What are the differences between Sunnis and Shia? Muslims are split into two main branches, the Sunnis and Shia. The split originates in a dispute soon after the death of the Prophet Muhammad over who should lead the Muslim community. The great majority of Muslims are Sunnis - estimates suggest the figure is somewhere between 85% and 90%. Members of the two sects ( sect [sekt] 宗教分支 a religious group whose beliefs are different from the beliefs of an established religion, usually in a way that most people do not approve of. sectarian [sekˈteriən] I. caused by disagreements among people from different religious groups. sectarian violence/killing/hatred etc.: Sectarian violence poses a real threat to the stability of the country. II. taking one side of an argument or disagreement and not seriously considering any other. The pattern of voting was purely sectarian. A schism 分歧, 歧见 ( [ˈsɪzəm][ˈskɪzəm) is a division between people, usually belonging to an organization, movement, or religious denomination. ) have co-existed for centuries and share many fundamental beliefs and practices. Though they may not interact much outside the public sphere, there are always exceptions. In urban Iraq, for instance, intermarriage between Sunnis and Shia was, until recently, quite common. The differences lie in the fields of doctrine, ritual, law, theology and religious organisation. Their leaders also often seem to be in competition. From Lebanon and Syria to Iraq and Pakistan, many recent conflicts have emphasised the sectarian divide, tearing communities apart. Who are the Sunnis? Sunni Muslims regard themselves as the orthodox and traditionalist branch of Islam. The word Sunni comes from "Ahl al-Sunna", the people of the tradition. The tradition in this case refers to practices based on precedent or reports of the actions of the Prophet Muhammad and those close to him. Sunnis venerate ( [ˈvenəˌreɪt] 尊崇. 供奉. to respect or worship someone or something. ) all the prophets mentioned in the Koran, but particularly Muhammad as the final prophet. All subsequent Muslim leaders are seen as temporal figures. Who are the Shia? In early Islamic history the Shia were a political faction - literally "Shiat Ali" or the party of Ali. The Shia claimed the right of Ali, the son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad, and his descendants to lead the Islamic community. Ali was killed as a result of intrigues 阴谋, violence and civil wars which marred his caliphate([ˈkælɪˌfeɪt] I. the position of a caliph. II. the period of time when someone is a caliph. III. an area ruled by a caliph. caliph [ˈkeɪlɪf [ˈkælɪf] a Muslim man who was a religious and political leader in the past.). His sons, Hassan and Hussein, were denied what they thought was their legitimate right of accession to caliphate. Hassan is believed to have been poisoned by Muawiyah, the first caliph (leader of Muslims) of the Umayyad dynasty. His brother, Hussein, was killed on the battlefield along with members of his family, after being invited by supporters to Kufa (the seat of caliphate of Ali) where they promised to swear allegiance to him. These events gave rise to the Shia concept of martyrdom and the rituals of grieving. There is a distinctive messianic ( [ˌmesiˈænɪk] I. formal relating to the belief that society needs to be completely changed. a. used about someone who tries to make major changes in a thoroughly determined and enthusiastic way. II. relating to the Messiah. Messiah I. [countable] someone who people believe will save them from trouble or a difficult situation. II. the Messiah 救星, 救世主 a religious leader who some people believe is sent by God to save the world. III. Jesus Christ, according to the Christian religion ) element to the faith and Shia have a hierarchy of clerics who practise independent and ongoing interpretation of Islamic texts. Estimates of the number of Shia range from 120 to 170 million, roughly one-tenth of all Muslims. Shia Muslims are in the majority in Iran, Iraq, Bahrain, Azerbaijan and, according to some estimates, Yemen. There are large Shia communities in Afghanistan, India, Kuwait, Lebanon, Pakistan, Qatar, Syria, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and the UAE. What role has sectarianism played in recent crises? In countries that have been governed by Sunnis, Shia tend to make up the poorest sections of society. They often see themselves as victims of discrimination and oppression. Some extremist Sunni doctrines have preached hatred of Shia. The Iranian revolution of 1979 launched a radical Shia Islamist agenda that was perceived as a challenge to conservative Sunni regimes, particularly in the Gulf. Tehran's policy of supporting Shia militias and parties beyond its borders was matched by the Gulf states, which strengthened their links to Sunni governments and movements abroad. During the civil war in Lebanon, Shia gained a strong political voice because of the military activities of Hezbollah. In Pakistan and Afghanistan, hardline Sunni militant groups - such as the Taliban - have often attacked Shia places of worship. The current conflicts in Iraq and Syria have also acquired strong sectarian overtones. Young Sunni men in both countries have joined rebel groups, many of which echo the hardline ideology of al-Qaeda. Meanwhile, many of their counterparts from the Shia community have been fighting for - or alongside - government forces.
Reverend Peter Miqueli swiped $1m for S&M hunk Keith Crist: A CATHOLIC priest swiped collection-plate donations(swipe I. informal to steal something. Hey, someone's swiped my wallet! II. [intransitive/transitive] to swing your arm and hit or to try to hit someone or something, using your hand or an object. She swiped him hard on the side of the head. swipe at: I used a broom to swipe at the snake. III. to move your finger across the screen of a smartphone or tablet. Simply swipe left or right to change the clock style. You swipe products to get further information and to add them to your shopping basket. IV. to pass a plastic card through a piece of electronic equipment that reads the information stored on the card, for example in order to open a door or to pay for something. ) to pay for drug-fuelled sex romps with a heavily muscled S&M "master," a new lawsuit charges. Their suit alleges he used the money to act out unholy fantasies as a sexual "slave," blowing 挥霍 $1000 at a time on bondage-and-discipline sessions. Plaintiffs' lawyer Michael G. Dowd also said that Miqueli at one point had Crist living in the rectory at St. Frances de Chantal but that Crist had since been kicked out. The suit, which was filed in Manhattan Supreme Court, also charges that the Archdiocese of New York and Timothy Cardinal Dolan knew about Miqueli's "illegal scheme" and did nothing to keep it from growing into "the monster it is today." "This lawsuit seeks to finally put an end to this truly sinful conduct so that St. Frances de Chantal parish can regain the strength, spirituality and faith it once had before Father Miqueli arrived," the court papers say. The suit says that during the summer of 2014, maintenance workers at St. Frances de Chantal saw "several unstacked piles 散落的 of cash, each approximately one foot high, scattered throughout Father Miqueli's rectory residence." In addition to skimming $20 bills from the collection plate there, Miqueli ripped off money raised to buy a new pipe organ at his former church, St. Frances Xavier Cabrini on Roosevelt Island, according to the suit. He also put Crist in charge of the Cabrini thrift shop, where Miqueli "misappropriated 挪用, 盗用 and diverted money ... for his own personal use" and destroyed financial records to cover up the theft, the suit says. An on-and-off girlfriend of Crist's, Tatyana Gudin, told The New York Post that the hulking bodybuilder once hurt his knees while having sex with Miqueli in a bathtub. The suit seeks unspecified damages from Miqueli, Crist, Dolan and the archdiocese on grounds that include negligent supervision, breach of fiduciary duty, fraud and unjust enrichment. Mr Dowd said, "I feel really bad for the parishioners," and he estimated that Migueli "had to have taken $1 million from each parish." "We've done a lot of homework. This is a bad guy," Mr Dowd said. He added, "The thing that's really amazing to me is: How could this guy be acting this way for nine years or so and the archdiocese does nothing?"
明星被告性侵: In August she was found guilty of two charges of indecent assault and one charge of committing an act of gross indecency with a child under 16 in 1984, but launched an appeal which was upheld ( uphold I. if a court of law upholds something such as a claim, it says that it is correct. The Home Secretary's decision was upheld by the House of Lords. II. formal to show that you support something such as an idea by what you say or do. They were fighting to uphold the rights of small nations. uphold a complaint (=say it is reasonable): The Commission upheld the complaint under Article 13. grounds/cause for complaint: If they had a more caring attitude, we'd have less cause for complaint. make/file/lodge a complaint: I intend to make a complaint. In law, a case stated is a procedure by which a court or tribunal can ask another court for its opinion on a point of law. An action that is brought upon the agreement of the parties who submit a statement of undisputed facts to the court but who take adversary positions 持相反立场 as to the legal ramifications of the facts, thereby requiring a judge to decide the Question of Law presented. A case stated is also called an amicable action, a case agreed on, or a friendly suit. 词典解释: a legal case (= a matter that is decided in a court of law) that is used to influence the judgment in another case that is being appealed (= someone is trying to change a previous decision): by way of case stated They appealed by way of case stated. The procedure known as "case stated" allowed appeals to the court on points of law. There are two kinds: consultative case stated and appeal by way of case stated. A consultative case stated is made at the discretion of a judge before he or she determines the case before the court. An appeal by way of case stated is made at the request of a party to the proceedings to the judge after the conclusion of a case. On the hearing of a case stated, the higher court is restricted to consideration of the law alone and is required to accept the statement of facts submitted to it by the lower court. If the application is granted, the matter is referred to the higher court. This usually takes the form "were we/was I correct to ..." and then the specified aspect of law to which the appeal relates. If the application to state a case is refused, the applicant could seek redress by judicial review. The High Court will determine whether or not the law was correctly applied. If the appeal is upheld, the High Court will refer the case back to the appropriate magistrates' court with directions to correct its decision. Otherwise, the appeal would be dismissed.) last week. The 74-year-old, who played Joan 'The Freak' Ferguson in Prisoner, said the two-year saga since she was first accused left her anxious, sleepless and took a serious toll on her health. 'It's been a nightmare, like living in a Hitchcock movie', Kirkpatrick told New Idea. 'I was so anxious, I couldn't sleep, I couldn't switch off for a second. This terrible cloud was always hanging over me.' As Victorian County Court Judge Geoffrey Chettle said last Tuesday he could not find beyond reasonable doubt that she assaulted the girl, the revered actress broke down in tears. She told the appeal hearing on Monday she had taken the girl home for dinner to give a disturbed person 'a little home life'. 'I saw it as a kindness,' Kirkpatrick said. The actor told New Idea the last few years had been so stressful at one stage she was taken to hospital with chest pains, and the constant reference to her as 'The Freak' was heartbreaking. In some ways, one of my biggest regrets is saying 'yes' to that role in Prisoner all those years ago, because some people think that's who I am, The Freak, and that's not me at all. She said more than anything she felt relieved松一口气, and was now looking forward to spending time with friends and family, and above all 'an uninterrupted night's sleep 安心的睡一觉'. Kirkpatrick denied the allegations since she was charged by police in 2014, saying that the accusations were malicious and untrue, and to hear what the girl was alleging made her ill. In Prisoner, Kirkpatrick played the corrupt prison officer, Joan 'The Freak' Ferguson, who would molest inmates with the excuse of conducting body searches 搜身( strip-search = skin search 搜身, 脱衣搜身: search (someone) for weapons or drugs by having the person remove their clothes; "He was strip-searched at the airport". frisk 搜身( = patdown. stop-and-search = stop-and-frisk 警察的搜身行为. sus law: A
law that permitted a police officer to stop, search and potentially
arrest people on suspicion of being in breach of section 4 of the
Vagrancy Act 1824. ): the act of searching someone for concealed weapons or
illegal drugs. To search somebody by feeling his or her body and clothing. The police frisked the suspiciously-acting individual and found a knife as well as a bag of marijuana. "he gave the suspect a quick frisk". frisky I. (gagging for it.) 欲火焚身的, 性欲勃发的. 性致勃勃的, 欲火中烧的. 情不自禁. 欲火上身. 性饥渴. possessing a sexual feeling, horny. He was feeling frisky. II. 精力充沛的. playful; energetic; lively; enthusiastic. playful and full of energy. "He bounds about like a frisky pup". He had his hands full, with three frisky kittens in the house.). 冤枉入狱告警方: A 46-year-old man who spent almost a year in jail based on a teenage girl's false claims of sexual assault is now suing NSW Police. In a statement of claim filed in the NSW District Court, Stephen Black alleges police knew the sexual assault reports against him were probably untrue but persisted in 坚持要搜身 strip-searching ( strip-search= skin-search 裸衣搜身, 躶体搜身
n&v. to search (a suspect who has been required to remove all
clothing) esp. for concealed weapons, contraband, or evidence of drug
abuse. A strip search is a practice of searching a person for weapons or other contraband suspected of being hidden on their body or inside their clothing, and not found by performing a frisk search, by requiring the person to remove some or all of his or her clothing. The search may involve an official performing an Intimate Person Search and inspecting their personal effects and body cavities (mouth, vagina, anus etc.) ( personal effects 私人物品:
Privately owned items, such as keys, an identification card, or a
wallet or watch, that are regularly worn or carried on one's person.
privately owned articles consisting chiefly of clothing, toilet items,
etc., for intimate use by an individual. ). A strip search is more intrusive than a frisk and requires legal authority. Regulations covering strip searches vary considerably, and may be mandatory in some situations or discretionary in others. Frisking 搜身 (also called a patdown or pat down) is a search of a person's outer clothing wherein a person runs his or her hands along the outer garments to detect any concealed weapons. In the U.S., a law enforcement officer may briefly detain a person upon reasonable suspicion of involvement in a crime but short of probable cause没有强有力的证据 to arrest; such a detention is known as a Terry stop 被警察叫住( The brief detention of a person by the police on reasonable suspicion of involvement in criminal activity but short of probable cause to arrest. Terry search (US) A search carried out by the police during a Terry stop. Etymology: From the legal case Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), in which the Supreme Court held that police may briefly detain a person who they reasonably suspect is involved in criminal activity. ). When a search for weapons is also authorized, the procedure is known as a stop and frisk 叫住搜身. To justify the stop, a law enforcement officer must be able to point to "specific and articulable facts" that would indicate to a reasonable person that a crime has been, is being, or is about to be committed. "Don't touch my junk"
is a phrase that became popular in the United States in 2010 as a
criticism of Transportation Security Administration (TSA) patdowns. The
word "junk" is American English slang for a man's genitals. The phrase
refers to the offense many people took to the November 2010 decision by
TSA to begin full body patdowns of airline passengers in the U.S. who refused to go through a full body scanner. Police are often taught that a Terry stop can last as long as an active and diligent investigation reasonably requires. While there is some truth in that, a Terry stop cannot last forever. A point comes when the suspect must be arrested or released. Reasonable suspicion authorizes the police to detain a suspect while they investigate the relevant suspicious circumstances. This detention, called a Terry stop, is a form of seizure and is thus governed by the Fourth Amendment. If a Terry stop lasts too long, courts will rule that an arrest has occurred, which of course requires the higher standard of probable cause. If a Terry stop lasts so long that it becomes an arrest, and the police lack probable cause to justify the arrest, then it is an unreasonable seizure, which will result in suppression of evidence (and potential civil liability). So, how long is too long for a Terry stop? This lesser form of seizure, known as a Terry stop, is permitted when police encounter facts and circumstances that meet the lesser standard of "reasonable suspicion." But in order for a Terry stop to comply with the "reasonableness" requirement of the Fourth Amendment, it must be limited in scope and duration. A Terry stop either progresses to probable cause to arrest, or it fails to develop into probable cause and requires the release of the suspect. During this period of investigative detention, police have a duty to affirmatively pursue the investigation to determine which course of action is appropriate—arrest or release. An investigative detention must be brief. It is limited to the time that is necessary under those particular circumstances to achieve the purpose of the stop. The answer to how long a Terry stop is permitted to last is determined by two factors: the purpose of the stop and what is necessary for the police to achieve that purpose. As information develops, the situation may justify prolonging the detention, but if an explanation readily dispels the suspicion, then the police must promptly release the suspect. Most investigative detentions can be, and are thus required to be, resolved in a measure of minutes, not hours. ) and arresting him in a "high-handed ( 强势的. tactlessly overbearing and inconsiderate. presumptuous; overbearing; arbitrary. ), calculated, humiliating and oppressive manner", Fairfax Media reports. One inconsistency in the case was the 17-year-old girl's claim that Mr Black had a circumcised penis, which was not true. Despite this, he was refused bail three times and kept in prison for 10-and-a-half months on remand( remand law (of
a court or magistrate) to send (a prisoner or accused person) back into
custody or admit him to bail, esp on adjourning a case for further
inquiries to be made. on remand 候审, 等待审理 in custody or on bail awaiting trial or completion of one's trial. ). The case against Mr Black was thrown out ( 案子被拨回 ) in September, 10 days before a trial was due to start, when detectives investigated and dismissed a separate claim by the same girl — also false — that she was gang-raped by a carload of men after leaving a house party. Police never apologised and instead pursued AVOs against Mr Black, which were also dismissed 被拨回 by a magistrate. Mr Black says he lost his job as a commercial landscaper and has not returned to work since the charges were dropped. He is suing police due to "severe mental anguish, stress and distress". A NSW police spokesman said the teenage girl had not been charged with making a false report.
