用法学习: 1. offhandedly I. in a way that does not seem to show much interest or careful thought. without previous thought or preparation. without previous thought or preparation; extempore: to decide offhand to take a trip. "she had made these remarks offhandedly". He offhandedly mentioned his interest to his boss. She spoke almost offhandedly. I. 心不在焉的. 不经心的. cavalierly, curtly, or brusquely: to reply offhand 随便的, 没有多想的, 顺手的, 随手的. offhand ( impromptu, extemporaneous, off-the-cuff, ad lib, improvise, spur-of-the-moment 心血来潮的, 即兴的, improviso, extemporal, extemporary, extemporaneous, extempore, extemporized) I. Without planning or thinking ahead.If you say something offhand, you say it without checking the details or facts of it. 'Have you done the repairs?'—'Can't say off-hand, but I doubt it.' Were they at home or away, do you know offhand?' She gave an offhand speech. II. Careless; without sufficient thought or consideration. He doesn't realise how hurtful his offhand remarks can be. III. [disapproval] Curt, abrupt, unfriendly. If you say that someone is being offhand, you are critical of them for being unfriendly or impolite, and not showing any interest in what other people are doing or saying. He lapsed into long silences or became offensively off-hand. Consumers found the attitude of its staff offhand. She was quite offhand with me yesterday. impromptu [ɪmˈprɑmpˌtu] An impromptu action is one that you do without planning or organizing it in advance. not planned or prepared an impromptu 突然兴起的, 临时起意的, 临时决定的 dinner party. This afternoon the Palestinians held an impromptu press conference. The children put on an impromptu concert for the visitors. improvised [ˈimprəˌvaizd] made or said without previous preparation an improvised skit 即兴小品. improvise [ˈɪmprəˌvaɪz] I. intransitive to do something without preparing it first, often because the situation does not allow you to prepare. If you improvise, you make or do something using whatever you have or without having planned it in advance. You need a wok with a steaming rack for this; if you don't have one, improvise. The vet had improvised a harness 临时制作, 临时拼凑. ...an improvised stone shelter. ...tents improvised from sheets of heavy plastic draped over wooden poles. Funds were not abundant and clever improvisation was necessary. She'd forgotten her carefully written speech, but knew she could easily improvise. II. intransitive/transitive if a performer in a play or a group of musicians improvises, they invent words or musical notes without preparing them or learning them before. When performers improvise, they invent music or words as they play, sing, or speak. I asked her what the piece was and she said, 'Oh, I'm just improvising.' Uncle Richard intoned a chapter from the Bible and improvised a prayer. I think that the art of a storyteller is to take the story and improvise on it. ...improvised comedy. ...an improvisation on 'Jingle Bells'. The last two scenes were completely improvised 即兴发挥. III. transitive to make something from whatever is available, although it is not what you normally use. We used old shirts to improvise 临时代替作为 dressings for their wounds. extemporize = extemporise [ɪkˈstempəˌraɪz] If you extemporize, you speak, act, or perform something immediately, without rehearsing or preparing it beforehand. to perform or produce something without preparing or practicing He completely departed from the text and extemporized in a very energetic fashion. extemporaneous [ɪkˌstempəˈreɪniəs] = extemporary I. spoken, performed, etc, without planning or preparation; impromptu; extempore. II. done in a temporary manner; improvised. extempore [ɪkˈstempəri] adj. & adj. without planning or preparation; impromptu. said or done without preparing or practicing. 2. coagulate [koʊ'ægjʊleɪt] 固化, 凝结, 凝固 (不可逆的化学变化) ( curdle, jell, gelatinize, clot 结块) ( Congeal is used for gelatin or fat. I use congeal when the process of solidification is reversible. (e.g. you can melt congealed fat, and it becomes liquid again). Coagulate (clot) is used for blood. It is a chemical process and is not reversible. Curdle is another term used in cheese-making. It is an irreversible chemical change caused by bacteria.) VERB When a liquid coagulates, it becomes very thick. As the egg whites cook, they coagulate and rise to the surface. The blood coagulates to stop wounds bleeding. to change from liquid to a more solid state, or to cause something to do this: The sauce coagulated as it cooled down. The venom of this snake coagulates the blood. vocabulary: When liquid starts to thicken and become solid, it coagulates. When you get a cut, the blood flowing from the wound will coagulate: it will start to clot and form a solid scab so you will stop bleeding. Many liquids have the potential to coagulate. If the cream you just poured into your coffee is spoiled, you'll see the cream coagulate as it curdles into little floating chunks. If someone has a heart condition that may result in a heart attack, he or she might take medication that keeps the blood in the arteries from coagulating, or dangerously thickening. congeal [kənˈdʒil] (可逆的物理变化) if a substance such as blood or fat congeals, it becomes thick and almost solid. When a liquid congeals, it becomes very thick and sticky and almost solid. The blood had started to congeal. ...spilled wine mingled with congealed soup. II. 比喻义. it was hard to get the workers to congeal into one, cohesive team. vocabulary: Congeal means to jell — to solidify or become gelatinous. Sounds gross? But wiggly Jell-O is actually congealed liquid, so it can't be that bad, right? This word comes to us from the Old French word congeler, which means "to freeze." So when something congeals it goes from liquid to solid form, almost like freezing. No one usually likes congealed anything — whether it's chunkified old soup in the fridge or dried blood on a wound. See? Pretty gross. Jell-O is about as good as congealed gets! Jell-O [ˈdʒeloʊ] = (UK) jelly 果冻 Jell-O is a transparent, usually coloured food that is eaten as a dessert. It is made from gelatine, fruit juice, and sugar. gelatinous [dʒəˈlæt(ə)nəs] 粘稠的 in a wet sticky state between solid and liquid. curdle 结块 If milk or eggs curdle or if you curdle them, they separate into different bits. if milk or another liquid curdles, or if something makes it curdle, lumps begin to form in it The sauce should not boil or the egg yolk will curdle. The herb has been used for centuries to curdle milk. make your blood curdle to shock or frighten you very much. He told stories about life in the army that would make your blood curdle. spread eagle I. the representation of an eagle with outstretched wings, used as an emblem of the US. an emblematic representation of an eagle with its legs and wings extended, used especially as an emblem of the United States. II. an acrobatic skating figure. spread-eagled = spreadeagle 躺平成大字的, 四脚拉叉的 adj. lying or standing with arms and legs outstretched. "prisoners are chained to their beds, spreadeagle, for days at a time" verb. to assume or cause to assume the shape of a spread eagle. stretch (someone) out with their arms and legs extended. lying with your arms and legs stretched out: William was lying spreadeagled on the grass, blind drunk. "he lay spreadeagled in the road". 3. chow down (sth) [tʃaʊ] = chow down on sth 大吃大嚼, 狼吞虎咽 [mainly US, informal] to eat, especially in an informal situation. If you chow down on something, you eat a large amount of it quickly and with enthusiasm. Shane was chowing down on a mammoth hamburger. Diners stare at the TV as they chow down. You can't just chow down on a slice of pizza in class. He just wants to go somewhere he can chow down fried chicken. airhead 脑袋空空 [informal, disapproval] a stupid person: She's such an airhead. If you describe someone as an airhead, you are critical of them because you think they are not at all clever and are interested only in unimportant things. airheaded (of a person) silly or foolish. "an idiotic video filled with airheaded celebrities". 4. cardinal noun. I. A cardinal is a high-ranking priest in the Catholic Church. In 1448, Nicholas was appointed a cardinal. They were encouraged by a promise from Cardinal Winning. II. A cardinal is a common North American bird. The male has bright red feathers. adj. A cardinal rule or quality is the one that is considered to be the most important. As a salesperson, your cardinal rule is to do everything you can to satisfy a customer. Harmony, balance and order are cardinal virtues to the Frence. cardinal sin
I. any of the seven deadly sins. something that the Christian religion
says is bad and that you must not do. II. a serious error of judgement.
If you describe an action as a cardinal sin, you are indicating that
some people strongly disapprove of it. something that is considered to
be bad or wrong and that you must not do He committed the cardinal sin of forgetting their anniversary. I committed the physician's cardinal sin: I got involved with my patients. "he committed the cardinal sin of criticizing his teammates". carnal 肉欲的, 身体的 [ˈkɑrn(ə)l] adj. Carnal feelings and desires are sexual and physical, without any spiritual element. Their ruling passion is that of carnal love. carnal knowledge an act of especially illegal sexual intercourse whoever has carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will. District of Columbia Code Annotated also : the crime of committing such an act was charged with carnal knowledge of a juvenile. Note: Carnal knowledge is sometimes an element of the statutory definition of rape in addition to being a separate offense. carnage [ˈkɑrnɪdʒ] I. a situation in which there is a lot of death and destruction. Carnage is the violent killing of large numbers of people, especially in a war. ...a planned attempt to wreak carnage 人员伤亡, 大量伤亡 in a very busy town centre. ...the carnage of motorway accidents. a scene of carnage. II. mainly journalism a situation that is difficult or full of problems There was economic carnage on the stock exchange yesterday. 5. fulfilled [fʊlˈfɪld] 人生圆满, 心满意足的 (不虚度的, 不虚此行的) happy and satisfied, especially because you are doing something important or using your abilities. feeling happy because you are getting everything that you want from life: For the first time in my life, I feel really fulfilled. a. completed or achieved. b. carried out or executed. c. possessing the feeling of having reached one's potential. She is nevertheless a happy and fulfilled woman. I feel more fulfilled doing this than I've ever done. She has courageously continued to lead a fulfilled life. navel-gazing ( self-indulgent 太自我, 自我陶醉的, 自顾自的) [disapproval] self-indulgent or excessive contemplation of oneself or a single issue, at the expense of a wider view. the activity of spending too much time considering your own thoughts, feelings, or problems. If you refer to an activity as navel-gazing, you are critical of it because people are thinking about something for a long time but take no action on it. She dismisses the reform process as an exercise in collective navel-gazing. "he lapsed into his customary navel-gazing". wiki: Navel-gazing or omphaloskepsis is the contemplation of one's navel as an aid to meditation. However, phrases such as "contemplating one's navel" or "navel-gazing" are frequently used, usually in jocular fashion, to refer to self-absorbed pursuits. contemplate (one's) navel To be excessively focused on one's personal problems or concerns. Good luck getting John's attention—he's too busy contemplating his navel to help anybody else. spend time complacently considering yourself or your own interests; concentrate on one issue at the expense of a wider view. egotistical [ˌiɡoʊˈtɪstɪk(ə)l] 自大的, 自以为是的 thinking that you are more important than other people and need not care about them. egomaniac [ˌiɡoʊˈmeɪniˌæ] 自大狂 noun. [disapproval] An
egomaniac is someone who thinks only of themselves and does not care if
they harm other people in order to get what they want. someone who
behaves in an unreasonable or crazy way because they think that they and
their ideas are extremely important Adam is clever enough, but he's also something of an egomaniac. egotist [ˈiɡoʊtɪst] [disapproval] An
egotist is someone who is egotistic. someone who thinks that they are
more important than other people and need not care about them. vibe out I. 陶醉,
沉浸在. 忘记自我 To become absorbed by the music one is listening to,
especially that which is very calming or relaxing. To lose oneself in
music. I put on my fancy headphones and vibed out to the tunes of my favorite DJ. II. To experience a state of peaceful, contented happiness I work in a busy office building all week, so I like to spend my weekends vibing out in nature. extravagant [ɪkˈstrævəɡənt] adj. I. 大手大脚的. Someone who is extravagant spends more money than they can afford or uses more of something than is reasonable. We are not extravagant; restaurant meals are a luxury and designer clothes are out. I hope you don't think I'm extravagant but I've had the electric fire on for most of the day. Jeff had shopped extravagantly for presents for the whole family. II. 过分奢侈的. Something that is extravagant costs more money than you can afford or uses more of something than is reasonable. extravagant with: We've been very extravagant with paper. Her Aunt Sallie gave her an uncharacteristically extravagant gift. Baking a whole cheese in pastry may seem extravagant. ...her extravagant lifestyle. For such a beautifully engineered machine, it is not extravagantly priced. III. Extravagant behaviour is extreme behaviour that is often done for a particular effect. He was extravagant in his admiration of Hellas. They may make extravagant shows of generosity. She had on occasions praised him extravagantly. ...extravagantly bizarre clothes. IV. [disapproval] Extravagant claims or ideas are unrealistic or impractical. extreme, unusual, or unreasonable He made extravagant claims on his son's behalf. They have to compete by adorning their products with ever more extravagant claims. Don't be afraid to consider apparently extravagant 不切实际的, 不着边际的 ideas. V. Extravagant entertainments or designs are elaborate and impressive. ...the wildest and most extravagant London parties. ...painting extravagant and bold designs onto wooden frames. The day before announcing his farewell to business, Sir James talked to me in his extravagantly elegant Paris home. 6. vitiate [ˈvɪʃɪeɪt] 损害 被破坏, 被干扰, 被阻碍 I. spoil or impair the quality or efficiency of. "development programmes have been vitiated by the rise in population". II. destroy or impair the legal validity of. "the insurance is vitiated because of foolish acts on the part of the tenant". III. If something is vitiated, its effectiveness is spoiled or weakened. The Commission's handling of its finances is vitiated by error and fraud. But this does not vitiate his scholarship. IV. to destroy or damage something: He said that American military power should never again be vitiated by political concerns. eviscerate [ɪvɪsəreɪt] I. 清除内脏. 除内脏. to remove one or all of the organs from the inside of a body. To eviscerate a person or animal means to remove their internal organs, such as their heart, lungs, and stomach. II. If you say that something will eviscerate an organization or system 严重削弱, you are emphasizing that it will make the organization or system much weaker or much less powerful. Democrats say the petition will eviscerate state government. shellac [ʃəˈlæk] noun. a type of varnish. Shellac is a kind of natural varnish which you paint on to wood to give it a shiny surface. varnish (something) with shellac. "he shellacked the box, paying special attention to the top and sides". verb. informal North American defeat or beat (someone) decisively. "they were shellacked in the 1982 election". shellacking 暴打, 胖揍, 痛殴, 痛击 a complete defeat; a sound beating. a complete defeat: The Dodgers took a shellacking (= were defeated by many points). anyone who gives a shellacking to their bigger neighbours. trite [trʌɪt] 没有新意的, 老生常谈的. 老掉牙的. 听出茧的 (of a remark or idea) lacking originality or freshness; dull on account of overuse. If you say that something such as an idea, remark, or story is trite, you mean that it is dull and boring because it has been said or told too many times. The movie is teeming with obvious and trite ideas. The simple concepts he had been taught now sounded trite and naive. "this point may now seem obvious and trite". Puberty blockers 青春发育抑制剂, also called puberty inhibitors, are drugs used to postpone puberty in children. The most commonly used puberty blockers are gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, which inhibit the release of sex hormones, including testosterone and estrogen. In addition to their various other medical uses, puberty blockers are used for transgender children to delay the development of unwanted sex characteristics, so as to allow transgender youth more time to explore their identity. 7. infidel [ˈɪnfɪd(ə)l] [ˈɪnfɪdel] 异教徒 [literary, disapproval] If one person refers to another as an infidel, the first person is hostile towards the second person because that person has a different religion or has no religion. ...a holy war, to drive the infidels and the non-believers out of this holy land. He promised to continue the fight against infidel forces. pagan [peɪgən] adj. Pagan beliefs and activities do not belong to any of the main religions of the world and take nature and a belief in many gods as a basis. They are older, or are believed to be older, than other religions. noun. In former times, pagans were people who did not believe in Christianity and who many Christians considered to be inferior people. The new religion was eager to convert the pagan world. Eggs were associated with spring and fertility by pagans. a. belonging or relating to a religion that worships many gods, especially one that existed before the main world religions: a pagan religion. The Easter egg has both pagan and Christian origins. b. belonging or relating to a modern religion that includes beliefs and activities that are not from any of the main religions of the world, for example the worship of nature: The wedding was a pagan ceremony held in a forest. a pagan festival. c. a person who belongs to a religion that worships many gods, especially one that existed before the main world religions: Originally pagans, the Anglo-Saxons were a Germanic people who invaded Britain in the fifth and sixth centuries. a person who has no religious beliefs. a person who belongs to a modern religion that includes beliefs and activities that are not from any of the main religions of the world, for example the worship of nature: They are trying to stop some pagans from doing a nature ceremony. It is the nonjudgmental nature of pagans that drew her to them. 8. subjugate [ˈsʌbdʒəˌɡeɪt] I. 征服. to defeat a place or a group of people and force them to obey you. If someone subjugates a group of people, they take complete control of them, especially by defeating them in a war. to defeat a place or a group of people and force them to obey you The indigenous people of Mexico were subjugated by the Spanish conquistadors during the 16th century. People in the region are fiercely independent and resist all attempts to subjugate them. ...the brutal subjugation of native tribes. The indigenous people of Mexico were subjugated by the Spanish conquistadors during the 16th century. II. If your wishes or desires are subjugated to something 臣服于, they are treated as less important than that thing. Health, common sense, and self-respect are subjugated to the cause of looking 'hot'. vocabulary: If you say you won't be kept down by the man, you are saying that you won't let the man subjugate 屈服 you. To subjugate is to repress someone, or to make them subservient to you. In subjugate you see the word subject. In this word, it's not talking about the subject of a sentence, rather it's talking about the kind of subjects that Kings have serving them. Subjugate is to reduce someone's status to that of a subject. It's a royal demotion, often brought by force or intimidation. A cadaver or corpse 尸体 is a dead human body that is used by medical students, physicians and other scientists to study anatomy, identify disease sites, determine causes of death, and provide tissue to repair a defect in a living human being. Students in medical school study and dissect cadavers as a part of their education. Others who study cadavers include archaeologists and arts students. The term cadaver is used in courts of law to refer to a dead body, as well as by recovery teams searching for bodies in natural disasters. A cadaver graft (also called “postmortem graft”) is the grafting of tissue from a dead body onto a living human to repair a defect or disfigurement. Cadavers can be observed for their stages of decomposition, helping to determine how long a body has been dead. Cadavers have been used in art to depict the human body in paintings and drawings more accurately. legal eagle 法律专家 a lawyer, especially one who is keen and astute. a skilled lawyer, or a clever student of law: Legal eagles sensed they'd spotted an infringement of trademark and swooped. Teenage legal eagles pitted their wits against each other during a mock trial at Queen Elizabeth Sixth Form College. astute [əˈstjuːt] having or showing an ability to accurately assess situations or people and turn this to one's advantage. "an astute businessman". 9. plaque [plæk] I. countable a flat piece of metal or stone that is hung on a wall or building for decoration, or to give information. A plaque is a flat piece of metal or stone with writing on it which is fixed to a wall or other structure to remind people of an important person or event. After touring the hospital, the princess unveiled a commemorative plaque. II. uncountable medical 牙垢. a substance that forms on your teeth and in which bacteria can grow and damage your teeth. Plaque is a substance containing bacteria that forms on the surface of your teeth. Deposits of plaque build up between the tooth and the gum. III. Coronary artery disease 冠状动脉粥样硬化 (vein 静脉)( artery I. Arteries are the tubes in your body that carry blood from your heart to the rest of your body. ...patients suffering from blocked arteries. II. You can refer to an important main route within a complex road, railway, or river system as an artery. Clarence Street was one of the north-bound arteries of the central business district. ...the point where the Ohio River, itself a great artery, joins the Mississippi. vein I. Your veins are the thin tubes in your body through which your blood flows towards your heart. Many veins are found just under the skin. II. Something that is written or spoken in a particular vein is written or spoken in that style or mood. It is one of his finest works in a lighter vein. The girl now replies in similar vein. a particular mood, style, or subject. He continued in this vein for a couple of minutes. in the same vein 同样的状况, 同样的情景, 氛围, 口吻, 语气, 语调: continuing with something similar to what came before. Dallas had dominated the game throughout the first half, and the second half began in a similar vein with another touchdown after only five minutes. Her second novel is a thriller, very much in the same vein as the first. III. A vein of a particular quality is evidence of that quality which someone often shows in their behaviour or work. a supply or amount of a particular thing. There was a vein of humor in his remarks. a rich vein (=a large supply or amount): He certainly has a rich vein of talent. The striker's rich vein of form this season has seen him net 32 goals. This Spanish drama has a vein of black humour running through it. IV. A vein of a particular metal or mineral is a layer of it lying in rock. ...a vein of copper. ...a rich and deep vein of limestone. VI. The veins on a leaf 经脉, 支脉 are the thin lines on it. ...the serrated edges and veins of the feathery leaves. V. varicose vein [ˌverɪkoʊs] 静脉曲张 Varicose veins are swollen and painful veins in a person's legs, which sometimes require a medical operation. a medical condition in which the veins in your legs become swollen and sore. ) is the buildup of plaque 动脉硬化 in the arteries that supply oxygen-rich blood to your heart. Plaque causes a narrowing or blockage that could result in a heart attack. Symptoms include chest pain or discomfort and shortness of breath. Treatments include lifestyle changes and medications that target your risk factors and/or possibly surgery. 10. universal 广谱的. 全面的. 通用的. 适用于所有人的. 广泛适用的. 全民的. I. involving or affecting everyone in the world. universal human rights. the universal language of music. a. involving all the members of a group or society. The proposal has not met with universal agreement. universal health care. I don't think it's universal thought 普世的看法, 所有人都认为, 共识, 所有人的想法, 全世界都同意的想法 that he murdered his wife. II. 万能的. 万用的. appropriate for a lot of different situations, sizes, or uses. a universal electrical adapter. consensus [kən'sensəs] ( general agreement, unanimity) 共识 A consensus is general agreement among a group of people. agreement among all the people involved. We are still hopeful that further talks will result in a consensus. by consensus: All good decisions are made by consensus. general consensus 一般共识: The general consensus is that we should all get some sleep. reach a consensus: It will be difficult to reach any sort of consensus on this issue. The consensus amongst scientists is that the world will warm up over the next few decades. The question of when the troops should leave would be decided by consensus. consensus view (法律名字) 一般的意见,一般的看法, which as it states, implies consensus (agreement) among citizens on what should and should not be illegal. This idea implies that all groups come together, regardless of social class, race, age, gender, and more, to determine what should be illegal. consensus ad idem [kənˌsensəs æd ˈaɪdəm] agreement between the parties of a contract that they understand the meaning of the contract and want to enter into it. This Latin phrase literally means 'agreement to the same thing'. Consensus decision-making or consensus politics 少数服从多数 (often abbreviated to consensus) is group decision-making processes in which participants develop and decide on proposals with the aim, or requirement, of acceptance by all. The focus on establishing agreement of the supermajority and avoiding unproductive opinion, differentiates consensus from unanimity, which requires all participants to support a decision. Tacit knowledge or implicit knowledge 无法教授的知识, 无法传授的知识, 隐形知识—as opposed to formal, codified or explicit knowledge—is knowledge that is difficult to express or extract, and thus more difficult to transfer to others by means of writing it down or verbalizing it. This can include personal wisdom, experience, insight, and intuition. For example, knowing that London is in the United Kingdom is a piece of explicit knowledge; it can be written down, transmitted, and understood by a recipient. In contrast, the ability to speak a language, ride a bicycle, knead dough, play a musical instrument, or design and use complex equipment requires all sorts of knowledge which is not always known explicitly, even by expert practitioners, and which is difficult or impossible to explicitly transfer to other people. Consensus theory ( VS conflict theory) is a social theory that holds a particular political or economic system as a fair system, and that social change should take place within the social institutions provided by it. Consensus theory contrasts sharply with conflict theory, which holds that social change is only achieved through conflict. Under consensus theory the absence of conflict is seen as the equilibrium [ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbriəm] ( I. 实力均衡. 势均力敌. a situation in which there is a balance between different forces or aspects. Equilibrium is a balance between several different influences or aspects of a situation. Stocks seesawed ever lower until prices found some new level of equilibrium. For the economy to be in equilibrium, income must equal expenditure. A new arms race in the region would upset the delicate equilibrium between the opposing factions. in equilibrium 供需平衡: a situation in which supply and demand are in equilibrium. II. 内心的平静. 内心的平衡. 心如止水. 内心的宁静. a calm mental state in which you are in control of your feelings. Someone's equilibrium is their normal calm state of mind. I paused in the hall to take three deep breaths to restore my equilibrium. He had recovered his equilibrium and even his good humour, somehow. He tried hard to maintain his equilibrium. III. physics 平衡状态. a state in which an object is not moving in any way, or is moving at the same rate all the time, because there is a balance between any forces affecting it. ) state of society and that there is a general or widespread agreement among all members of a particular society about norms, values, rules and regulations. Consensus theory is concerned with the maintenance or continuation of social order in society. Consensus theory serves as a sociological argument for the furtherance and preservation of the status quo. It is antagonistic ( [ænˌtæɡəˈnɪstɪk] I. 不喜欢的. 不赞成的 disliking someone or something very much and behaving in a very unfriendly way towards them. If a person is antagonistic to someone or something, they show hatred or dislike towards them. Nearly all the women I interviewed were aggressively antagonistic to the idea. antagonistic towards/to:You sound very antagonistic towards her. II.opposing something strongly. ) to conflict theory, which serves as a sociological argument for modifying the status quo or for its total reversal. In consensus theory, the rules are seen as integrative ( I. 融合性的. 融合的. 融在一起的. combining two or more things to make them more effective. an integrative approach to teaching and learning. II. 结合的. integrative medicine combines Western scientific and complementary treatments. integrative oncology. an integrative 中西医结合的 physician. ), and whoever doesn't respect them is a deviant person. Under conflict theory, the rules are seen as coercive, and who transgresses them is considered an agent of change.
