新词学习 - 名词2

用法学习: 1. scene I. a part of a play, book, movie, etc. in which events happen in the same place or period of time a love scene. opening/final scene: the opening scene of Macbeth. film/shoot/rehearse a scene: We have to shoot this scene today. II. a view that you can see in a picture or from the place where you are. She stood in the doorway surveying the scene 观察环境, 查看环境, 查看周围. paintings that depict scenes of country life. You refer to a place as a scene when you are describing its appearance and indicating what impression it makes on you. It's a scene of complete devastation. [+ of] Thick black smoke billowed over the scene. You can just picture the scene, can't you? III. [usually singular] a place where something happens, usually something bad. scene of: the scene of the crime/accident/attack. on/at the scene 到场: The paramedics will be at the scene within a few minutes. The scene of an event is the place where it happened. The area has been the scene of fierce fighting for three months. [+ of] ...traces left at the scene of a crime. Fire and police crews rushed to the scene, but the couple were already dead. Riot vans were on the scene in minutes. a. something that happens in a particular place. Eyewitness reports describe a scene of desolation. describe/ imagine/ picture/visualize a scene: Picture a peaceful scene and try to relax. IV. [usually singular] a particular interest or activity, and the people and places that are involved in it. He is an important figure on the political scene 场合, 生意场, 政治场. the music/rave/dance scene. You can refer to an area of activity as a particular type of scene. Sandman is a cult figure on the local music scene. ...when he first burst onto the national political scene at age 28. ...a youth guide to London's club scene. Legoland is not the solution to everything. And it's too much of a scene since that movie came out. V. a noisy argument or a strong show of feelings in a public place. If you make a scene, you embarrass people by publicly showing your anger about something. I'm sorry I made such a scene. make/cause a scene: Stop making such a scene! VI. [usually singular] informal 场景. a situation. There's a bad scene at home right now. You can describe an event that you see, or that is broadcast or shown in a picture, as a scene of a particular kind. There were emotional scenes as the refugees enjoyed their first breath of freedom. Television broadcasters were warned to exercise caution over depicting scenes of violence. [+ of] It was a bizarre scene 情形. not your scene 不喜欢, 不爱 (not my speed (from animal kindom)) not something that you enjoy. If you say that an activity or place is not your scene, you mean that you do not like it or enjoy it. Lying on the beach all week isn't my scene. Camping isn't my scene. set the scene I. to create the conditions that make it possible for an event to happen. set the scene for 埋下伏笔: These findings have set the scene for further debate on the system. II. to give someone the information that they need so that they can understand what is going to happen or be said. Let me just set the scene by telling you a little about the school. be/come on the scene 开始出现, 开始登场 to start to exist or to get involved in a situation or activity a band that first came on the scene in the 1980s. a change of scene/scenery/air 换个环境 a period of time that you spend in a different place in order to feel better or more healthy I needed a change of scene from the city. survey noun [ˈsɜrˌveɪ] verb [sərˈveɪ] noun I. If you carry out a survey 调查, 调研, you try to find out detailed information about a lot of different people or things, usually by asking people a series of questions. The council conducted a survey of the uses to which farm buildings are put. According to the survey, overall world trade has also slackened. II. If you give something a brief survey or a quick survey, you look at or consider all of it quickly, but not in detail. ...a brief survey of some important books on astrology. He sniffed the perfume she wore, then gave her a quick survey. III. If someone carries out a survey 勘察 of an area of land, they examine it and measure it, usually in order to make a map of it. ...the organizer of the geological survey of India. The scientists conducted two aerial surveys followed by two ground surveys. IV. A survey (US inspection) is a careful examination of the condition and structure of a house, usually carried out in order to give information to a person who wants to buy it. [mainly British] ...a structural survey undertaken by a qualified surveyor. verb I. If you survey a number of people, companies, or organizations, you try to find out information about their opinions or behaviour, usually by asking them a series of questions. Business Development Advisers surveyed 211 companies for the report. Only 18 percent of those surveyed opposed the idea. II. If you survey something, you look at or consider the whole of it carefully. He pushed himself to his feet and surveyed 观察, 审视 the room. He surveys American politics with a conservative world view. to look at something, or to examine something He sat quietly, surveying the scene around him. a. British to examine something such as a building to see how good its condition is. The first step of Emergency Action Principle is to Survey the Scene 观察环境. As a trained rescuer, it is imperative to assess the scene by observing for the following: The Safety - Take a look around to ensure the surrounding area is safe for the rescuer as well as the victim.  Note: unless there is an imminent danger, the victim should not be moved.  Assess the surroundings for any people who can help. The Type of Injury - This observation is extremely important in an effort to understand the reason for sustained injury: automobile accident, electric shock, fall, fire, etc. The Location - Make sure you are aware of your location (for ex. floor in the building, etc), to help emergency responders locate you. III. If someone surveys an area of land, they examine it and measure it, usually in order to make a map of it. The council commissioned geological experts to survey the cliffs. ...data relating to astronomy, astrology, surveying and navigation. ...surveying equipment. IV. If someone surveys a house (US inspect), they examine it carefully and report on its structure, usually in order to give advice to a person who is thinking of buying it. [mainly British] ...the people who surveyed the house for the mortgage. Jobs available include surveying, electrical work, and plumbing. idiosyncrasy [ɪdioʊsɪŋkrəsi] 不良习惯, 怪癖 If you talk about the idiosyncrasies of someone or something, you are referring to their rather unusual habits or characteristics. Everyone has a few little idiosyncrasies 小变态. The bike has style, it has looks, it has its little idiosyncrasies. The book is a gem of Victorian idiosyncrasy. 关于密集恐惧症: The term TRYPOPHOBIA 密集恐惧症 is Greek for "boring holes"—trypo—and "fear"—phobia—and amounts to a fear of clusters of small holes. The term entered the popular lexicon around 2009 when it was coined by a student at SUNY-Albany who created a Facebook page for anecdotal (  [ˌænəkˈdoʊt(ə)l] 自述的 based on someone's personal experience or information rather than on facts that can be checked. There is now anecdotal evidence that these chemicals are harmful. Anecdotal evidence is based on individual accounts, rather than on reliable research or statistics, and so may not be valid. Anecdotal evidence suggests that sales in Europe have slipped. ...countless anecdotal reports. Anecdotal speech or writing is full of anecdotes or is based on anecdotes. Gray's book is anecdotal and entertaining. ) and self-diagnosed incidences. Since then, interest in the phenomenon has skyrocketed. The term is not recognized by the American Psychiatric Association, and mental health experts debate whether or not the affliction ( [əˈflɪkʃ(ə)n] I. an illness. II. a serious problem. An affliction is something which causes physical or mental suffering. Hay fever is an affliction which arrives at an early age. ...the afflictions of modern society.) is a true phobia, with some opting more frequently to label it an idiosyncrasy, or unusual behavior. Much of the fear is self-diagnosed by those who claim the images cause them anything from mild discomfort to a feeling of wanting to vomit 发呕. In their sample, they found 16 percent of the 286 adults tested had a visceral 发自内心的, 发自肺腑的, 生理厌恶, 生理上的反感 ( [ˈvɪsərəl] I. literary 发自内心的. 生理上的. relating to basic emotions that you feel strongly and automatically. Visceral feelings are feelings that you feel very deeply and find it difficult to control or ignore, and that are not the result of thought. I never overcame a visceral antipathy for the monarchy. ...the sheer visceral joy of being alive. a visceral hatred of cheaters. II. medical relating to the viscera. viscera [ˈvɪsərə] 内脏, 五脏六腑 the organs in your body, especially in your stomach. Viscera are the large organs inside the body, such as the heart, liver, and stomach. ) aversion 反感, 厌恶 to the patterns. They theorized that, because potential lethal animals like some spiders, snakes, and scorpions have similar markings, the aversion was an evolutionary adaptation. gem someone or something that is very good, pleasing, or useful. If you describe something or someone as a gem, you mean that they are especially pleasing, good, or helpful. ...a gem of a hotel, Castel Clara. [+ of] Miss Famous, as she was called, was a gem. He's a real gem - you'd be a fool to break up with him. The coffee house is a hidden gem (= something that not a lot of people know about). iota [aɪoʊtə] 一丁点的, 一点点的, 一丝丝的 If you say that there is not an iota or not one iota of something, you are emphasizing that there is not even a very small amount of it. He's never shown an iota of interest in any kind of work.You can use an iota or one iota to emphasize a negative statement. Not an iota or not one iota means not even to a small extent or degree. Our credit standards haven't changed one iota. Ivan Milat: They had been chipping away quietly going to see Milat trying to get him to talk, trying to give – I guess as many people said, if he had an iota of guilt he would have offered something. Puffer/down jackets 薄的羽绒服, also called quilted jackets, have a signature quilted design with sections that are "puffy" between the stitching. They are filled with down insulation or synthetic fibers, both of which can provide a high level of warmth depending on how well they are made and the quality of the synthetic fibers. A down jacket or puffer jacket is a quilted, padded jacket filled with down feathers (usually duck or goose down). This material is usually used to insulate an Outer layer which is usually some synthetic fibre such as nylon or polyester. potpourri [ˌpoʊpʊˈri] I. [uncountable] pieces of dried plants with a nice smell, mixed together. II. [singular] a mixture of different things. a potpourri of songs from the 1960s. universe I. a collection of people, things, or companies that have similar characteristics or features: We rank a broad universe of stocks using both value characteristics and growth characteristics. Salesmen seeking business leads pay extra for the service to be able to contact a broader universe of people. II. a particular activity, or the people and companies involved in a particular activity: the business/corporate/online universe The online universe is brimming with dozens of virtual worlds vying to build sustainable life. They chose a fund with a global rather than a limited investment universe. The company claimed 7,500 accounts nationwide - a small but not insignificant piece of a universe of 750,000 U.S. food-service operators. III. If you talk about someone's universe, you are referring to the whole of their experience or an important part of it. Good writers suck in what they see of the world, re-creating their own universe on the page. They marked out the boundaries of our visual universe. Behind his eyes was a whole universe of pain. Fratricide 弑兄 is the act of killing one's brother. It can either be done directly or via use of either a hired or an indoctrinated intermediary (an assassin). The victim need not be the perpetrator's biological brother. In a military context, fratricide refers to a service member killing a comrade. patricide [ˈpætrɪˌsaɪd] 弑母 the crime of killing your father. matricide [ˈmætrəˌsaɪd] the crime of killing your mother. Criminal homicide takes many forms including accidental killing 过失杀人 or murder. Criminal homicide is divided into two broad categories, murder and manslaughter, based upon the state of mind and intent of the person who commits the homicide. Murder is the most serious crime that can be charged following a homicide. First degree murder 有预谋故意杀人: the premeditated, unlawful, intentional killing of another person. Second degree murder 无预谋故意杀人: The intentional, unlawful killing of another person, but without any premeditation. Manslaughter is a form of homicide in which the person who commits the homicide either does not intend to kill the victim, or kills the victim as the result of circumstances that would cause a reasonable person to become emotionally or mentally disturbed to the point of potentially losing control of their actions. Voluntary manslaughter: the intentional, unpremeditated killing of another person as the result of a disturbed state of mind, or heat of passion 激情杀人. Involuntary manslaughter: the unintentional killing of another person through an act of recklessness that shows indifference to the lives and safety of others, or an act of negligence that could reasonably be foreseen to result in death. The act that results in death may be intentional, such as pushing somebody in anger, but their death (such as by their subsequently falling, striking their head, and suffering a lethal head injury) is not. Another form of manslaughter in some jurisdictions is constructive manslaughter, which may be charged in the event that a person causes a death without intention, but as the result of violating an important safety law or regulation. Not all homicides are crimes, or subject to criminal prosecution. Some are legally privileged, meaning that they are not criminal acts at all. Others may occur under circumstances that provide the defendant with a full or partial defense to criminal prosecution. Common defenses include: Self-defense: while most homicides by civilians are criminally prosecutable, a right of self-defense (often including the right to defend others) is widely recognized, including, in dire circumstances, the use of deadly force. Mental incapacity 精神失常: A defendant may attempt to prove that they are not criminally responsible for a homicide due to a mental disorder. In some jurisdictions, mentally incompetent killers may be involuntarily committed in lieu of criminal trial. Mental health and development are often taken into account during sentencing. For example, in the United States, the death penalty cannot be applied to convicted murderers with intellectual disabilities. If the defendant in a capital case is sufficiently mentally disabled in the United States they cannot be executed. Instead, the individual is placed under the category of "insane". Defense of infancy – Small children are not held criminally liable before the age of criminal responsibility. A juvenile court may handle defendants above this age but below the legal age of majority, though because homicide is a serious crime some older minors are charged in an adult justice system. Age is sometimes also taken into account during sentencing even if the perpetrator is old enough to have criminal responsibility. Justifiable homicide or privilege: Due to the circumstances, although a homicide occurs, the act of killing is not unlawful. For example, a killing on the battlefield during war is normally lawful, or a police officer may shoot a dangerous suspect in order to protect the officer's own life or the lives and safety of others. treatise [ˈtriː.tɪs] [ˈtriː.t̬ɪs] 专著 a formal piece of writing that considers and examines a particular subject. A treatise is a long, formal piece of writing about a particular subject. ...Locke's Treatise on Civil Government. a six-volume treatise on trademark law. foster parents VS adoptive 收养的 parents 养父母: For a child's best care and protection, the State Department may remove a child from their birth family. If no alternative care option is available, they will be placed in the Out of Home Care System. Children can either be moved to a residential facility, group home or the home of a foster carer. The aim of foster care is to re-unite the child with their birth family when it is safe and appropriate to do so. If this is not possible, the child may be placed with a foster care family permanently. Adopting a child is a permanent arrangement and the guardianship rights transfer to the adoptive parents. This means, as the adoptive parent, you will take on all legal responsibility for a child. Key Assets do not offer child adoption. If you have identified that adoption or is not right for you, you may find that fostering can be a rewarding experience, allowing you to help a child or young person in need. Becoming a foster carer allows you to connect not only with foster children, but with other foster carers within your community. bitter gourd/melon [ɡuə(r)d] 苦瓜 a vegetable of the gourd family found in India. It has green warty skin and resembles a cucumber. a salad made of bitter gourd. honeydew melon 白兰瓜 = honeymelon (和rocket melon是近亲) a melon (=type of large round fruit) with yellow skin and sweet white or green flesh. Merlin a wizard in old English stories who was a friend of King Arthur. merlot [ˈmɜː(r)ləʊ] a type of red wine. Cantaloupe [ˈkæntəluːp] 哈密瓜 (还有一种不同的哈密瓜hami melon, snow melon雪瓜) ( antelope [ˈæntɪˌloʊp] 羚羊 a brown animal with horns and long thin legs that can run very fast. Antelopes live mainly in Africa and Asia. ) (also cantelope, cantaloup, muskmelon (India and the United States), mushmelon, rockmelon, sweet melon, Persian melon, or spanspek (South Africa)) refers to a variety of the Cucumis melo species in the Cucurbitaceae family. Sorbet [sɔrˈbeɪ] 果冰, 水果冰 is a frozen dessert made from sweetened water flavoured with fruit (typically juice or purée), wine, and/or liqueur. Gelato ([dʒeˈla:to]; plural: gelati) is the Italian word for ice cream. Gelato is made with milk, cream, various sugars, and flavoring such as fresh fruit and nut purees. Gelato is a type of soft ice cream containing a relatively small amount of air. By statute, gelato in Italy must have at least 3.5% butterfat, with no upper limit上限 established. Starches and gums, especially corn starch, are sometimes also used to thicken and stabilize the mix. Honeydew( honeydew melon 白兰瓜, 橙色或绿色瓤的很甜的瓜. dew 露水.) is a cultivar group of the muskmelon, Cucumis melo Inodorus group, which includes crenshaw, casaba, Persian, winter, and other mixed melons. muggy: Warm and extremely humid. heartstring used in reference to one's deepest feelings of love or compassion. a nerve or tendon imagined to brace and sustain the heart. "the kitten's pitiful little squeak tugged at her heartstrings 拨动心弦, 牵动心弦, 动人心弦". tug/pull/tear at someone's heartstrings to make someone feel a lot of love or sympathy. to cause strong feelings of love or sympathy: It's the story of a lost child - guaranteed to tug at the heartstrings. exchange I. [COUNTABLE] a situation in which one person gives another person something and receives something else of a similar type or value in return. exchange of: The two sides agreed an exchange of prisoners of war 交换战俘. a. a situation in which people give each other information or discuss their ideas and opinions. exchange of: We had a frank exchange of views 交换意见, 交换看法. b. a situation in which someone shoots at another person and the other person shoots back. an exchange of fire/gunfire/shots 交火: There was an exchange of fire and three soldiers fell dead. II. [COUNTABLE] FORMAL an angry conversation. heated exchange: Paul and Mark were having a heated exchange 激辩, 激烈争论, 争吵 in the office. III. [UNCOUNTABLE] the act of changing the money of one country to the money of another country. the abolition of exchange controls. IV. [COUNTABLE] an arrangement in which people or groups from different countries visit each other or do each other's jobs, for example in order to study another country's language or improve relationships. I met Laurence on a French exchange. V. [COUNTABLE] a central place where goods of a particular type are bought and sold. the former corn exchange. a. a central place where telephone calls are received and connected to other lines. Eggplant (US), aubergine [ˈoʊbərʒin] (BrE), or brinjal [ˈbrɪndʒəl] (India, Africa)茄子的别称. diameter [daɪˈæmətər] 直径 (girth 周长, girthy粗的) a straight line that crosses a circle through the center, or the length of this line. a pipe with a 4-inch diameter. in diameter: The dome is ten feet in diameter.