用法学习: 1. ceasefire = cease-fire: observe. break. violate. come/go into effect, hold, last: There are concerns that the ceasefire might not hold. Russian shelling breaks cease-fire. Fleeing civilians face Russian bombardment as evacuation ceasefire breaks down in Ukraine and humanitarian crisis worsens. Refugees flooded back into two under-siege Ukrainian cities after a ceasefire aimed at allowing them to leave broke down within hours. Ukraine says the Russian side has failed to hold to the cease-fire 遵守停火协议 and has continued firing. The National Guard of Ukraine says Sunday's cease-fire was broken and the evacuation plans have been halted after Russian forces opened fire. Ukrainian Interior Ministry adviser Anton Gerashchenko says the planned evacuations were stalled due to an ongoing assault. Russian President Vladimir Putin warned Saturday that Ukrainian statehood is in jeopardy and likened the West's sanctions on Russia to "declaring war," while a promised cease-fire in the besieged port city of Mariupol collapsed amid scenes of terror. With the Kremlin's rhetoric 措辞, 言辞 growing fiercer and a reprieve 喘息, 喘口气, 喘息之机, 缓口气 from fighting dissolving 流产, Russian troops continued to shell encircled cities and the number of Ukrainians forced from their country grew to 1.4 million. By nighttime Russian forces had intensified their shelling of Mariupol, while dropping powerful bombs on residential areas of Chernihiv, a city north of Kyiv, Ukrainian officials said. 2. prescriptive [prɪˈskrɪptɪv] I. stating what should happen, or what someone should do. A prescriptive approach 下令似的, 颐指气使的, 命令式的, 下指令似的 to something involves telling people what they should do, rather than simply giving suggestions or describing what is done. prescriptive policies. ...prescriptive attitudes to language on the part of teachers. The psychologists insist, however, that they are not being prescriptive. The legislation is prescriptive about the use of the $150 million post-disaster recovery component of the ERF as this would not be lawful expenditure under the ERF Act or the PGPA Act. II. linguistics stating how people should use a language rather than describing how they really use it. prescriptive right a right that is legally valid because it has existed for a long time If the use of the path has continued for more than twelve years, it will have become what is known as a prescriptive right. vocabulary: Prescriptive things have to do with giving rules or directions. Prescriptive advice tells you what to do. When the doctor writes a prescription, he or she is telling you to get a particular drug and take it. Similarly, anything prescriptive involves telling people what to do. People are prescriptive when they're sure of what's right. "You have several options" is not prescriptive, but "You should do this" is very prescriptive. A bossy person is very prescriptive. 3. A power strip插线板 is a block of electrical sockets that attaches to the end of a flexible cable (typically with a mains plug on the other end), allowing multiple electrical devices to be powered from a single electrical socket. wrought [rɔːt] verb. If something has wrought a change, it has made it happen. Events in Paris wrought a change in British opinion towards France and Germany. adj. If something is wrought in a particular material or in a particular way, it has been created in that material or way. ...a walking stick with a gold head wrought in the form of a flower. wrought-up adjective nervous and worried or excited. wreak [riːk] 过去式是wreaked 或者 wrought I. Something or someone that wreaks havoc or destruction causes a great amount of disorder or damage. Violent storms wreaked havoc on the French Riviera, leaving three dead and dozens injured. Who knows if the volcano might once again wreak destruction? ...the devastation wrought by a decade of fighting. When the U.S. and its allies began considering sanctions on Russian oil and gas exports this month to punish the country for devastation wrought in Ukraine, prominent voices affiliated with both major American political parties pointed to Venezuela as a potential substitute. II. If you wreak revenge or vengeance on someone, you do something that will harm them very much to punish them for the harm they have done to you. He threatened to wreak vengeance on the men who toppled him a year ago. displace [dɪsˈpleɪs] I. 驱逐. 被迫搬家, 背井离乡. to force someone to leave their own country and live somewhere else. If a person or group of people is displaced, they are forced to moved away from the area where they live. In Europe alone thirty million people were displaced. Most of the civilians displaced by the war will be unable to return to their homes. ...the task of resettling refugees and displaced persons. II. 置换, 取代, 取而代之. to take the place of someone or something. If one thing displaces another, it forces the other thing out of its place, position, or role, and then occupies that place, position, or role itself. These factories have displaced tourism as the country's largest source of foreign exchange. Coal is to be displaced by natural gas and nuclear power. to force something out of its position or space. The device displaces the air inside the container. Investment in the nationalized industries has simply displaced private investment. Trish Regan, a former Fox Business host and conservative media personality, called for an alliance with Venezuela to displace Russian oil from the U.S. market. 4. drain [dreɪn] verb I. If you drain a liquid from a place or object, you remove the liquid by causing it to flow somewhere else. If a liquid drains somewhere, it flows there. Miners built the tunnel to drain 吸干 water out of the mines. Now the focus is on draining the water. Springs and rivers that drain into lakes 流入 carry dissolved nitrates and phosphates. The water slowly drained away, down through the porous soil. II. If you drain a place or object, you dry it by causing water to flow out of it. If a place or object drains, water flows out of it until it is dry. The marshes have now been completely drained. Vast numbers of people have been mobilised to drain flooded land. The soil drains freely and slugs aren't a problem. III. If you drain food or if food drains, you remove the liquid that it has been in, especially after it has been cooked or soaked in water. Drain the pasta well 去水, arrange on four plates and pour over the sauce. Wash the leeks thoroughly and allow them to drain. IV. If someone drains a glass, they empty it by drinking what is in it. They all rose and drained 一饮而尽. 举杯喝尽, 干杯 their glasses. Pamela drained 喝干, 喝光 her glass and refilled it. V. If the colour or the blood drains 面无血色 or is drained from someone's face, they become very pale. You can also say that someone's face drains or is drained of colour. Harry felt the colour drain from his face. Thacker's face drained of colour. Jock's face had been suddenly drained of all colour. His usually florid complexion seemed drained of colour. VI. If a feeling drains 散去 or is drained out of you, it gradually becomes less strong until you no longer feel it. And then, suddenly, the euphoria 狂喜, 狂激动, 狂欢 began to drain away. She felt the tension drain out of her. The happiness and the excitement had been drained completely from her voice. VII. If something drains you, it leaves you feeling physically and emotionally exhausted. My emotional turmoil had drained me. United left the pitch looking stunned and drained 被榨干, 被抽空, 被吸干, 被抽干. This work is physically exhausting and emotionally draining. VIII. If energy drains or is drained from you, you lose all energy and become very tired. As his energy drained away, his despair and worry grew. I can help resolve conflicts that drain energy. He could rest only when he was too drained of energy 耗干 to fret further. IX. If you say that a country's or a company's resources or finances are drained, you mean that they are used or spent completely. The state's finances have been drained by war. The company has steadily drained its cash reserves. noun. I. 下水道. A drain is a pipe that carries water or sewage away from a place, or an opening in a surface that leads to the pipe. a pipe or passage through which water or waste liquid flows away The drain's blocked again. Tony built his own house and laid his own drains 排水管. ...storm drains. II. If you say that something is a drain on an organization's finances or resources, you mean that it costs the organization a large amount of money, and you do not consider that it is worth it. ...an ultra-modern printing plant, which has been a big drain on resources. Fraud trials are often complex and have become an expensive drain on the public purse. III. a situation in which a lot of people or things leave a country or organization The government pledged to stop the drain 流失, 外流 of capital overseas. the drains 排水系统 plural the system of pipes and passages that take away water or waste liquid in a town or city. drainage 排水(过程, 能力), 排水系统 Drainage is the system or process by which water or other liquids are drained from a place. Line the pots with pebbles to ensure good drainage. The drainage system has collapsed because of too much rain. a. the process of taking away water or waste liquid from somewhere The soil has poor natural drainage. b. a system of pipes and passages that take away water or waste liquid from an area. New drainage has been installed. down the drain 白白浪费, 付之东流 If you say that something is going down the drain, you mean that it is being destroyed or wasted. They were aware that their public image was rapidly going down the drain. If I don't get planning permission, all my hard work will go the drain. drain off/away 抽干, 抽空, 吸干, 耗干 If you drain off a liquid from a place or object, you remove the liquid by causing it to flow somewhere. If a liquid drains off somewhere, it flows there. Drain off any remaining water. The ridged design of the pan allows excess fat to drain off. Put the sausages on a rack to let the fat drain off. Rainwater causes flooding when it can't drain away 排水. brain drain 人才流失 When people talk about a brain drain, they are referring to the movement of a large number of scientists or academics away from their own country to other countries where the conditions and salaries are better. drains up 全面审查, 全面复查, 全面复议 a thorough review of something There is little time for a 'get the drains up' approach, but at the same time parties need to know that their points are being taken on board. a drains up meeting. No amount of drains up analysis got me to the correct answer. 5. Abettor 同案犯 ( = accomplice [əˈkʌmplɪs], accessory 从犯) ([ əˈbetər] someone who helps another person commit a crime If no principal offender is identified then a suspect cannot be convicted as an aider or abettor. abet [əˈbet] I. to help or encourage someone to do something immoral or illegal. If one person abets another, they help or encourage them to do something criminal or wrong. Abet is often used in the legal expression ' aid and abet'. His wife was sentenced to seven years imprisonment for aiding and abetting him. II. [journalism, or formal, disapproval] To abet something, especially something bad or undesirable, means to make it possible. The media have also abetted the feeling of unreality. aid and abet [əˈbet] to help someone to commit a crime. He was charged with aiding and abetting a wanted criminal. instigate [ˈɪnstɪˌɡeɪt] 惹事, 找事, 肇事 to make something start, especially an official process. Someone who instigates an event causes it to happen. Jenkinson instigated a refurbishment of the old gallery. The violence over the last forty-eight hours was instigated by ex-members of the secret police. The leaders of the two factions instigated peace talks.), is a legal term implying one who instigates, encourages or assists another to commit an offence. An abettor differs from an accessory 从犯 in that he must be present at the commission of the crime; in addition they are equally guilty as they knowingly and voluntarily assist in the commission of that crime. All abettors (with certain exceptions) are principals, and, in the absence of specific statutory provision to the contrary, are punishable to the same extent as the actual perpetrator of the offence. A person may in certain cases be convicted as an abettor in the commission of an offence in which he or she could not be a principal, e.g. a woman or boy under fourteen years of age in aiding rape, or a solvent person in aiding and abetting a bankrupt to commit offences against the bankruptcy laws. More recently, an abettor is generally known as an accomplice 同案犯. 6. TBBT: Howard: Can you please just help me? Nurse: All right, all right. Hang on, stay calm. (Over PA system) I need an orderly ( noun. I. 帮工. 护工. someone with no special medical training who works in a hospital, doing jobs such as moving people around and cleaning. An orderly is a person who works in a hospital and does jobs that do not require special medical training. II. a soldier whose job is to help an officer by performing minor duties. adj. I. If something is done in an orderly fashion or manner, it is done in a well-organized and controlled way. The organizers guided them in orderly fashion out of the building. ...seeking an orderly and peaceful resolution to the crisis. II. 整洁的. Something that is orderly is neat or arranged in a neat way. It's a beautiful, clean and orderly city. Their vehicles were parked in orderly rows. A balance is achieved in the painting between orderliness and unpredictability. ) with a wheelchair. I got a robot hand grasping 抓着, 抓住 a man's penis out here. Howard: You think you could be a little more discreet ? Nurse: I'm sorry, we don't have a code for robot hand grasping a man's penis. Why is it hooked up to a computer? Leonard: Uh, it's what controls the arm. TBBT: Sheldon: You realize, Penny, that the technology that went into this arm will one day make unskilled food servers such as yourself obsolete. Penny: Really? They're going to make a robot that spits on your hamburger? Sheldon: I thought you broke up with her. Why is she here? Howard: Okay, here we go. Passing the soy sauce. Put out your hand. Penny: Oh ha-ha, oh. That's amazing. Sheldon: I wouldn't say amazing. At best, it's a modest leap forward 一小步 from the basic technology that gave us Country Bear Jamboree. TBBT: Amy: Your mother thinks you might be losing your mind over me. As a neurobiologist, I was curious. Sheldon: Well, rest assured, I am in full possession of my faculties ( faculty I. Your faculties are your physical and mental abilities. He was drunk and not in control of his faculties. It is also a myth that the faculty of hearing is greatly increased in blind people. II. British A faculty is a group of related departments in some universities, or the people who work in them. ...the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences. III. US A faculty is all the teaching staff of a university or college, or of one department. The faculty agreed on a change in the requirements. How can faculty improve their teaching so as to encourage creativity? ...eminent Stanford faculty members. ). 7. half the battle 胜利了一半 an important step towards achieving something. "he never gives in, and that's half the battle". He advises anyone in low-lying areas 低洼地段, 地势低的地区 or near dams and rivers to have an evacuation plan ready to go. "Know where to go and what to take with you, that's half the battle," he says. "Because the ground is already soaked, even a small intense rain period if it's in the right catchment area for any dams, can cause a rapid inflow into the dam system or into the river system, which will then travel downstream and potentially cause issues," he says. 日本新病毒: "We strongly advise people take steps to limit their exposure to mosquitoes and avoid mosquito habitats 生长环境 such as stagnant water," a department spokesperson said. 澳洲实施新一轮制裁: Russia's invasion of Ukraine has been accompanied by a widespread disinformation campaign, both within Russia and internationally. Tragically for Russia, President Putin has shut down independent voices and locked everyday Russians into a world characterised by lies and disinformation. The addition of sanctions 加入的新制裁 on those responsible for this insidious tactic recognises the powerful impact that disinformation and propaganda can have in conflict. The Australian Government is sanctioning 10 people of strategic interest to Russia for their role in encouraging hostility towards Ukraine and promoting pro-Kremlin propaganda to legitimise Russia's invasion. This includes driving and disseminating false narratives about the "de-Nazification" of Ukraine, making erroneous allegations of genocide against ethnic Russians in eastern Ukraine, and promoting the recognition of the so-called Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic as independent. The foreign minister said Australia was working alongside major social media companies to help remove propaganda from their platforms. "The assertion that there is a genocidal action happening in Ukraine against Russia, that there is a 'denazification' required in Ukraine, is an obscene suggestion( obscene [ɑbˈsin] I. If you describe something as obscene 淫秽的, 暴力的, you mean it offends you because it relates to sex or violence in a way that you think is unpleasant and shocking. (of the portrayal or description of sexual matters) offensive or disgusting by accepted standards of morality and decency. "obscene jokes". I'm not prudish but I think these photographs are obscene. He continued to use obscene language and also to make threats. II. In legal contexts, books, pictures, or films which are judged obscene are illegal because they deal with sex or violence in a way that is considered offensive to the general public. A city magistrate ruled that the novel was obscene and copies should be destroyed. The bill leaves it up to the courts to decide what is obscene. ...the Obscene Publications Act. III. [disapproval] If you describe something as obscene, you disapprove of it very strongly and consider it to be offensive or immoral. offending against moral principles; repugnant. "using animals' skins for fur coats is obscene". It was obscene 太夸张了, 太不道德了, 太过分了 to spend millions producing unwanted food. His salary was obscene for three 40-minute shows a week. )," Senator Payne told Sky News. "Putting a stop, with partners, to those who are perpetrating this disinformation, this propaganda, is something Australia can do." The Australian Government is placing new sanctions on Moscow's propagandists and purveyors ( purvey [pərˈveɪ] to provide information, ideas, or products. a. If you purvey something such as information, you tell it to people. ...one who would, for a hefty fee, purvey strategic advice to private corporations. b. If someone purveys goods or services, they provide them. They have two restaurants that purvey dumplings and chicken noodle soup. purvey something to someone: These writers purveyed an important message to the people. A purveyor 提供者, 供应者 of goods or services is a person or company that provides them. ...purveyors of gourmet foods. ) of disinformation, who are trying to legitimatise 合法化 Russia's unprovoked, unjustified invasion with false narratives such as the "de-Nazification" of Ukraine. This new round of sanctions will impose targeted financial sanctions on the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, and targeted financial sanctions and travel bans against an additional six senior Russian military commanders responsible for implementing naval, ground and air attacks on Ukraine. Australia and partners will continue to impose costs on Russia's egregious, unlawful and completely unjustified war on Ukraine. We again call upon Russia to withdraw its military forces immediately from Ukraine. 8. buttress [ˈbʌtrəs] noun. 支撑结构. Buttresses are supports, usually made of stone or brick, that support a wall. a structure made of brick or stone that sticks out from the wall of a building to support it. verb. to make someone or something stronger by supporting them in some way. To buttress an argument, system, or person means to give them support and strength. ...buttressing his study with impressive wads of statistics. The president's tough line is, however, buttressed by a democratic mandate. The rule of law in this country remains strongly buttressed and enforced by an independent and efficient judicial system. flying buttress 飞梁 a curved structure that supports the wall of a building. fall/collapse etc in a heap 瘫倒在地上, 瘫坐一团, 瘫软 to fall down and lie without moving. to fall down heavily and lie on the ground without moving. to fall very suddenly to the ground and lie there. The young footballer collapsed in a heap after a heavy tackle. Overcome by heat exhaustion, he collapsed/fell in a heap. The woman staggered and collapsed in a heap. They finally collapsed in a heap on the grass. "The idea that we should have a dedicated natural disaster force just on permanent standby falls into a heap for the simple 不成立 reason that we've already got them in the state emergency services," he said. 9. poignant [pɔɪnjənt] 让人心酸的, 让人伤感的 adj. Something that is poignant affects you deeply and makes you feel sadness or regret. ...a poignant combination of beautiful surroundings and tragic history. ...a poignant love story. Harry thought the sight of her was inexpressibly poignant. Naomi's mothering experiences are poignantly described in her fiction. The roadside crosses are a poignant reminder of the fatal accidents. a poignant movie. no cap 不吹牛, 不撒谎, 不骗你 The expression no cap is slang meaning "no lie"or "for real," often used to emphasize someone is not exaggerating about something hard to believe, typically used as a disclaimer for anything that could be perceived as cap. cap & no cap: To put it simply, cap refers to lying, while no cap means — you guessed it — telling the truth. In context, however, the term can take on a variety of meanings. Cap can be used to question whether or not someone is being honest, and no cap is often used as a disclaimer to let people know you're not exaggerating or talking yourself up. Capping is basically the act of lying or faking something. Typically, the terms are used in the context of boasting. If someone is bragging about how many cars they own or how many guys are in their DMs, it's possible they're "capping" in order to make themselves look cooler. There's no way that really happened. That's cap. Dude, I know this sounds fake, but no cap. He told me it was just a boys night, but I know he's capping. She always pretends to like everyone but she's a capper. cap noun. I. 作为动词名词 (选中进入国家队, 代表国家对出赛) If a sports player is capped, they are chosen to represent their country in a team game such as football, rugby, or cricket. Rees, 32, has been capped for 代表国家队出战 England 23 times. ...England's most capped rugby union player. If a sports player represents their country in a team game such as football, rugby, or cricket, you can say that they have been awarded a cap. He will win his first cap for Wales in Sunday's Test match against Australia. You can refer to someone who is representing their country for the first time in a team game such as football, rugby, or cricket, as a new cap. New Zealand - who have one new cap - won last year's fixture 29-9. II. The cap of a bottle is its lid. She unscrewed the cap of her water bottle and gave him a drink. III. A cap is a circular rubber device that a woman places inside her vagina to prevent herself from becoming pregnant. IV. A cap is a small amount of explosive that is wrapped in paper. Caps are often used in toy guns. verb. I. If the government caps an organization, council, or budget, it limits the amount of money that the organization or council is allowed to spend, or limits the size of the budget. The Secretary of State for Environment has the power to cap 设置上限 councils which spend excessively. Nearly half of all local councils face being capped. Between 70 and 80 councils face significant spending cuts or capping next year. II. If you cap one thing with another, you put the other thing on top. They had capped 封顶 the roof with plywood. ...homemade scones capped with cream. III. If someone says that a good or bad event caps a series of events, they mean it is the final event in the series, and the other events were also good or bad. The win capped a fine tournament for the Irish team. IV. If someone's teeth are capped, covers are fixed over them so that they look better. He suddenly smiled, revealing teeth that had recently been capped. I had my teeth capped 包牙, 镶牙. cap in hand If you go cap in hand to someone, you ask them very humbly to give you something or to do something for you. The country might eventually be forced to go cap in hand to the International Monetary Fund. ice cap 冰封 The ice caps are the thick layers of ice and snow that cover the North and South Poles. This could cause the ice caps to melt. ...the polar ice caps. snow-capped 雪封的 A snow-capped mountain is covered with snow at the top. ...the snow-capped Himalayan peaks. 10.
How are human rights protected in Australian law? Unlike most similar liberal democracies, Australia does not have a Bill of Rights 权利法案(Australia is the only common law country with neither a constitutional nor federal legislative bill of rights to protect its citizens, although there is ongoing debate in many of Australia's states. Former Australian Prime Minister John Howard has argued against a bill of rights for Australia on the grounds it would transfer power from elected politicians to unelected judges and bureaucrats. Victoria, Queensland and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) are the only states and territories to have a human rights Act. However, the principle of legality present in the Australian judicial system, seeks to ensure that legislation is interpreted so as not to interfere with basic human rights, unless legislation expressly intends to interfere.). Instead, protections for human rights may be found in the Constitution and in legislation passed by the Commonwealth Parliament or State or Territory Parliaments. There are five explicit individual rights in the Constitution. These are the right to vote (Section 41), protection against acquisition of property on unjust terms (Section 51 (xxxi)), the right to a trial by jury (Section 80), freedom of religion (Section 116) and prohibition of discrimination on the basis of State of residency (Section 117). The High Court has found that additional rights for individuals may be necessarily implied by the language and structure of the Constitution. In 1992 the Court decided that Australia's form of parliamentary democracy (dictated by the Constitution) necessarily requires a degree of freedom for individuals to discuss and debate political issues. Australia's common law was inherited from the United Kingdom. Common law 英美法系 ( judicial precedent or judge-made law, or case law. Civil law 欧陆法系 is a legal system originating in mainland Europe and adopted in much of the world. The civil law system is intellectualized within the framework of Roman law, and with core principles codified into a referable system, which serves as the primary source of law. The civil law system is often contrasted with the common law system, which originated in medieval England, whose intellectual framework historically came from uncodified judge-made case law, and gives precedential authority to prior court decisions.) is often called 'judge-made' law. This distinguishes it from laws made in Parliament. As well as common law, United Kingdom law includes the Magna Carta of 1215 which was probably the first human rights treaty. A bill of rights, sometimes called a declaration of rights or a charter of rights, is a list of the most important rights to the citizens of a country. The purpose is to protect those rights against infringement from public officials and private citizens. Bills of rights may be entrenched or unentrenched. An entrenched bill of rights cannot be amended or repealed by a country's legislature through regular procedure, instead requiring a supermajority or referendum; often it is part of a country's constitution, and therefore subject to special procedures applicable to constitutional amendments.
