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用法学习: 1. A Bedspread usually denotes pre-filled bed covers intended for use as the top layer on a bed. Comforters, quilts and coverlets are all bedspreads. They can be both decorative and warming, thick or lighter weight, in a variety of fabrics. So confusing, isn't it? Hopefully this breakdown helps a bit: A Comforter differs from a quilt in that colors are generally dyed and patterns are not embroidered. Thick and (sometimes) quilted. Comforters are filled with layers of material including polyester batting (a synthetic fiber), down feathers, wool or silk. The loft (thickness) of the filling determines the weight as well as the level of insulation. Comforters are stitched or quilted to secure the filling and ensure that it is evenly distributed. They are intended to be the bedspread, sitting on top of sheets... A Quilt consists of a woven cloth top, a layer of batting and a woven back, all stitched together in decorative patterns. Different from other forms of bed covers because they are generally pieced together with many pieces of cloth. A Duvet is a soft flat bag filled with down, feathers or a synthetic alternative. usually put inside a removable cover, sort of like a pillow/pillowcase. Duvets and duvet covers are meant to be used without sheets  because the removable cover can be laundered. Many people use them with sheets anyway. Many people like duvets because it is a single covering instead of using a combo of bed sheets, blankets, quilts and other bed covers. 2. police state 专制国家 a totalitarian state controlled by a political police force that secretly supervises the citizens' activities.Police state is a term denoting a government that exercises power arbitrarily through the power of the police force. Originally, the term designated a state regulated by a civil administration, but since the beginning of the 20th century it has "taken on an emotional and derogatory meaning" by describing an undesirable state of living characterized by the overbearing presence of the civil authorities. The inhabitants of a police state may experience restrictions on their mobility, or on their freedom to express or communicate political or other views, which are subject to police monitoring or enforcement. traverse 比travel更明确的走来走去 to move or travel through an area. If someone or something traverses an area of land or water, they go across it. Well traversed. I traversed the narrow pedestrian bridge. It took several weeks to traverse the desert. ...a steep-sided valley traversed by streams. Stanley traversed the continent from west to east. Bounded on the east by Lake Winnebago, the county is traversed by the Wolf and Fox rivers. pace I. [intransitive/transitive] to walk with regular steps around a small area, because you are worried, nervous, or impatient. pace up and down: He paced up and down between the kitchen and the living room. pace around: She was pacing restlessly around the room as she talked. II. [transitive] to establish a speed for another runner in a race. III. [transitive] [usually passive] to make the story in a book, movie, etc. develop in a particular way. His movies were always paced so as to create maximum suspense. transverse [ˌtrænzˈvɜrs] Transverse is used to describe something that is at right angles to something else. placed sideways or at an angle across something. a transverse arch. travel VS traverse: The specific motion of an object or being in a limited frame of reference is what exactly is traversing. Travel is a more commonly used word, it being generic. Traverse is used much less as it is, lets say a specific sort of travel, or travel within in a boundary. Travel means going, or coming, or both, you will not know from where, how, which direction etc., I meant to say the specifics if you use travel alone. Lets take an example: People usually walk in circles in a closed space, say a room or corridor back and forth or repeatedly , when lost in thoughts. It would not be correct if you say, He was travelling the room or corridor, lost in thought. But, if you say, "he was traversing the room/corridor, lost in thought", it is perfect. Imagine the motion of a bee in a garden or a fly in a room, the more appropriate term is traversing here. So traverse specifically stands for going/coming from one side to other, or going back and forth, moving repeatedly etc. If you want to convey someone is familiar with a place, you can used both well traveled and well traversed 走过很多次的. But in general, you cannot say that a person is well traversed. Also travel can be intransitive as well, where as traverse can only be transitive. 3. misadventure [mɪsədˈvɛntʃə] 意外事故, 遭遇不幸 I. ENGLISH LAW death caused by a person accidentally while performing a legal act without negligence or intent to harm. A misadventure is an unfortunate incident. [formal] ...a series of misadventures. A verdict of death by misadventure was recorded. "the coroner recorded a verdict of death by misadventure". Her death was not misadventure," an angry Dale Lapthorne told the Sunday Herald Sun. "I am eagerly awaiting an autopsy report … That should reveal what happened to Britt. I do not want this swept under the carpet." II. an unfortunate incident; a mishap. "the petty misdemeanours and misadventures of childhood". make it one's mission to do something 矢志, 立志, 发誓, 下决心. headstrong 顽固不化的, 下定决心不动摇 determined to do what you want even if other people warn you not to do it. If you refer to someone as headstrong, you are slightly critical of the fact that they are determined to do what they want. He's young, very headstrong, but he's a good man underneath. get itchy feet 渴望旅行, 心痒痒 informal to start to want to travel or do something different: After three years in the job she began to get itchy feet. I am starting to get itchy feet after reading her travel blog. It's been five years since I travelled abroad – I'm getting itchy feet. It is normal that employees get itchy feet if they stay in the same role for too long. chuck I. to throw something. Someone had chucked a brick through their window. chuck someone something: Chuck me the ball, would you? a. 丢. 随手丢. to put something somewhere in a careless way. She came in, chucked her books on the table, and went straight to her room. II. chuck out = chuck away to get rid of something you do not want. This is the pile of things we need, and over here is the pile of things we can chuck out. III. British to end a relationship with someone. If your girlfriend or boyfriend chucks you, they end the relationship. [informal] There wasn't a great fuss when I chucked her. After two years she chucked her boyfriend. IV. chuck = chuck in = chuck up If you chuck your job or some other activity, you stop doing it. [informal] Almost half the British public think about chucking in their jobs and doing their own thing at least once a month. Last summer, he chucked his 10-year career as a London stockbroker and headed for the mountains. be chucking it down to be raining very hard. 4. spark 引起, 引发 or spark off I. [transitive] mainly journalism to make something happen, especially something involving violence or angry feelings. The protests were sparked by the firing of two restaurant employees. The trial sparked off widespread rioting in London. a. to make someone feel, think of, or remember something. Their growing reputation had sparked interest from other moviemakers. Your article sparked off happy memories for me. II. [transitive] to start a fire or explosion. A faulty electric blanket sparked a fire in one of the bedrooms. n. I. [countable] a very small piece of burning material. A log fell, sending a shower of sparks up the chimney. a. [countable] a flash of light caused by electricity. an electric spark. II. [singular/uncountable] the quality of being lively and original. The performance was short on spark and creativity. III. [singular] a short feeling or expression of something. A tiny spark of anger flared within her. IV. [singular] mainly journalism something that starts a series of events or a process. tan (one's) hide = have someone's hide To spank one. to spank someone. Billy's mother said she'd tan Billy's hide if he ever did that again. "I'll tan your hide if you're late!" said Tom's father. Young lady, I will tan your hide if you disobey me again! .Dad said he'd tan Billy's hide if he caught him smoking, or I'll have your hide if you take something without paying for it. This term uses hidein the sense of "skin." The allusion in the first expression is to a spanking that will change one's skin just as chemicals tan animal hide (convert it into leather). have the hide of an elephant/rhinoceros to be very difficult to upset because you do not care what people say about you. have the hide to do something 没胆, 有胆做某事 to be brave enough or rude enough to do something. have not seen hide nor hair of someone to have definitely not seen someone. I haven't seen hide nor hair of him for a week. save your/someone's hide to save yourself or someone else from being punished or from suffering. live something down 摆脱不掉的阴影, 摆脱不掉的耻辱, 忘记不掉的尴尬 succeed in making others forget something embarrassing that has happened. to make people forget that you made a big mistake or did something very embarrassing in the past: If you show up with green hair, your parents will never let you live it down. never live sth down to be unable to stop feeling embarrassed about something you have done: I wish I'd never opened my mouth in the meeting - I'm never going to live it down! thingamabob [ˈθɪŋəməbɒb] = thingamajig = thingumajig = thingummy[ˈθɪŋəmi] INFORMAL a person or thing whose name one has forgotten, does not know, or does not wish to mention. "one of those thingummies for keeping all the fire tools together". Used to refer to or address a person or thing whose name one has forgotten, does not know, or does not wish to mention. 5. 下小雨: Here in the U.S. you could also say "it's sprinkling." A drizzle 毛毛雨, 毛毛细雨, to my mind, is small drops close together, falling steadily. When it's sprinkling, the drops are farther apart and less regular. light rain If you want a modifying adjective, 'a light drizzle' works too (as do 'little drizzle' and 'fine drizzle' mentioned earlier). Sometimes, we also talk about 'a mist of rain', where the rain seems to be always in the air and not settle. Anyone care for a brief shower? It's certainly a happier rain than a drizzle, for me. "light showers" are also conceivable. Some people say mizzle rather than drizzle, a sort of misty rain, but I think that is quite regional, so drizzle is your best option. concerned I. worried about something. Concerned parents held a meeting to discuss the issue. concerned about: The police said they were very concerned about the boy's safety. concerned that: She was concerned that her address might be broadcast over the radio. II. [never before noun] involved in something, or affected by something. I suggest you have a quick word with the person concerned 相关的, 有关的. It was a difficult time for all concerned (=for everyone who was involved). concerned with: This is a company that is directly concerned with the defense industry. III. caring about what happens to someone. concerned about: I think she's genuinely concerned about you. concerned for: He was truly concerned for her happiness. IV. [never before noun] giving your attention to something because you think it is important. concerned with: He's more concerned with what people think about him than anything else. concerned to do something: The government is chiefly concerned to regain control of the economy. V. [never before noun] dealing with a particular subject. concerned with: The report is concerned with the relationship between politics and the law. presumptuous [prɪzʌmptʃuəs] If you describe someone or their behaviour as presumptuous, you disapprove of them because they are doing something that they have no right or authority to do. showing too much confidence and not enough respect. (of a person or their behavior) failing to observe the limits of what is permitted or appropriate. "I hope I won't be considered presumptuous if I offer some advice". It would be presumptuous of me to decide what she wants. It would be presumptuous to judge what the outcome will be. Is it presumptuous or OK to ask her to stay overnight on first date? 6. The Mail on Sunday says that as early as last Christmas, months head of the May nuptials, the American TV star had complained that not all members of the royal family had made her feel welcome.

 subordinate VS subsidiary VS subsidize VS subside: 1. subordinate 下属: I. If someone is your subordinate, they have a less important position than you in the organization that you both work for. An employee ranked below another employee in terms of seniority or office hierarchy. Haig tended not to seek guidance from subordinates. Nearly all her subordinates adored her. II. Someone who is subordinate to you has a less important position than you and has to obey you. Sixty of his subordinate 附属品 officers followed his example. Some people still regard women as subordinate to men. adj. Something that is subordinate to something else is less important than the other thing. It was an art in which words were subordinate to images. [+ to]. v. If you subordinate something to another thing, you regard it or treat it as less important than the other thing. He was both willing and able to subordinate all else to this aim. ...the social subordination of women. [+ of]. They want to end the country's subordination to foreign economic interests. 屈服于, 臣服于, 顺从于. to subordinate means to place or rank one thing below another. "We subordinate our desire for popcorn to our desire to keep watching the movie." 下属企业: A subordinate organization is one that is under control of the central organization. "A subordinate organization is a chapter, local, post or unit of a central organization. A central organization may be a subordinate itself, such as a state organization that has subordinate units and is itself affiliated with a national (central) organization." A subordinate organization may or may not be incorporated ( Incorporated is used after a company's name to show that it is a legally established company in the United States. to form a corporation (=a company that can raise money by selling shares) The company's doing so well, we've decided to incorporate. ...MCA Incorporated. incorporate I. If one thing incorporates another thing, it includes the other thing. [formal]. to add or include something as a part of something else, for example as a part of an arrangement or a document. incorporate something into/in something: Congress incorporated this principle into the 1977 clean-air Amendments. The new cars will incorporate加入, 引入 a number of major improvements. a. to include something as a part or as a quality. The course incorporates a strong German language element. Our electrical equipment incorporates all the latest safety features. II. If someone or something is incorporated into a large group, system, or area, they become a part of it. [formal]. business to form a corporation (=a company that can raise money by selling shares). The company’s doing so well, we’ve decided to incorporate. The agreement would allow the rebels to be incorporated into a new national police force. The party vowed to incorporate environmental considerations into all its policies. ), but it must have an organizing document. A subordinate that is organized and operated in a foreign country may not be included in a Group Exemption Letter (GEL). 2. subsidiary [səbˈsɪdɪəri] adj less important than but related or supplementary to something. "a subsidiary flue of the main chimney". n. 被控股公司. a company controlled by a holding company. "a subsidiary of Cable and Wireless". "he is a director of the company's two major subsidiaries". A holding company is a company that owns other companies' outstanding stock. A holding company usually does not produce goods or services itself; rather, its purpose is to own shares of other companies to form a corporate group. Holding companies allow the reduction of risk for the owners and can allow the ownership and control of a number of different companies. Subsidiary company, Subordinate company, parent company 母公司, holding company 控股公司: A subsidiary company is a company owned and controlled by another company. The owning company is called a parent company or sometimes a holding company. A subsidiary's parent company may be the sole owner or one of several owners. If a parent company or holding company owns 100% of another company, that company is called a "wholly owned subsidiary." There is a difference between a parent company and a holding company in terms of operations. A holding company has no operations of its own; it owns a controlling share of stock and holds assets of other companies (the subsidiary companies). A parent company is simply a company that runs a business and that owns another business — the subsidiary. The parent company has operations of its own, and the subsidiary may carry on a related business. For example, the subsidiary might own and manage property assets of the parent company, to keep the liability from those assets separate. A corporation or S corporation is owned by shareholders. In this case, the parent company typically holds 50% or more of the stock of the subsidiary. An LLC is owned by members, whose ownership percentage is controlled by an operating agreement. An LLC can own another LLC. A subsidiary, subsidiary company or daughter company 子公司 is a company that is owned or controlled by another company, which is called the parent company, parent, or holding company. The subsidiary can be a company, corporation 法人团体, 法人集团, or limited liability company. In some cases it is a government or state-owned enterprise. In some cases, particularly in the music and book publishing industries, subsidiaries are referred to as imprints. In the United States railroad industry, an operating subsidiary is a company that is a subsidiary but operates with its own identity, locomotives and rolling stock. In contrast, a non-operating subsidiary would exist on paper only (i.e., stocks, bonds, articles of incorporation) and would use the identity of the parent company. 3. subsidize [ˈsʌbsɪdʌɪz] 政府补助, 补贴, 资助 vt. 资助. 给与奖助金. 向…行贿. 补助. 补贴. I. If a government or other authority subsidizes something, they pay part of the cost of it. Around the world, governments have subsidized the housing of middle and upper-income groups. At the moment they are existing on pensions that are subsidised by the government. ...heavily subsidized prices for housing, bread, and meat. ...the subsidising of alternative energy sources. ...the federal government's subsidisation of poorer parts of the country. II. If a government subsidizes an industry, they provide money so that the industry can continue. The government continues to subsidize the production of eggs. ...a government decision to subsidise coal mining. ...Scotland's subsidised theatre. ...the subsidization of agriculture. subsidization the act by a government, organization, or other group of paying part of the cost of something: Some people oppose government subsidization of a baseball stadium. The Institute has taken the position that subsidization distorts markets and should be eliminated. subside [səbˈsaɪd] I. 缓解. 变弱. to become weaker, less violent, or less severe. If a feeling or noise subsides, it becomes less strong or loud. The pain had subsided during the night. Catherine's sobs finally subsided. The pain should subside in an hour or two. By morning the storm had subsided. If fighting subsides, it becomes less intense or general. Violence has subsided following two days of riots. II. if the level of flood water subsides, it becomes lower. If a level of water, especially flood water, subsides, it goes down. Local officials say the flood waters have subsided. a. if land subsides, it sinks to a lower level. III. 下沉. if a building subsides, it becomes damaged because the land it is on has sunk. If the ground or a building is subsiding, it is very slowly sinking to a lower level. Does that mean the whole house is subsiding?