用法学习: 1. fit the bill = fill the bill 满足要求, 满足条件 If you say that someone or something fits the bill or fills the bill, you mean that they are suitable for a particular job or purpose. If you fit the bill, send a CV to Rebecca Rees. meet the brief = fit the brief To be suitable or acceptable. suffice. It's a brilliant dystopian tale and a great re-interpretation of the Guy Fawkes story so it fits the brief perfectly, right? She's a frustrating booking for this sort of show because she fits the brief but those planned zingers break up the natural flow of the otherwise earnest chat. Simpson's piece fits the brief beautifully, with four compact movements flitting virtuosically through elegiac clarinet lines, musky piano chords and woozy, restless dialogue. "The brand identity fits the brief perfectly, adding vibrancy, colour and life to our channel," said Jane Mote, launch programme director for London Live. zinger [US, informal] I. a surprise, or a shock. II. = one-liner. A zinger is a witty remark, or something that is lively, interesting, amusing, or impressive. a quick and clever remark that makes someone who you are arguing with feel embarrassed. A surprising or unusually pointed, humorous and impressive insult or insulting quip. My little niece let fly with the zinger that my sister was pregnant again. The panelists are left to compress their inquiries into one good zinger of a question. I thought it looked like a zinger. III. 让头头晕目眩的事情 An event that when experienced leaves the witness dazed, either physically or metaphorically. I was still reeling from the zinger of seeing my ex on a date with my best friend. IV. An outstanding, energetic and surprising thing or person. 2. ritalin [rɪtəlɪn] Ritalin is a drug that is used especially in the treatment of attention deficit disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Ritalin stimulates the mind and body in adults and can calm children down. It's used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. bare-knuckle = bare-knuckled 赤手空拳 fighting or fought without boxing gloves. a bare-knuckle fight. II. 孤注一掷的. 不顾一切的. aggressive and without reservations a bare-knuckle confrontation. white-knuckle 吓人的, 惊悚的, 刺激的 adj I. (especially of a fairground ride) causing extreme excitement or fear. In a fairground, a white-knuckle ride is any large machine that people ride on which is very exciting but also frightening. a white-knuckle ride or journey makes you feel very frightened because it is exciting or dangerous. ...white-knuckle rides such as the rollercoaster. II. displaying or characterized by extreme excitement or fear. A white-knuckle experience is something that you find very exciting but also very frightening. if you have white-knuckled hands, your hands are held tightly in a fist because you are anxious or afraid. ...a hellish white-knuckle ride through the heavy London traffic. white-knuckled. "a succession of white-knuckled passengers got out of the plane". draw/get blood out of a stone = get blood from a stone 势比登天 If you say that doing something such as getting information or persuading someone to talk to you is like getting blood out of a stone or getting blood from a stone, you are emphasizing that it is very difficult and that people are not being very helpful. In American English, you can also say that it is like getting blood out of a turnip 芜菁, 蔓菁. to make someone give or tell you something, when it is extremely difficult because of the character or mood of the person or organization you are dealing with: Persuading Chris to buy a round of drinks is like getting blood from a stone. blah 没意思, 枯燥无味, 无趣, 无聊 adj NORTH AMERICAN dull or unexciting. uninteresting; insipid. boring or ordinary: I thought the show was blah. "the game has been very blah". Andrew's just as blah as all the other guys at Creekwood. I want someone exciting. And spontaneous. The kind of guy who isn't afraid to do something crazy and unexpected, like rob a bank. 3. jump out at sb 惹眼, 出挑, 不由你不注意 have a strong visual or mental impact; be very striking. "advertising posters that really jump out at you". If something jumps out at you, you notice it immediately. If you say that something jumps out at you, you mean that it is easy to notice it because it is different from other things of its type. A phrase jumped out at me in a piece about copyright. That's a very effective advertisement - it really jumps out at you. jump out of (something) I. To exit or emerge from something very quickly or abruptly. to leap from something. A mouse jumped out of the cupboard and scared me. I jumped out of bed and ran to answer the telephone. I jumped out of the shower and ran to answer the telephone. Everyone jumped out of the pool when hailstones started falling down on top of them. Security footage shows the defendant jumping out of the car and attacking the plaintiff. jump with (something) I. To move involuntarily because of some negative stimulus. Mary jumped with alarm when Tom put his hand on her shoulder. The poor child jumped with pain when I pulled the bandage off. II. To be filled with and made very active by a large number or amount of something. The club was jumping with an incredible blend of jazz and hip-hop. Their party was jumping with people by the end of the night. III. To be filled with and energized by some positive emotion. to be very active with excitement or enthusiasm. The crowd was jumping with enthusiasm. The bar was jumping with young people. The kids were jumping with excitement 激动地跳起来 when we told them we were going to Disneyland. What's wrong? I thought you'd jump with joy 高兴的跳 when I told you the news. jump for (something) I. To move involuntarily because of some negative stimulus. Mary jumped for fright when Tom put his hand on her shoulder. The poor child jumped for pain when I pulled the bandage off. II. To be filled with and energized by some positive emotion. The kids were jumping for excitement when we told them we were going to Disneyland. What's wrong? I thought you'd jump for joy when I told you the news. jump for joy To be exuberant or very happy about something. I practically jumped for joy when I saw that I'd gotten an A on that impossible history test. I'm going to jump for joy when I see my boyfriend at the airport. 4. that's all she wrote 然后就没有然后了, 到此为止了 said when there is no more to say or when something is finished He got hurt, and he didn't play much anymore. That's all she wrote. silk: Queen's Counsel ( The only difference between a QC and SC is the name. Up to and including 1992, senior counsel in New South Wales were known as Queen's Counsel. From 1993 and onwards, senior counsel in New South Wales were known as Senior Counsel (note the capital letters).) is a status, conferred by the Crown, which is recognised by courts. Members have the privilege of sitting within the Bar of court. As members can wear silk gowns of a particular design, the award of Queen's Counsel is known informally as taking silk (变成QC or SC. Queen's Counsel, or Senior Counsel), and hence QCs are often colloquially called silks. He joined the NSW Bar Association in 1988, and became a silk in 2000, previously serving as a Crown Prosecutor, Public Defender and Senior Public Defender. What is a Lawyer? Lawyer is a generic term to describe a person who has had obtained a legal qualification and had legal training. It applies to both solicitors and barristers. What is a Solicitor? A solicitor is a legal practitioner who has completed a law degree and holds a practising certificate. What is a Barrister? A barrister is a solicitor who has completed the exams and requirements of their state’s Bar authority. This means they can appear in court. 澳大利亚 (在澳大利亚, lawyer是统称, attorney 只是用于特定领域(比如patent)的律师. 一般不用. 在美国Attorney是律师的统称. 在澳大利亚, solicitor 相当于GP, 提供一般的法律建议, 你可以retain 一个solicitor. 而barrister相当于specialist, 你不能直接和barrister打交道或者retain一个barrister. barrister提供专家的意见. 和你的solicitor一起为你提供法律服务, barrister专门用于上庭, solicitor 一般不出庭, 但也可以出庭): The term 'lawyer' is an umbrella term for both solicitors and barristers. Solicitors provide general legal advice on a variety of issues. Barristers are specialists in certain legal fields that solicitors can instruct on behalf of their client to appear in court. In Australia, attorneys often refer to trade mark attorneys. What Is a Solicitor? The definition of a solicitor under the Legal Profession Uniform Law (NSW), is a legal practitioner who has completed a law degree and holds a practising certificate. This certificate is acquired after undergoing Practical Legal Training (PLT) and being admitted to legal practice. Solicitors must then complete 18 – 24 months of supervised practice before they receive a practising certificate. The term 'solicitor' is not common – most refer to themselves as lawyers. A solicitor is a lawyer that provides legal advice to clients in one or more areas of law. They are the first port of call when an individual or a business needs advice on a legal matter, or legal services such as drafting contracts, protecting intellectual property, or assisting with business sales and purchases. They manage the daily legal affairs of their client's case. For solicitors that deal with disputes, most of their time is spent out of court and dealing with preparatory matters for litigation such as preparing claims and evidence or conducting settlement negotiations. However, solicitors will appear in court unless a barrister is required. What Is a Barrister? Where a court matter involves complex issues, a solicitor might instruct a barrister to appear in court on behalf of their clients. A client cannot retain a barrister directly. A barrister is an expert advocate. They provide specialist legal advice in specific areas 特定领域 of law. Barristers spend much of their time representing individuals and businesses in court. A solicitor becomes a barrister after satisfying the exams and requirements for their relevant state's Bar authority. The relationship between a solicitor and a barrister is similar to your general medical practitioner (GP) and a specialist they refer you to. Your GP will assess your problem, do some preliminary tests and give you their advice. However, they then may refer you to a specialist to explore that advice and get their expert opinion. Your GP and specialist will often then work together to assist you. A barrister will assist their instructing solicitor with drafting court documents. They will also focus on giving strategic advice on how the case will run. Barristers may also prepare submissions for when the case proceeds to a hearing. In other words, a solicitor engages a barrister for specific items of work that require their specialist skills and advice, and a client should not be concerned about duplication of work. What Is an Attorney? In Australia, the 'attorney' or 'attorney-at-law' term is not common except in the case of 'trade mark attorney'. Instead, 'lawyer' or 'solicitor' is more common. For example in the US, an attorney is a general term for a lawyer that has passed a bar examination and can practice law in a particular jurisdiction. Attorneys act as lawyers but not all lawyers can perform the work of attorneys. In Australia, a patent attorney is someone who has further qualifications in a field of patentable technology (generally science or engineering). A trade mark attorney will not represent clients in court, unlike solicitors and barristers. They are also bound by a different system for regulatory and disciplinary action than lawyers. Indeed, a separate professional code of conduct outlines the very strict responsibilities that they are subject to. Importantly, the confidentiality between a trade mark attorney and their client does not extend to court cases. What is a Barrister? A 'barrister' is an independent specialist advocate and advisor in law. Their highly competitive training, together with their specialist knowledge and experience, can make a substantial difference to the outcome of a case. What do Barristers do? A barrister is best known for their advocacy before the Courts but it is true to say that their strength lies in Dispute Resolution, both judicial (before Courts or tribunals) and non-judicial (through negotiation, mediation or arbitration). A barrister has the training and experience to anticipate the range of likely outcomes and to work with the solicitor and their client to choose the most appropriate path, so it is helpful to involve a barrister at the outset. A barrister's advice at this time can help to clarify the management of the entire dispute resolution process and empower clients to make informed decisions. Early advice can often save clients the cost and worry of an unnecessary trial. What is a QC or SC? A limited number of senior barristers receive 'silk' - becoming Queen's Counsel or Senior Counsel - as a mark of outstanding ability. Both types are collectively known as "senior counsel." Senior counsel are barristers of seniority and eminence. The designation of senior counsel provides a public identification of barristers whose standing 地位 and achievements 成绩 justify an expectation that they can provide outstanding services as advocates and advisers, to the good of the administration of justice. Before a barrister is appointed (made) senior counsel, he or she must possess a high degree of skill and learning, integrity and honesty, independence, diligence and experience. They are normally instructed in very serious or complex cases. Most senior judges once practised as QCs or SCs. Senior counsel are also colloquially known as "silks." This is because their robes include a gown made of silk – junior counsel wear gowns made of cotton. The only difference between a QC and SC is the name. Up to and including 1992, senior counsel in New South Wales were known as Queen's Counsel. From 1993 and onwards, senior counsel in New South Wales were known as Senior Counsel (note the capital letters). Some States and Territories still use the title Queens Counsel. wiki: In the United Kingdom and in some Commonwealth countries, a Queen's Counsel (post-nominal QC) during the reign of a queen, or King's Counsel (post-nominal KC) during the reign of a king, is a lawyer (usually a barrister or advocate) who is typically a senior trial lawyer. Technically, they are appointed by the monarch of the country to be one of 'Her [His] Majesty's Counsel learned in the law'. The position originated in England. Some Commonwealth countries have either abolished the position, or renamed it so as to remove monarchical connotations, for example, 'Senior counsel' or 'Senior Advocate'. Queen's Counsel is an office, conferred by the Crown, that is recognised by courts. Members have the privilege of sitting within the inner bar of court. The term is recognised as an honorific. As members wear silk gowns of a particular design (see court dress), appointment as Queen's Counsel is known informally as receiving, obtaining, or taking silk and QCs are often colloquially called silks. Appointments are made from within the legal profession on the basis of merit rather than a particular level of experience. However, successful applicants tend to be barristers, or (in Scotland) advocates with 15 years of experience or more. Advice and Opinions: Because of a barrister's intimate knowledge of the Courts, their specialisation in advocacy and litigation and their ability to quickly identify the crucial points of a case, barristers are also valued for their advice and opinion work and they are often called upon to assist in this regard as soon as a dispute is indicated. Advocacy/Litigation: If the case does proceed to trial, a barrister can provide effective representation and advocacy, with: Specialised knowledge of their area of law, Detailed knowledge of the rules of evidence and their application, Full understanding of litigation tactics, The skills to identify the most appropriate case preparation, The ability to persuade the client's adversary or the Court of the merits of the case. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR): Alternative Dispute (ADR) is the general term for the various ways in which disputes can be resolved without (or as an alternative to) litigation. Litigation is a costly solution and the varying forms of ADR offer a way to either resolve the dispute through legally binding determination by a convener (such as in Commercial or Family Law Arbitration, or in Expert Determination) or to try mediation in an attempt to come to a mutual agreement to resolve the dispute without determination by a third party. A growing number of barristers specialise in arbitration and alternative dispute resolution. Increasingly, Australian barristers have expertise in domestic and international commercial arbitrations with many approved as arbitrators with national and international bodies. Other forms of ADR include mediation, expert determination and hybrid dispute resolution processes.
Hamlet: Three different early versions of the play are extant 现存的, 仍然存世的: the First Quarto (Q1, 1603); the Second Quarto (Q2, 1604); and the First Folio (F1, 1623). Each version includes lines and entire scenes missing from the others. The play's structure and depth of characterisation have inspired much critical scrutiny. One such example is the centuries-old debate about Hamlet's hesitation to kill his uncle, which some see as merely a plot device to prolong the action but which others argue is a dramatisation of the complex philosophical and ethical issues that surround cold-blooded murder, calculated revenge, and thwarted desire. More recently, psychoanalytic critics have examined Hamlet's unconscious desires, while feminist critics have re-evaluated and attempted to rehabilitate the often-maligned characters of Ophelia and Gertrude. infirm [ɪnˈfɜrm] weak because of old age or illness. A person who is infirm is weak or ill, and usually old. ...her aging, infirm husband. the infirm people who are infirm. The protagonist of Hamlet is Prince Hamlet of Denmark, son of the recently deceased King Hamlet, and nephew of King Claudius, his father's brother and successor. Claudius hastily married King Hamlet's widow, Gertrude, Hamlet's mother, and took the throne for himself. Denmark has a long-standing feud with neighbouring Norway, in which King Hamlet slew King Fortinbras of Norway in a battle some years ago. Although Denmark defeated Norway and the Norwegian throne fell to King Fortinbras's infirm brother, Denmark fears that an invasion led by the dead Norwegian king's son, Prince Fortinbras, is imminent. sentry 门卫, 守卫 A sentry is a soldier who guards a camp or a building. a soldier who stands at the entrance to a place and guards it The sentry would not let her enter. Aren't you supposed to be on sentry duty? rampart [ˈræmˌpɑrt] 城墙, 围墙 a high hill of earth, or a stone wall, built around a city or castle to protect it against an enemy. The ramparts of a castle or city are the earth walls, often with stone walls on them, that were built to protect it. ...a walk along the ramparts of the Old City. On a cold night on the ramparts of Elsinore, the Danish royal castle, the sentries Bernardo and Marcellus discuss a ghost resembling the late King Hamlet which they have recently seen, and bring Prince Hamlet's friend Horatio as a witness. After the ghost appears again, the three vow to tell Prince Hamlet what they have witnessed. That night on the rampart, the ghost appears to Hamlet, telling the prince that he was murdered by Claudius and demanding that Hamlet avenge him. Hamlet agrees, and the ghost vanishes. The prince confides to Horatio and the sentries that from now on he plans to "put an antic disposition on 装疯卖傻", or act as though he has gone mad, and forces them to swear to keep his plans for revenge secret; however, he remains uncertain of the ghost's reliability. Polonius tells Claudius and Gertrude his theory regarding Hamlet's behaviour and speaks to Hamlet in a hall of the castle to try to uncover more information. Hamlet feigns madness 装疯 and subtly insults Polonius all the while. soliloquy [səˈlɪləkwi] 内心独白 a speech in a play in which a character who is alone talks about their thoughts or feelings. A soliloquy is a speech in a play in which an actor speaks to himself or herself and to the audience, rather than to another actor. Hamlet, after welcoming the actors and dismissing his friends-turned-spies, asks them to deliver a soliloquy about the death of King Priam and Queen Hecuba at the climax of the Trojan War. Impressed by their delivery of the speech, he plots to stage The Murder of Gonzago, a play featuring a death in the style of his father's murder and to determine the truth of the ghost's story, as well as Claudius's guilt or innocence, by studying Claudius's reaction. tokens of affection 爱的信物 Polonius forces Ophelia to return Hamlet's love letters and tokens of affection to the prince while he and Claudius watch from afar to evaluate Hamlet's reaction. Hamlet is walking alone in the hall as the King and Polonius await Ophelia's entrance, musing whether "to be or not to be". When Ophelia enters and tries to return Hamlet's things, Hamlet accuses her of immodesty and cries "get thee to a nunnery", though it is unclear whether this, too, is a show of madness or genuine distress. Shortly thereafter, the court assembles to watch the play Hamlet has commissioned. After seeing the Player King murdered by his rival pouring poison in his ear, Claudius abruptly rises and runs from the room; for Hamlet, this is proof positive of his uncle's guilt. reasoning that: Gertrude summons Hamlet to her chamber to demand an explanation. Meanwhile, Claudius talks to himself about the impossibility of repenting, since he still has possession of his ill-gotten goods: his brother's crown and wife. He sinks to his knees. Hamlet, on his way to visit his mother, sneaks up behind him but does not kill him, reasoning that killing Claudius while he is praying will send him straight to heaven while his father's ghost is stuck in purgatory. In the queen's bedchamber, Hamlet and Gertrude fight bitterly. Polonius, spying on the conversation from behind a tapestry, calls for help as Gertrude, believing Hamlet wants to kill her, calls out for help herself. villainy [ˈvɪləni] evil or criminal behavior. Hamlet, believing it is Claudius, stabs wildly, killing Polonius, but he pulls aside the curtain and sees his mistake. In a rage, Hamlet brutally insults his mother for her apparent ignorance of Claudius's villainy, but the ghost enters and reprimands Hamlet for his inaction and harsh words. Unable to see or hear the ghost herself, Gertrude takes Hamlet's conversation with it as further evidence of madness. After begging the queen to stop sleeping with Claudius, Hamlet leaves, dragging Polonius's corpse away. Unhinged by grief at Polonius's death, Ophelia wanders Elsinore. Laertes arrives back from France, enraged by his father's death and his sister's madness. Claudius convinces Laertes that Hamlet is solely responsible, but a letter soon arrives indicating that Hamlet has returned to Denmark, foiling Claudius's plan. Claudius switches tactics 改变策略, proposing a fencing match between Laertes and Hamlet to settle their differences. Laertes will be given a poison-tipped foil, and, if that fails, Claudius will offer Hamlet poisoned wine as a congratulation. Gertrude interrupts to report that Ophelia has drowned, though it is unclear whether it was suicide or an accident caused by her madness. foppish [old-fashioned, disapproval] If you describe someone as foppish, you disapprove of the fact that they dress in beautiful, expensive clothes and are very proud of their appearance. fop a man who thinks too much about his clothes and appearance. Back at Elsinore, Hamlet explains to Horatio that he had discovered Claudius's letter with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern's belongings and replaced it with a forged copy indicating that his former friends should be killed instead. A foppish courtier, Osric, interrupts the conversation to deliver the fencing challenge to Hamlet. Hamlet, despite Horatio's pleas, accepts it. In the ensuing scuffle, they switch weapons, and Hamlet wounds Laertes with his own poisoned sword. Gertrude collapses and, claiming she has been poisoned, dies. In his dying moments, Laertes reconciles with 和解 Hamlet and reveals Claudius's plan. Horatio, distraught at the thought of being the last survivor and living whilst Hamlet does not, says he will commit suicide by drinking the dregs of Gertrude's poisoned wine, but Hamlet begs him to live on and tell his story. Hamlet dies in Horatio's arms, proclaiming "the rest is silence". Fortinbras, who was ostensibly 表面上 marching towards Poland with his army, arrives at the palace, along with an English ambassador bringing news of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern's deaths. Horatio promises to recount the full story of what happened, and Fortinbras, seeing the entire Danish royal family dead, takes the crown for himself and orders a military funeral to honour Hamlet.
Bang VS Banger: For amateur lexicographers, there is no greater thrill than happening upon 偶遇, 遇到 a word you suspect may not yet be in a dictionary. Pissfart ( Pissfarting 磨磨唧唧的, 磨磨蹭蹭的 To procrastinate, or do nothing productive. to waste time; "dawdle". Stop piss-farting around and let's go! ), I thought, would be the one that finally cracked the Australian National Dictionary (AND). It wasn't in their second edition, and databases I'd looked at only dated it back to 2003. Slang is always older than you think, though, and the 1978 noun form of pissfart I'd staggered across 偶然遇到, 偶然发现 on Trove was courteously ( courteous [ˈkəːtɪəs] adj. polite, respectful, or considerate in manner. polite, especially in a formal way. Someone who is courteous is polite and respectful to other people. He was a kind and courteous man. My friend's reply was courteous but firm. Then he nodded courteously to me and walked off to perform his unpleasant duty. Hotel employees must be courteous at all times. "she was courteous and obliging to all") trumped by the AND's researchers. The slang terms "banger" and "bang" have been used in English for centuries, and are very productive. 1. "Banging" someone has variously meant to hit them, to have sex with them, or to do drugs with them. 2. In Australian English, a "banger" has referred to a sausage since the time of the First World War. Before that in Australia, a banger meant a morning coat, or an unreliable motor vehicle. All of these are publicly documented by reputable lexicographers. 3. The musical form of banger, sent thousands of times to the triple j textline as punters frothed on the latest Caribou hit, is not. But look at any comments section on Like A Version and you'll see people lauding both a noun ("this song is a banger") and adjectival ("banger tune") form of the word. How did we get here? Here's a guess: in the 1980s, banger (noun) makes the jump to music, when fans of heavier listening genres start to be called "headbangers". Banger (adjective) has some precedence as a general term of excellence, as in "That dress is banging, girl!", or "Does that tune bang? 其他词汇: ensconce [ɪnˈskɑns] if you ensconce yourself or if you are ensconced somewhere, you put yourself into a comfortable or safe position. establish or settle (someone) in a comfortable, safe place. to establish or settle firmly or comfortably ensconced in a chair. "Agnes ensconced herself in their bedroom". Either way, its (banger) use is now firmly ensconced. It's the title of a UK grime release, and the name of Miley Cyrus album (though in variant plural form, with a z at the end). A 2014 episode of the US series Parks and Recreation contains a joke where a character, played by Aziz Ansari, explains his "series of rigorous tests", used in determining whether any given song he hears, is or isn't a banger. In December of that year, Australian electronic duo Odd Mob remixed Ansari's monologue. The resultant novelty dance hit, "Is It A Banger?", made the Hottest 100 the following year. rigorous ['rɪgərəs] I. 严格测试. 详细测试. rigorous testing 详尽测试. A test, system, or procedure that is rigorous is very thorough and strict. The selection process is based on rigorous tests of competence and experience. ...a rigorous system of blood analysis. ...rigorous military training. ...rigorously conducted research. II. If someone is rigorous in the way that they do something, they are very careful and thorough. He is rigorous in his control of expenditure. Rigorous testing: Testing the application by providing all the test data is called rigorous testing. Regression testing 回归测试: Testing the side of effects the code or new enhancement in the existed application is called regression testing. a way of testing new features in a piece of software that re-checks everything that was working before, to make sure that the changes work and have not had a bad effect on the earlier version of the software Regression testing is a crucial step in the software development process, which ensures the quality of software systems by detecting whether new faults have been introduced into previously tested code. Error guessing: Formal test case design, which used after BVA and ECP. interment [ɪnˈtɜrmənt] the act of burying a dead person. The interment of a dead person is their burial. a song must "pass a series of vigorous tests" before it can be certified as a banger, including, "How many beats per minute? How many Drops? How dope are the drops?" and "Were any acoustic intruments used?" – note: if the latter, one must throw away their computer as it is not a banger.
Compulsory VS mandatory VS obligatory: Compulsory, mandatory, and obligatory can all mean "required by a law or a rule," as shown in these example sentences: Massachusetts was the first state to pass a compulsory school attendance law. (=a law that requires everyone to attend school.) The company initiated mandatory drug testing for all employees. (=drug testing required for all employees). The meeting is obligatory for all employees. (=all employees must attend). The difference between these words is in how commonly they are used, and in what contexts. The word mandatory is the most common of the three choices, and it is the least formal. It is particularly common in the phrases mandatory testing, mandatory sentencing and mandatory retirement. Compulsory is less common. It is most often found in the phrases compulsory military service and compulsory education. Obligatory is the least common of these three words, and the most formal. It is rarely used in spoken language. Obligatory also has a second meaning that is quite different from the first. It can describe something that is not required, but has become so common or typical that it now seems overused and not very meaningful or effective, as in this example sentence: This action movie includes the obligatory 不可或缺的, 必不可少的 chase scene. In general, if you want to describe something that is required by law or by a rule, and you're not sure which adjective to use, mandatory is a good choice, because it is the most common. mandate noun. I. If a government or other elected body has a mandate to carry out a particular policy or task, they have the authority to carry it out as a result of winning an election or vote. The President and his supporters are almost certain to read this vote as a mandate for continued economic reform. The union already has a mandate from its conference to ballot for a strike. mandate for: Congress claimed to have a mandate for their new legislation. mandate from: We will use this mandate from our electors to make independence our main goal. a mandate to do something: He was elected with a clear mandate to reduce taxes. II. If someone is given a mandate to carry out a particular policy or task, they are given the official authority to do it. How much longer does the independent prosecutor have a mandate to pursue this investigation? A mandate from the U.N. would be needed before any plans could be implemented. III. You can refer to the fixed length of time that a country's leader or government remains in office as their mandate. the period of time during which an elected government or official is allowed to be in power He will have to step down at the end of his mandate 任期. ...his intention to leave politics once his mandate ends. IV. an official order to do something Their mandate is to report back by March on how the new tax law will change employment. verb. I. When someone is mandated to carry out a particular policy or task, they are given the official authority to do it. He'd been mandated 授权 by the West African Economic Community to go in and to enforce a ceasefire. The elections are mandated by a peace accord signed by the government last May. II. To mandate 强制 something means to make it mandatory. to give an official order or make a law stating that something must be done. These proposals hope to reduce traffic and mandate lower speed limits. mandate that: San Francisco recently mandated that its public schools teach about World War II in Asia. The proposed initiative would mandate a reduction of carbon dioxide of 40%. Quebec mandated that all immigrants send their children to French schools. ...constitutionally mandated civil rights. compulsory adj. If something is compulsory, you must do it or accept it, because it is the law or because someone in a position of authority says you must. something that is compulsory must be done because of a rule or law A school outfit is no longer compulsory. In East Germany, learning Russian was compulsory. Many young men are trying to get away from compulsory 强制征兵 military conscription. Five of the company's senior managers have been made compulsorily redundant. compulsive [kəmˈpʌlsɪv] adj I. impossible to control and therefore sometimes harmful. a compulsive eating disorder. His compulsive need to succeed made him unpopular with the rest of the staff. II. used about people who have a habit they cannot control. You use compulsive to describe people or their behaviour when they cannot stop doing something wrong, harmful, or unnecessary. ...a compulsive liar. He was a compulsive gambler and often heavily in debt. John is compulsively neat and clean, he's terrified of germs. a compulsive gambler/liar. compulsive reading/viewing 手不释卷, 放不下 a book or television program that is very interesting and exciting. If a book or television programme is compulsive, it is so interesting that you do not want to stop reading or watching it. If a film, play, sports event, book, etc. is compulsive, it is so interesting or exciting that you do not want to stop watching or reading it: I always find programmes about hospitals compulsive viewing. Her latest book is compulsive reading/a compulsive read. The second series of this drama has been explosive, compulsive viewing. These chilling heroines make Hart's books compulsive reading. ...a series of compulsively readable novels. obligatory [əˈblɪɡəˌtɔri] I. formal something that is obligatory must be done in order to obey a law or rule. If something is obligatory, you must do it because of a rule or a law. Most women will be offered an ultrasound scan during pregnancy, although it's not obligatory. These rates do not include the charge for obligatory medical consultations. It is obligatory for members to be insured. II. often humorous 惯常的. 例行公事的. 必不可少的. 不可或缺的. used for describing something that happens or is done so often that people expect it. If you describe something as obligatory, you mean that it is done from habit or custom and not because the person involved has thought carefully about it or really means it. His lips curved up in the obligatory smile, acknowledging the compliment. She was wearing the obligatory sweater and pearl necklace. Indian movies with their obligatory song and dance routines.
菲律宾大选: Marcos Jr was elected a senator in 2010, and ran unsuccessfully for the vice presidency six years later when he was pipped to the post ( pip someone at the post 艰难取胜, 终点前取胜(最后一刻取胜) I. to overcome a prominent competitor, gaining his position, especially by making a smart sudden move. to defeat someone very near the end of a competition, game etc. to beat someone at the last moment in a race, competition etc, when they were expecting to win The Maclaren team were narrowly pipped at the post by Ferrari. II. to overcome a strong competitor in a sporting event, especially by gaining a small advantage over him at the last decisive moment. ) by a resurgent ( resurgent [rɪˈsɜrdʒənt] quickly becoming popular, important, or successful again. You use resurgent to say that something is becoming stronger and more popular after a period when it has been weak and unimportant. ...the threat from the resurgent nationalist movement. a resurgent interest in nuclear power plants. ) Robredo. On the campaign trail, Marcos Jr has talked of "unity" but has provided little detail on his policies and has avoided media interviews and debates. "The meteoric resurgence 崛起 of the Marcoses is itself a stinging judgement on the profound failures of the country's democratic institutions," academic Richard Javad Heydarian wrote in a column for Al Jazeera in December. "Decades of judicial impunity 逍遥法外([ɪmˈpjunəti] freedom from any risk of being punished for doing something wrong or bad. The security forces seem to be able to abuse human rights with impunity. with impunity [disapproval] If you say that someone does something with impunity, you disapprove of the fact that they are not punished for doing something bad. Mr Cook said future aggressors would be able to act with impunity if the objectives of the U.N. weren't met. These gangs operate with apparent impunity. punitive [ˈpjunətɪv] relating to or causing punishment or great difficulty. Punitive actions are intended to punish people. ...a punitive bombing raid. Other economists say any punitive measures against foreign companies would hurt U.S. interests. punitive taxes/tariffs/laws. ), historical whitewashing 历史洗白, corruption-infested politics and exclusionary [ɪkskluːʒənri] 排外的 ( tending to or designed to exclude certain people or groups. Something that is exclusionary excludes a particular person or group of people. ...exclusionary business practices. The suit accuses the firm of maintaining its market dominance by engaging in a range of exclusionary conduct. A women-run event could be seen as inherently exclusionary to men.) economic growth has driven a growing number of Filipinos into the Marcoses' embrace." Marcos Jr, known as "Bongbong", whose authoritarian father plundered 掠夺, 掠取 billions of dollars( kleptocracy [klepˈtɑkrəsi] I. uncountable a form of corrupt government that allows the ruling class to accumulate great wealth and power while neglecting the mass of citizens. a government where officials are politically corrupt and financially self-interested. II. countable a country that is run as a kleptocracy. wiki: Kleptocracy is a government whose corrupt leaders (kleptocrats) use political power to appropriate the wealth of the people and land they govern, typically by embezzling 盗取 or misappropriating 挪用 government funds at the expense of the wider population. Thievocracy means literally the rule by thievery and is a term used synonymously to kleptocracy. One feature of political-based socioeconomic thievery is that there is often no public announcement explaining or apologizing for misappropriations, nor any legal charges or punishment levied against the offenders. Kleptocracy is different from plutocracy [pluˈtɑkrəsi] 富人治国, 富人把持国政 (rule by the richest) and oligarchy (rule by a small elite). In a kleptocracy, corrupt politicians enrich themselves secretly outside the rule of law, through kickbacks, bribes, and special favors, or they simply direct state funds to themselves and their associates. Also, kleptocrats often export much of their profits to foreign nations in anticipation of losing power. ) from the state and presided over rife human rights abuses, has maintained a strong lead in opinion polls in the run-up to Monday's vote. If elected president, it would mark an extraordinary rehabilitation of one of the country's most controversial political families. He, his wife Imelda Marcos - who is infamous for her vast designer wardrobe - along with their cronies, plundered an estimated $10bn from public funds. He was forced out of power in 1986 by the People's Power Revolution and died soon afterwards. After his family returned from exile in the 1990s, Bongbong carved out political footholds, becoming a province governor, congressman and senator - with the help of his family's wealth and still-powerful connections. The son and namesake 同名同姓人士 of ousted Philippine dictator Ferdinand Marcos took a commanding lead in an unofficial vote count from Monday's presidential election in the deeply divided Asian democracy. A major boon ( boon [bun] 方便的东西, 有用的事物 something useful that brings great benefits or makes your life easier. You can describe something as a boon when it makes life better or easier for someone. It is for this reason that television proves such a boon to so many people. This battery booster is a boon for photographers. boon for/to: Falling PC prices are a boon for consumers, but bad news for manufacturers. boon companion a very good friend. ) has been Mr Marcos securing Mr Duterte's daughter — southern Davao city mayor Sara Duterte-Carpio — as his running mate, tapping her father's support and helping him to make inroads into new voter territory. Their partnership has combined the voting power of their northern and southern political strongholds, boosting their chances but compounding worries of human rights activists.
