学习: 1. and stuff 诸如此类的事情 informal said in vague reference to additional things of a similar nature to those specified. "All that running and swimming and stuff". "My brother @austinkingsleyswift just acted in his first movie and I'm all proud and stuff," wrote the 25-year-old singer. gutter(排水沟), trough(食槽, 猪槽, 低谷, 大气槽), groove(浅槽, 唱片轨道), ditch(渠沟), furrow(种庄稼的垄, 前额的皱纹): ditch 渠沟: a long narrow hole dug along the side of a road or field, usually so that water can run into it. a last-ditch attempt, effort 最后一搏, etc. is a final try at achieving something difficult, when other attempts have already failed. furrow I. 垄. a line that a farmer digs in the soil with a plough where a crop will be planted. II. a deep line on the surface of something. a. a deep line in the skin of someone's face, especially their forehead. plough a lone/a lonely/your own furrow to be the only person doing something or interested in something gutter I. [countable] the edge of the road, where water flows away. II. a shallow trough [trɔf] 槽 ( I. 食槽. a long narrow open container used for holding food or water for animals. a cattle trough. A short, narrow canal designed to hold water until it drains or evaporates. There was a small trough that the sump pump 汲水泵 emptied into; it was filled with mosquito larvae. A sump pump is a pump used to remove water that has accumulated in a water collecting sump basin, commonly found in the basement of homes. II. a low area between two high waves or hills. A long, narrow depression between waves or ridges; the low portion of a wave cycle. The buoy 浮子 bobbed between the crests and troughs of the waves moving across the bay. The neurologist pointed to a troubling trough in the pattern of his brain-waves. The boat lay almost helpless in the trough of the waves. III. a period when something that rises and falls regularly is at a low level, especially economic activity. We try to adapt to peaks and troughs 谷底, 低谷 in demand. IV. 大气槽. a long narrow area of low pressure in the atmosphere between two areas of high pressure, usually causing bad weather. groove I. a line cut into a surface. 比如唱片上的轨道, 就叫groove. II. informal a piece of popular music with a good beat. dance grooves. To create, dance to, or enjoy rhythmic music. I was just starting to groove to the band, when we had to leave. III. A fixed routine. in a/the groove 进入状况, 步入正轨, 进入状态 starting to perform very well, especially in a sport. It is difficult getting back into a groove when you have taken two months off. tongue and groove a series of long flat narrow pieces of wood that you join together along their long edges by fitting a raised part in one into a hole in the next. ) fixed beneath the edge of a roof for carrying off rainwater. the gutter the lowest level of moral standards. He was accused of dragging politics into the gutter. guttering the open pieces of pipe that are fixed along the edge of a roof to carry rain water away. the gutter press 八卦小报 British showing disapproval newspapers that contain a lot of shocking stories about crime, sex, and famous people. reporters or newspapers engaging in sensational journalism, especially accounts of the private lives of public figures. the type of newspapers that pay more attention to shocking 耸人听闻的 stories about crime and sex than to serious matters. 2. railroad I. to force someone to do something that they do not really want to do. railroad someone into (doing) something: We were railroaded into accepting the deal. II. To manipulate and hasten a procedure, as of formal approval of a law or resolution. The majority railroaded the bill through parliament, without the customary expert studies which would delay it till after the elections. III. To convict of a crime by circumventing due process. They could only convict him by railroading him on suspect drug-possession charges. IV. 被胁迫. 被威逼. 被一步一步威逼. To procedurally bully someone into an unfair agreement. He was railroaded into signing a non-disclosure agreement at his exit interview. He got railroaded into a murder rap( rap [countable/uncountable] American informal a statement by the police accusing someone of committing a crime. a murder rap. take the rap (for something) 担责, 承担责任 to be blamed or punished, especially for something that you did not do. There's no way I'm taking the rap for his mistakes. a rap on/over the knuckles criticism for bad behaviour. Jo got a rap on the knuckles for not spotting the problem sooner. bum rap unfair criticism or blame for something. beat the rap 逃脱惩罚 to escape being punished for a crime you have been accused of. So far all the main suspects have beaten the rap. rap sheet American informal a list of someone's arrests and the crimes that they are guilty of committing.). railroad something through if someone with power or influence railroads something through, they make someone else accept it, although they do not really want to. They hope to railroad the treaty through before June. level crossing (railroad crossing) a place where a road crosses a railway and gates are used to stop cars when a train is coming. 3. domestic I. 居家的. 家务事的. relating to people's homes and family life. a cosy domestic scene. domestic chores. a programme that gives some insight into the domestic life of the Victorians. II. [ONLY BEFORE NOUN] used in or designed for the home. domestic appliances such as freezers and dishwashers. III. relating to the country being talked about, and not other countries. domestic politics. The domestic economy showed no improvement. You go to the same terminal for domestic and international flights. III. 居家的. enjoying activities relating to your home and family, for example cooking and looking after children. You are so domestic now. IV. a domestic animal is one that is kept as a pet or on a farm. the habits of the domestic cat. 政客披露儿子吸毒: 'But the bottom line is I decided to walk the gauntlet ( run the gauntlet [ˈɡɔ:ntlət] I. Lit. to race, as a punishment, between parallel lines of men who thrash one as one runs. The knight was forced to doff his clothes and run the gauntlet. II. and run the gauntlet of something Fig. to endure a series of problems, threats, or criticism. Be exposed to danger, criticism, or other adversity. After he was misquoted in the interview, he knew he would have to run the gauntlet of his colleagues' anger. After the play, the director found himself running the gauntlet of questions and doubts about his ability. It referred to a form of military punishment where a man ran between two rows of soldiers who struck him with sticks or knotted ropes. Almost as soon as gantlope appeared, it was replaced by gauntlet. The word was being used figuratively for other kinds of punishment by 1661, when Joseph Glanvill wrote, "To print, is to run the gantlet, and to expose oneself to the tongues strapado" ( The Vanity of Dogmatizing, or Confidence in Opinion). ) and like I said I'm running out of options for my son and I have to get the other end and hopefully he'll come and ask me for help,' she later added. Heartbroken Jacqui Lambie breaks down over her ice addict son, revealing she 'can't get any sense out of him', as she visits a drug rehab centre and begs for help. 4. smarmy 太假的, 太客气的 [ˈsmɑ:mi] ingratiating and wheedling in a way that is regarded as insincere or excessive. extremely pleasant and polite in a way that seems false. Falsely earnest, smug, or ingratiating. a smarmy salesman with a big smile. "a smarmy, unctuous reply". on the rag (got the rag on) (I. Sl. menstruating. (Potentially offensive. Use with caution.) Kim's on the rag and in a bad mood. Sue doesn't go swimming when she's on the rag. II. Sl. ill-tempered. Bill is on the rag and making trouble for everyone. Wow, Bob, you are on the rag. What's eating you?) originated sometime during the late 19th to early 20thcentury. When a woman was menstruating, she was "on the rag," a phrase that literally described the way women of the day protected themselves from accidents during menstruation. Each woman had a supply of rags for specific use during menstruation. Women would layer rags together until they were sufficiently thick, then use pins to attach the rags to their panties. give something a whirl informal give something a try. be quick/slow on the uptake 接受快, 接受慢 informal If someone is quick/slow on the uptake, they understand things easily/with difficulty: He's a little slow on the uptake, so you may have to repeat the instructions a few times. Undercarriage is the part of a moving vehicle that is underneath the main body of the vehicle. The term originally applied to this part of a horse-drawn carriage, and usage has since broadened to include: The landing gear 起落架 ( a wheeled structure beneath an aircraft, typically retracted when not in use, which supports the aircraft on the ground. "the undercarriage collapsed on landing". ) of an aircraft. The chassis ( the supporting frame under the body of a vehicle. "security guards checked the BMW's undercarriage with a large mirror". ) of an automobile. The undercarriage assembly of a train car or locomotive incorporating the train wheel sets, suspension, brakes and, in powered units, the traction motors. showcase to show someone or something in a way that attracts attention and emphasizes their good qualities. a comedy sketch that showcases their unique style of humour. Showcase your voice. gauge[ɡeɪdʒ] I. 猜度. 估量. estimate or determine the magnitude, amount, or volume of. "astronomers can gauge the star's intrinsic brightness". II. measure the dimensions of (an object) with a gauge. "when dry, the assemblies can be gauged exactly and planed to width". the fuel/pressure gauge. a rain/snow/hail gauge. throw a bone to 给点好处 (idiomatic) To provide support or assistance to, especially in one particular way or to a limited extent; to make a concession to. informal Do something to appease someone, typically by making a minor concession or helping them in a small way: the finance minister also threw first-time buyers a bone. 5. Haggis [ˈhæɡɪs] ( a Scottish food made from the inner organs of a sheep that are cut up, mixed with grain, and pushed into a bag to be cooked. The bag is traditionally made from a sheep's stomach. ) is a savoury pudding containing sheep's pluck (heart, liver and lungs. n. I. 内脏. The lungs, heart with trachea and often oesophagus removed from slaughtered animals. II. 胆量. 勇气. Guts, nerve, fortitude or persistence. He didn't get far with the attempt, but you have to admire his pluck. v. I. 拔毛. [transitive] to pull the feathers off the body of a dead bird so that it can be cooked. a plucked chicken. a. mainly literary to pull a piece of fruit from a tree, or a flower or leaf from a plant. b. to pull a hair from your face, head, or body using your nails or a pair of tweezers. I plucked a grey hair from my head. II. [intransitive/transitive] 拨动琴弦. music to pull the strings of a musical instrument with your fingers in order to produce a sound. He plucked absent-mindedly at the guitar strings. III. [transitive] to pick up something quickly with your fingers. IV. [transitive] to take someone quickly from a particular place or situation. Ships in the area plucked 45 people from the sea. pluck someone to safety: Rescue crews plucked them to safety. pluck someone from obscurity to give a person who is not well known an important job or position so that they suddenly become famous. pluck something out of/from the air 凭空抓来的, 顺口胡诌的 to say the first number, date, fact etc that you think of without knowing whether it is correct. '75% of people agree with me,' I said, plucking a figure out of the air. pluck your eyebrows o pull hairs out from around the edges of your eyebrows in order to make them look thinner and tidier. ); minced with onion, oatmeal, suet, spices, and salt, mixed with stock, traditionally encased in the animal's stomach though now often in an artificial casing instead. According to the 2001 English edition of the Larousse Gastronomique: "Although its description is not immediately appealing, haggis has an excellent nutty texture and delicious savoury flavour". It is believed that food similar to haggis (though not so named), perishable offal quickly cooked inside an animal's stomach, all conveniently available after a hunt, was eaten from ancient times. 6. A valedictory speech, letter, or performance is one that is intended as a way of saying goodbye when someone leaves another person, a place, or a job. 告别的. Mr. Walker made his valedictory address after two years as chairman. n. A valedictory is a speech that is given by the student with the highest marks in their class at their graduation ceremony. 告别演说, 毕业演说. 毕业演讲. territorial [ˌterəˈtɔ:riəl] I. 领土的. 疆土的. 疆域的. relating to the land of a particular country. territorial disputes/claims. II. territorial animals 霸道的, 欺外的, 欺生的 or people do not like other animals or people entering an area that they believe belongs to them. Sharks are extremely territorial and antagonistic towards their own kind. territorial waters 领海 the sea near the coast of a country that is controlled by that country. have a blue 吵架, 打架, 大吵一架 (au slang) having a fight or argument. Listen! Can you hear next door having a blue with her old man. 监狱打架: A prisoner has been stabbed several times with a makeshift 临时制成的 weapon during a brawl involving six inmates at Goulburn jail in the NSW southern tablelands. Prison officers had to use tear gas to break up the fight 拉开架, 拉扯开, 拉架 at Goulburn Correctional Centre on Sunday afternoon. 警方接近破案: Victorian police are closing in on suspects in the unsolved murder of horse trainer Les Samba. It's believed a drug dealer close to Tony Mokbel and a Bandidos bikie associate are instrumental 帮手的, 帮了忙的, 助一臂之力的( involved in an important way in making something happen. an instrumental figure in the governor's campaign for re-election. instrumental in: The general was instrumental in helping both sides to reach a compromise.) in Samba's murder in 2011. They are also linked to widespread horse doping 嗑药, 兴奋剂. News Corp reports calls made to Samba from a payphone the day before his murder could hold vital clues. A million dollar reward is on offer for information leading to the arrest and prosecution of those involved. 7. germinate I. 种子发芽. [intransitive/transitive] biology to develop from a seed and begin to grow into a plant, or to make a seed develop in this way. (of a seed or spore) begin to grow and put out shoots 发新枝(tree burst into leaves.树木发芽) after a period of dormancy. It's been too cold for seeds to germinate properly. Germination is the process by which a plant grows from a seed. The most common example of germination is the sprouting of a seedling from a seed of an angiosperm or gymnosperm. In addition, the growth of a sporeling from a spore 孢子( a structure consisting of one cell that is produced by something such as a fungus and can develop into a new living thing of the same type. ), such as the growth of hyphae from fungal spores, is also germination. II. [intransitive] if an idea or feeling germinates, it develops from something very small. A sense of unease began to germinate in the group. bud I. American spoken used for talking to a male friend. Hey, Bud! How are you doing? II. 嫩芽. 花苞. 花骨朵. 萌芽. a tightly curled up part of a plant that will open to form a leaf or flower. yellow rose buds. in bud (=with buds but no flowers): Do not prune fruit trees when they are in bud. III. a part of a living thing that grows from it before separating and becoming a new organism. nip something in the bud to stop a bad situation from becoming worse by taking action at an early stage of its development. We need to nip this bad behavior in the bud. sprout I. [intransitive] if a leaf or other part of a plant is sprouting, it is beginning to grow on the plant. a. [intransitive] if a plant sprouts, new leaves or shoots 新枝 begin to grow on it. II. sprout or sprout up [intransitive] if things sprout or sprout up somewhere, they appear there or increase in number suddenly and very quickly. New businesses began to sprout up 雨后春笋般的 across the country. Anti-government posters are sprouting up along a nearby wall. a. used about something that comes out of a surface. a. Thick pipes sprouted 拔地而起 from the floor and disappeared through the ceiling. III. [intransitive/transitive] if something such as hair sprouts, or if you sprout it, it starts to grow suddenly or quickly. The monster sprouted a new head each time he attacked it. sprouts [plural] American seeds or beans that are just beginning to grow and that you eat like vegetables, for example in sandwiches or salads. shoot 嫩枝, 新枝, 小树苗 I. a very young plant, or a new part growing on a plant. tender shoots of corn. II. an occasion when someone takes a series of photographs or makes a movie. a fashion shoot for a magazine. put out (Of a plant, especially a deciduous ( deciduous [dɪˈsɪdjuəs] 落叶型的 deciduous trees lose all their leaves each autumn. Trees that keep their leaves all year round are called evergreen. Deciduous means "falling off at maturity" or "tending to fall off", and it is typically used in order to refer to trees or shrubs that lose their leaves seasonally (most commonly during autumn) and to the shedding of other plant structures such as petals after flowering or fruit when ripe. "Deciduous" has a similar meaning when referring to animal parts, such as deciduous antlers in deer or deciduous teeth, also known as baby teeth, in some mammals (including humans). ) one in spring) put out new leaves. "Why is my cottonwood tree losing its leaves in June?" If the tree was vigorous and healthy last year, it will put out a new set of leaves 长出新叶 from what are called adventitious buds. This "secondary" growth often is weaker than the primary growth put out first, so expect to find small branchlet loss in high wind storms during the summer. But if you prune back hard or after the tree leafs out in spring, it may be slower to come into bloom that year. Ash trees were leafing up 长树叶, the hedges were thick. Most trees are leafing out already; some have made significant progress. 8. Biryani (pronounced [bɪr.ja:ni:]), sometimes spelt Biriyani or Biriani, is a mixed rice dish from the Indian Subcontinent. It is made with spices, rice and meat or vegetables. There are two basic types of biryani: pakki ("cooked", also pukka) and kacchi ("raw", also kutchi). In pakki biryani, the cooked meat and cooked rice are layered. In the kacchi biryani, raw marinated meat is layered with raw rice before being cooked together. It is also known as kacchi yeqni. It is cooked typically with goat meat (usually 'khasi gosht', which is meat from castrated goats and often simply referred to as mutton) or with lamb, and rarely with chicken or beef. The dish is cooked layered with the meat and the yogurt based marinade at the bottom of the cooking pot and the layer of rice (usually basmati rice) placed over it. Potatoes are often added before adding the rice layer. The pot is usually sealed (typically with wheat dough) to allow cooking in its own steam and not opened till ready to serve. A boiled egg and mixed salad often accompanies the dish. It is featured in wedding feasts in Bangladesh, usually served with borhani, a spicy drink. The Hyderabadi biryani is made with basmati rice, spices and goat. Popular variations use chicken instead of goat.There are various forms of Hyderabadi Biryani. One such Biryani is the kachay gosht ki biryani or the dum biryani, where the mutton is marinated and cooked along with the rice. It is left on slow fire or dum for a fragrant and aromatic flavor.
发飙汇总: conniption fit 张牙舞爪, 大喊大叫, 发飙 Anger or panic expressed verbally loudly and with overt bodily gestures. You sound like my grandmother having a conniption fit. Usage notes: In the southeastern part of the United States, the difference between a hissy fit and a conniption fit is usually associated with overt physical gestures. hissy fit A childish display of anger or frustration; an overly dramatic tantrum. shit fit (chiefly US, vulgar) A childish display of anger or frustration; a tantrum; a frantic outburst. go apeshit 气得发疯 (intransitive, idiomatic) To behave in an extreme manner; to act without restraint, especially by becoming explosively angry. blow one's top, go ape, go ballistic, go bitchcakes, flip out, hit the roof, hit the ceiling, lose it, lose one's rag(on the rag), lose one's temper, go postal. ape 猿, 类人猿: A primate of the clade Hominoidea, generally larger than monkeys and distinguished from them by having no tail. snit fit (informal) A tantrum; an excessive display of anger or disapproval. She didn't like his clothes or grammar and pitched a snit fit. pitch/have/throw a fit 发飙, 发狂, 发疯 (idiomatic) To become angry, enraged, or upset; to act or react with an outburst, as by shouting, swearing, etc. I'd love to stay later, but my mother will pitch a fit if I'm not home by 10. Tourette syndrome(Tourette's syndrome [təˈrets ˌsɪndrəum] a condition in which a person makes frequent repeated sounds or movements that they cannot control.) (also called Tourette's syndrome, Tourette's disorder, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, GTS or, more commonly, simply Tourette's or TS) is an inherited neuropsychiatric disorder with onset in childhood( onset 发病, 始于 the beginning of something, especially something bad. the onset of the disease. ), characterized by multiple physical (motor) tics ( tic 神经跳动 a sudden movement of a muscle that you cannot control, especially a muscle in your face. a nervous tic. twitch
I. To move jerkily or spasmodically. II. To ache sharply from time to
time; twinge. 作为名词. I. A sudden involuntary or spasmodic muscular
movement: a twitch of the eye 眼皮跳. II. A sudden pulling; a tug: The fish gave my line a twitch猛拉了一下. Eye twitching 眼皮跳, eyelid tics and spasms
are pretty common. Usually only the bottom lid of one eye is involved,
but the top eyelid also can twitch. Most eye twitches come and go,
although they can last for weeks or even months. Almost all sudden-onset 突发性的 eyelid twitching
is benign, meaning the condition is not serious or a sign of a medical
problem. However, this kind of eye twitching also can be hard to treat难治, 难以治疗.
The only option for making the twitching stop may be to figure out the
cause and deal with it. Blepharospasm involves involuntary twitching, blinking, closure or squeezing of the eyelids
resulting from any cause. Conditions such as dry eyes have been
associated with blepharospasm. Severe cases can cause legal blindness,
because it is so hard to open the eyelids. Treatment includes botulinum
toxin (botox) injections and surgery.) and at least one vocal (phonic) tic. These tics characteristically wax and wane, can be suppressed 克制, 抑制 temporarily, and are preceded by a premonitory urge( premonitory 有预警的, 警示性的 Serving as a warning. If you experience premonitory pains, please consult a physician immediately.).
Tourette's is defined as part of a spectrum of tic disorders, which
includes provisional暂时性的, transient 偶尔的 and persistent长期的 (chronic) tics.
Tourette's was once considered a rare and bizarre syndrome, most often associated with the exclamation of obscene words 狂飙脏话 or socially inappropriate and derogatory remarks (coprolalia), but this symptom is present in only a small minority of people with Tourette's. Tourette's is no longer considered a rare condition, but it is not always correctly identified because most cases are mild and the severity of tics decreases for most children as they pass through adolescence度过青春期. Between 0.4% and 3.8% of children ages 5 to 18 may have Tourette's; the prevalence普遍性 of other tic disorders in school-age children is higher, with the more common tics of eye blinking眨眼, coughing, throat clearing清嗓子, sniffing吸鼻子, and facial movements面部动作. Extreme Tourette's in adulthood is a rarity不常见, 少见的情况, 鲜见, and Tourette's does not adversely affect intelligence or life expectancy. Genetic 基因因素 and environmental factors play a role in the etiology of Tourette's, but the exact causes are unknown. In most cases, medication is unnecessary. There is no effective treatment 没有有效治疗方案 for every case of tics, but certain medications and therapies can help when their use is warranted有保障的, 有保证的 ( warrant I. 万无一失的. 一定, 肯定的 to make an action seem reasonable or necessary. What he did was serious enough to warrant punishment. I don't think a visit to the doctor is warranted. II. formal to promise something. warrant that: The company must warrant that the goods meet high standards of construction. I'll warrant an old way of saying that you are sure that something will happen or is true. death warrant 死刑判决说 an official document ordering someone to be punished by death. sign your own death warrant to do something that will cause you great danger or very serious problems. ). Education is an important part of any treatment plan, and explanation and reassurance alone are often sufficient 有效的 treatment. A tic is a sudden, repetitive, nonrhythmic motor movement or vocalization involving discrete muscle groups. Tics can be invisible to the observer, such as abdominal tensing抽肚子 or toe crunching脚趾. Common motor and phonic tics are, respectively, eye blinking and throat clearing. Tics must be distinguished from movements of other movement disorders
such as chorea, dystonia, myoclonus; movements exhibited in stereotypic
movement disorder or some people with autism; and the compulsions of
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and seizure抽搐 activity. Tics are movements or sounds "that occur intermittently and unpredictably out of a background of normal motor activity", having the appearance of 看起来好像是 "normal behaviors gone wrong". The tics associated with Tourette's change in number, frequency, severity and anatomical location. Waxing and waning — the ongoing increase and decrease in severity and frequency of tics—occurs differently in each individual个人情况不一样, 各自不一. Tics also occur in "bouts of bouts一阵阵儿的. 一阵子一阵子的", which vary for each person. While individuals with tics are sometimes able to suppress their tics for limited periods of time, doing so often results in tension or mental exhaustion 身心交瘁的, 劳力劳心的, 费心费力的. People with Tourette's may seek a secluded spot to release their symptoms, or there may be a marked increase in tics after a period of suppression at school or at work. Some people with Tourette's may not be aware of the premonitory 示警的, 预警的 urge. Children may be less aware of the premonitory urge associated with tics than are adults, but their awareness tends to increase with maturity. They may have tics for several years before becoming aware of premonitory urges. Children may suppress tics while in the doctor's office, so they may need to be observed while they are not aware they are being watched. The ability to suppress tics varies among individuals, and may be more developed in adults than children. Although there is no such thing as a "typical" case of Tourette syndrome, the condition follows a fairly reliable course in terms of the age of onset 发病年龄 and the history of the severity of symptoms. Tics may appear up to the age of eighteen, but the most typical age of onset is from five to seven. Among patients whose symptoms are severe enough to warrant referral to clinics, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are often associated with Tourette's. Compulsions ( compulsion I. [countable] 憋不住的. 欲罢不能的. 忍不住. a very strong feeling of wanting to do something, especially a feeling that you cannot control. an irresistible urge to behave in a certain way, especially against one's conscious wishes. "He felt a compulsion to babble on about what had happened". He felt a sudden compulsion to tell her the truth. II. [uncountable] a legal or other obligation to do something. under compulsion: You are not under any compulsion to make a statement to the police. ) resembling tics are present in some individuals with OCD; "tic-related OCD" is hypothesized to be a subgroup of OCD, distinguished from non-tic related OCD by the type and nature of obsessions and compulsions. A person with Tourette's has about a 50% chance of passing the gene(s) to one of his or her children, but Tourette's is a condition of variable expression and incomplete penetrance ( the extent to which a particular gene or set of genes is expressed in the phenotypes of individuals carrying it, measured by the proportion of carriers showing the characteristic phenotype. ). Thus, not everyone who inherits the genetic vulnerability will show symptoms; even close family members may show different severities of symptoms, or no symptoms at all. The gene(s) may express as Tourette's, as a milder tic disorder (provisional or chronic tics), or as obsessive–compulsive symptoms without tics. Only a minority of the children who inherit the gene(s) have symptoms severe enough to require medical attention. Gender appears to have a role in the expression of the genetic vulnerability: males are more likely than females to express tics. Many people with TS may not realize they have tics; because tics are more commonly expressed in private, TS may go unrecognized or undetected. It is not uncommon for the parents of affected children to be unaware that they, too, may have had tics as children. Because Tourette's tends to subside with maturity, and because milder cases of Tourette's are now more likely to be recognized, the first realization that a parent had tics as a child may not come until their offspring is diagnosed. It is not uncommon for several members of a family to be diagnosed together, as parents bringing children to a physician for an evaluation of tics become aware that they, too, had tics as a child. Children with Tourette's may suffer socially if their tics are viewed as "bizarre". If a child has disabling tics, or tics that interfere with social or academic functioning, supportive psychotherapy or school accommodations can be helpful. Because comorbid conditions (such as ADHD or OCD) can cause greater impact on overall functioning than tics, a thorough evaluation for comorbidity( the simultaneous presence of two chronic diseases or conditions in a patient. "the comorbidity of anxiety and depression in Parkinson's disease". ) is called for when symptoms and impairment warrant. A supportive environment and family generally gives those with Tourette's the skills to manage the disorder. People with Tourette's may learn to camouflage 掩饰 socially inappropriate tics or to channel 演化 the energy of their tics into a functional endeavor. Accomplished musicians, athletes, public speakers, and professionals from all walks of life are found among people with Tourette's. Outcomes in adulthood are associated more with the perceived significance of having severe tics as a child than with the actual severity of the tics. A person who was misunderstood, punished, or teased 嘲笑, 取笑, 嘲弄 at home or at school will fare worse than children who enjoyed an understanding and supportive environment.
