用法学习: 1. hegemony [hɪˈdʒɛməni, UK hɪˈɡeməni] 霸权 leadership or dominance, especially by one state or social group over others. Hegemony is a situation in which one country, organization, or group has more power, control, or importance than others."Germany was united under Prussian hegemony after 1871". (especially of countries) the position of being the strongest and most powerful and therefore able to control others: The three nations competed for regional hegemony. Hegemony describes the dominance of one social group or class in a society. This control can be exercised subtly rather than forcefully through cultural means and economic power, and rest on a mixture of consent and coercion. Today, the term is also used to describe the role of the United States in the world, but Washington's privileged position may be in a state of relative decline. Original intellectual concept. The modern concept of hegemony -- often attributed to the 1920s Italian social theorist Antonio Gramsci -- was used to explain how a powerful economic or social group came to dominate a society without maintaining a state of constant fear: · Rather than using force or explicit coercion, hegemonic power rested on the successful manipulation of cultural and social institutions -- such as the media -- to shape the limits of economic and political opportunities for citizens. · This gave the dominant group in society a position to influence the preferences of others in favour of the existing order 现有秩序; and to ensure that representatives of these dominant interests served in key monetary, regulatory, judicial and bureaucratic posts. 'Global hegemony'. In international politics, hegemony now refers to either: the dominance of one power on the global stage; or the regional predominance of a single country. Such 'hegemonic dominance' rests on 依靠 cultural influence, non-military resources, and economic power. Russia's influence over its 'near abroad' is an obvious example, as is US sway in Canada and Central America; Washington is also sometimes described as the 'global hegemon'. China might increasingly be seen to exhibit some hegemonic characteristics in South-east Asia. Hegemony, not 'empire'. Most analysts prefer the term hegemony over 'empire' due to its relative empirical accuracy in describing present global affairs. Although some media commentators and politicians (particularly on the Left) refer to the 'US empire', the United States does not fit this description in any meaningful sense. This is because it does not: make territorial claims of other states; seek directly to control other countries in order to extract and exploit their resources; or impose an ideology on other peoples by force (though Iraq may be an exception). Instead of describing US 'imperialism' it is more apposite to ([ˈapəzɪt] apt in the circumstances or in relation to something. "an apposite quotation".) refer to Washington's position as a hegemonic power in a number of dimensions, such as its dominant position in international political and economic organisations, its cultural reach, and its relative military prowess. 2. 美国失势: The U.N.'s top court gave a partial victory to Iran in its dispute with the U.S. on Wednesday, saying the U.S. "must remove" sanctions that could stop food, medical supplies and other humanitarian products from entering Iran. In response, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said that because of continuing disputes with Iran, "I am therefore announcing today that the United States is terminating the Treaty of Amity with Iran" — referring to the 1955 treaty that laid out economic relations between the two countries. The document was cited by the International Court of Justice. "This is a decision, frankly, that is 39 years overdue 早就该的," Pompeo said as he announced the U.S. response, making an apparent reference to Iran's Islamic Revolution of 1979 and the rise of Ayatollah Khomeini. The unanimous ruling from the court orders the U.S. not to restrict money flowing between Iran and its trading partners for a list of products that it says should be cleared for export to Iran — from medical devices and agricultural commodities to parts and equipment needed to safely maintain Iran's civil aviation. Limiting food and medical products "may have a serious detrimental impact on the health and lives of individuals on the territory of Iran," the court said. Hours later, Pompeo said the U.S. had always intended to leave humanitarian exceptions to the sanctions in place. He also said the international court had no jurisdiction to intervene in the U.S. punishment of Iran, and that Iran's claims were without merit. Iran filed the case in July, after President Trump withdrew the U.S. from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action — the Iran nuclear deal that was reached in 2015. The court's ruling also referred to the 1955 treaty of amity. The court's ruling leaves intact U.S. sanctions that cover a range of Iranian economic activity, from exports of carpets and food to financial transactions and trade in metals. In Iran, the threat of renewed sanctions has been taking a toll since at least the spring. "Since, let's say, March, there has been unprecedented acceleration in the prices of everything — almost everything," Armin, a high school teacher in Tehran, told NPR's Peter Kenyon. The prices of a few items, like fuel and bread, were tightly regulated, he added. Armin asked that his last name not be used. The ruling comes one month before the Trump administration is due to impose another round of sanctions on Iran, on Nov. 4. That's when the country's oil industry will likely be targeted. When the first round went into effect in August, Trump said in a tweet, "These are the most biting 让人肉疼的 sanctions ever imposed, and in November they ratchet up to yet another level." During the U.N. General Assembly last week, Trump doubled-down on these sentiments and repeated warnings that anyone who conducts business with Iran would be punished. He also said that after the November sanctions go into effect, the U.S. would "pursue additional sanctions, tougher than ever before, to counter the entire range of Iran's malign conduct. We will commence a review of all international agreements that may still expose the United States to purported binding jurisdiction, dispute resolution in the International Court of Justice," Bolton said on Wednesday. "The United States will not sit idly 坐视不管 by as baseless politicized claims are brought against us." In 2005, the Bush administration took issue with the ICJ after it ruled that the execution of a Mexican national in Texas breached U.S. obligations under international law. The Palestinians argued that the U.S. government's placement of its embassy in Jerusalem violated an international treaty and that it should be moved. "This really has less to do with Iran and the Palestinians than with the continued consistent policy of the United States to reject the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice, which we think is politicized and ineffective," Bolton said. 5. 航空公司: The airline had been jostling for a toehold 试图立足, 试图找到一席之地 in the crowded European market, where consolidation and the fierce battle for customers have led to the collapse of several airlines in recent years, including Air Berlin, Alitalia and Monarch in Britain. 香港照相点: On a rooftop of a shabby 10-storey residential building on Tai Nan Street, thrill-seeking 寻求刺激的 visitors scale a two-metre tall fence just to dangle their legs off the edge for a photo to brag about: when captured at an appropriate angle, a colourful building opposite with a mural design titled the "Rainbow Thief" forms the perfect backdrop 背景. The artwork, splashed onto the facade 外表面 of a building, was created by Madrid-based artist Okuda San Miguel in 2016. It begins with a three-dimensional animal head at the top, followed by psychedelic colours that run to the ground. The location has acquired mythical status on Instagram, and so many oglers ( ogle [ˈouɡ(ə)l] 色眯眯的盯着, 死盯着看 If you say that one person is ogling another, you disapprove of them continually staring at that person in a way that indicates a strong sexual interest. [disapproval] All she did was hang around ogling the men in the factory. Paula is not used to everyone ogling at her while she undresses backstage. to keep looking at someone in a way that is too obvious, because you think they are sexually attractive. Dan was ogling all the women as they walked past. ) have flocked there that management imposed a photography ban in February, which, unsurprisingly, has been mostly ignored. Choi Hung, which means rainbow in Cantonese, is a district in East Kowloon known for its symmetrical public housing blocks. You may not see a real rainbow at the estate, but the fresh palette of paint tones that fade into each other on the facade of blocks lives up to its namesake. 6. heart murmur 心脏杂音 an abnormal sound heard through a stethoscope over the region of the heart.Heart murmurs are heart sounds produced when blood flows across one of the heart valves that are loud enough to be heard with a stethoscope. There are two types of murmurs. A functional murmur or "physiologic murmur" is a heart murmur that is primarily due to physiologic conditions outside the heart. Other types of murmurs are due to structural defects in the heart itself. Functional murmurs are benign (an "innocent murmur"). pound it slang An invitation to bump the knuckle side of one's clenched fist with someone else's, either as a greeting or in a cheerful or celebratory manner. The move is known as a "pound" or a "fist bump." So good to see you, buddy, pound it! May I be excused, Sir? No, not until you pounded it. rise from the ranks 脱颖而出 Fig. to achieve position or office, having worked up from the masses. He rose from the ranks to become president of the company. Most of the officers of the company have risen from the ranks. rise through the ranks To reach a prominent position after serving in subordinate ones. The employees trust Stu as their manager because they know that he rose through the ranks from the same entry-level position that they have now. The only way you'll rise through the ranks here is by putting in enough time and hard work.
感冒(catch a cold)和伤风着凉( catch/take cold): Whether speakers are fully aware of it or not, catch cold, and catch a cold potentially mean two different things. Catch a cold refers to the common cold virus. But protracted exposure to cold - catch cold - can cause health problems well beyond the cold virus. In England there are typically 23,000 more deaths between December and March than in the rest of the year in total. This is due to cold. Influenza can be a quite serious condition (many cases reported as flu are not flu at all - if you have real flu you feel quite ill*). There is a link between cold weather and heart attacks and pulmonary disease. Cold weather can cause thickening of the blood, an increase in blood pressure, and tightening of the airwaves. There is also the risk, in extreme cases of hypothermia. So quite apart from the risk of catching a cold; it is not a good idea to catch cold. The different expressions each with a different meaning of catching cold and catching a cold are fully borne out by the OED. See below, the separate meaning 5b and 5c. of the mass noun and the count noun, respectively of - cold: 5.b. As a mass noun: disease attributed to an excess of the quality of coldness within the body or part of the body, to a superfluity of cold humours (esp. phlegm), or to exposure to low temperature; (in later use) spec. acute and self-limited catarrhal illness of the upper respiratory tract (cf. common cold n. at common adj. and adv. Special uses 1). Orig. esp. in to take cold ; later esp. in to catch cold. c. As a count noun: an instance of such disease; spec. an acute and self-limited episode of catarrhal illness of the upper respiratory tract, often with sneezing, running of the eyes, sore throat, cough, and slight fever, now known to be caused by any of numerous viruses (cf. common cold n. at common adj. and adv. Special uses 1). Freq. in to catch, get, have, or take a cold. The expressions mean something different: To catch a cold is to catch the disease. To catch cold, or to take cold is to stay out too long in cold weather and spend a long time shivering afterwards. The experience may cause you to catch a cold, but not necessarily. Ex. "You will catch cold if you don't come inside the house immediately", says a Mom to her child. Ex. Peter did not go to work because he caught a cold. A cold is a disease which lasts a few days, characterised by sneezing, a runny nose, headache, and mild malaise, but not usually accompanied by fever. It is often followed by a cough which my last a week or two. If you go out and catch cold, you need to take a hot bath and keep very warm for several hours and, with luck, you won't come to harm(come to no harm/not come to any harm to not be hurt or damaged. To encounter an unpleasant situation, often one involving injury or damage. If anyone comes to harm in this operation, you will have to answer to the chief. My car came to harm during the storm when a tree branch fell on it. She was relieved to see the children had come to no harm.). If you catch cold you may cause yourself to catch a cold but you may be lucky and avoid doing so.
