关于鹿野苑: Sarnath 鹿野苑(in Varanasi) (also referred to as Sarangnath, Isipatana,
Rishipattana, Migadaya, or Mrigadava) is a place located 10 kilometres
(6.2 miles) northeast of Varanasi, near the confluence 交汇处 of the Ganges and
the Varuna rivers in Uttar Pradesh, India. Sarnath is where,
circa 528 BCE, at 35 years of age, Gautama Buddha 释迦摩尼 taught his first
sermon after attaining enlightenment 悟道 at Bodh Gaya. It is also where
the Buddhist sangha first came into existence as a result of the
enlightenment of his first five disciples (Kaundinya, Assaji, Bhaddiya,
Vappa and Mahanama). According to the Mahaparinibbana Sutta (Sutta 16 of
the Digha Nikaya), the Buddha mentioned Sarnath as one of the four
places of pilgrimage his devout followers should visit and look upon
with feelings of reverence. The other three sites are Lumbini (the
birthplace of the Buddha), Bodh Gaya (where the Buddha achieved
enlightenment), and Kushinagar (where the Buddha attained parinirvana
涅槃).
关于涅槃: In Buddhism, parinirvana 圆寂 (Sanskrit: parinirvāṇa; Pali:
parinibbāna) is commonly used to refer to nirvana-after-death, which
occurs upon the death of someone who has attained nirvana ( I. In the Hindu and Buddhist religions, Nirvana is the highest spiritual state that can possibly be achieved. Entering the realm of Nirvana is only possible for those who have become pure. II. People sometimes refer to a state of complete happiness and peace as nirvana. Many businessmen think that a world where relative prices never varied would be nirvana. wiki: It is a concept in Indian religions (Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism) that represents the ultimate state of soteriological release, the liberation from duḥkha, suffering, and saṃsāra, the cycle of birth and rebirth. In Indian religions, nirvana is synonymous with moksha and mukti. All Indian religions assert it to be a state of perfect quietude, freedom, highest happiness as well as the liberation from attachment and worldly suffering and the ending of samsara, the round of existence. However, non-Buddhist and Buddhist traditions describe these terms for liberation differently. ) during their
lifetime. It implies a release from Saṃsāra, karma and rebirth as well
as the dissolution of the skandhas. In the Buddhist view, when ordinary
people die, each person's unresolved karma passes on to a new birth; and
thus the karmic inheritance is reborn in one of the six realms of
samsara. However, when a person attains nirvana, they are liberated from
karmic rebirth. When such a person dies, it is the end of the cycle of
rebirth, the Samsara and the Karma.
法轮: The dharma chakra( Chakra is a Sanskrit word that means wheel or cycle. There are seven main chakras situated along the spine, from the base of your spine to the crown of your head. This age-old belief has become integrated into many New Age styles of thought. Chakras (UK: [ˈtʃʌkrəz], US: /ˈtʃɑːkrəz/ CHUK-rəz, CHAH-krəz; Sanskrit: चक्र, romanized: cakra, lit. 'wheel, circle'; Pali: cakka) are various focal points used in a variety of ancient meditation practices, collectively denominated as Tantra, or the esoteric or inner traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism. The concept of the chakra arose in the early traditions of Hinduism. Beliefs differ between the Indian religions, with many Buddhist texts consistently mentioning five chakras, while Hindu sources reference six or seven. Early Sanskrit texts speak of them both as meditative visualizations combining flowers and mantras and as physical entities in the body. Within Kundalini yoga, the techniques of breathing exercises, visualizations, mudras, bandhas, kriyas, and mantras are focused on manipulating the flow of subtle energy through chakras.) (Sanskrit: धर्मचक्र; Pali: dhammacakka) or wheel of dharma ( dharma 佛法 [ˈdɑːmə] I. Hinduism religious and moral duties that apply to individuals and communities. One's obligation in respect to one's position in society, or the universe; one's duty, societally or cosmically. II. Hinduism. a. the essential principle of the cosmos; natural law. The natural order of the universe; natural law, cosmic order. b. conduct that conforms with this. III. Buddhism ideal truth as set forth in the teaching of Buddha. The teachings of the Buddha as one's personal path to enlightenment. The teachings of the Buddha as a practice to be promulgated and taught. ) is a widespread symbol used in Indian religions, including Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism. Historically, the dharmachakra was often used as a decoration in East Asian statues and inscriptions, beginning with the earliest period of East Asian culture to the present. It remains a major symbol of the Buddhist religion today. Similar wheel/chakra symbols are one of the most ancient in all Indian history. Madhavan and Parpola note that a wheel symbol appears frequently in Indus Valley civilization artifacts, particularly on several seals. In Buddhism, the Dharma Chakra is widely used to represent the Buddha's Dharma (Buddha's teaching and the universal moral order), Gautama Buddha himself and the walking of the path to enlightenment, since the time of Early Buddhism. The Buddha is said to have set the "wheel of dharma" in motion when he delivered his first sermon, which is described in the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta. This "turning of the wheel" signifies a great and revolutionary change with universal consequences, brought about by an exceptional human being. Buddhism adopted the wheel as a symbol from the Indian mythical idea of the ideal king, called a chakravartin ("wheel-turner", or "universal monarch"), who was said to possess several mythical objects, including the ratana cakka (the ideal wheel). The Mahā Sudassana Sutta of the Digha Nikaya describes this wheel as having a nave (nābhi), a thousand spokes (sahassārāni) and a felly (nemi), all of which are perfect in every respect. Siddhartha Gautama was said to have been a "mahapurisa" (great man) who could have chosen to become a wheel turning king, but instead became the spiritual counterpart to such a king, a wheel turning sage, i.e. a Buddha. In his explanation of the term "turning the wheel of Dharma", the Theravada exegete Buddhaghosa explains that this "wheel" which the Buddha turned is primarily to be understood as wisdom, knowledge, and insight (ñāṇa). This wisdom has two aspects, paṭivedha-ñāṇa, the wisdom of self-realisation of the Truth and desanā-ñāṇa, the wisdom of proclamation of the Truth.[9] The dharmachakra symbol also points to the central Indian idea of "Dharma", a complex and multivalent term which refers to the eternal cosmic law, universal moral order and in Buddhism, the very teaching and path expounded by the Buddha.
佛教四大圣地: The most important
places in Buddhism are located in the Indo-Gangetic Plain of southern
Nepal and northern India. This is the area where Gautama Buddha born, lived and taught, and the main sites connected to his life are now
important places of pilgrimage for both Buddhists and Hindus. Many
countries that are or were predominantly Buddhist have shrines and
places which can be visited as a pilgrimage.
Gautama Buddha 释迦摩尼
himself had identified the following four sites most worthy of
pilgrimage for his followers, observing that these would produce a
feeling of spiritual urgency: Lumbini: birthplace of The Buddha
as Prince Siddhartha Gautam (in Taulihawa, Lumbini, Nepal) is the most
important religious site and place of pilgrimages for Buddhism. It is
also approved by UNESCO for World Heritage sites as most holy place for
Buddhism and world religions. Bodh Gaya: (in the current
Mahabodhi Temple, Bihar, India), is the religious site and place of
pilgrimage, the Mahabodhi Temple houses what is believed to be the Bodhi
Tree 菩提树 where Prince Siddhārtha attained enlightenment (Nibbana) and
became known as Gautama Buddha. Sarnath: (formally Isipathana,
Uttar Pradesh, India) where Gautama Buddha delivered his first sermon
(Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta), and He taught about the Middle Way, the
Four Noble Truths and Noble Eightfold Path. Kuśinagara: (now Kushinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India) where Gautama Buddha died and attained Parinirvana.
Bodhidharma 菩提达摩, 达摩祖师, 民间传说达摩是少林武术瑰宝《易筋经》、《洗髓经》、少林七十二绝技创造者 was a semi-legendary Buddhist monk who lived during the 5th or 6th century CE. He is traditionally credited as the transmitter of Chan Buddhism to China, and is regarded as its first Chinese patriarch. According to a 17th-century apocryphal story found in a manual called Yijin Jing, he began the physical training of the monks of Shaolin Monastery that led to the creation of Shaolin kungfu. He is known as Dámó in China and as Daruma in Japan. His name means "dharma of awakening (bodhi)" in Sanskrit. Little contemporary biographical information on Bodhidharma is extant ( [ekstænt] If something is extant, it is still in existence, in spite of being very old. Two fourteenth-century manuscripts of this text are still extant. The oldest extant document is dated 1492. ), and subsequent accounts became layered with legend and unreliable details.
【一苇渡江】，为南北朝时期，印度东渡于中土的高僧，菩提达摩的一段佛教公案。菩提达摩听说梁武帝信奉佛法，于是前往金陵（今南京）与他相谈佛法。但双方却是话不投机的，宾主不欢而散。 [29]
就在《历代法宝记》与《碧岩录》皆有记载了：菩提达摩受梁武帝之应请，双方在金陵和武帝的对话：梁武帝虔诚笃信佛教，即位以后从事于建寺、抄写经文、供养僧人无数、造像甚多，因而请示达摩︰“我做了这些事有多少功德？”达摩却说︰“并无功德。”武帝又问︰“何以并无功德？”达摩说︰“此是有为之事，属人天乘果，不是实在的功德。”武帝接著问：“如何是真功德？”达摩回答：“净智妙圆，体自空寂，如是功德，不以世求。”.... [30]
达摩与梁武帝两人会晤的不顺利，并没有让菩提达摩失去信念，达摩毅然决定渡江北上弘法，天色渐晚，浩翰的江面不见来往的舟船，达摩面对西方双手合十，喃喃说道：我之西来，深有密意，法若无生，我愿沉江，法若得兴，天助我也。 [31]
接著，菩提达摩摘了一根芦苇抛投于江流之中，自即撩起了僧袍，站立于芦苇之上，直向于江心驶去，一身飘然过江。[30]达摩于渡江后来至洛阳，入嵩山少林寺，面壁静坐长达九年。
Wall-gazing 面壁: A Dehua ware porcelain statuette of Bodhidharma from the late Ming dynasty, 17th century Tanlin, in the preface to Two Entrances and Four Practices, and Daoxuan, in the Further Biographies of Eminent Monks, mentions a practice of Bodhidharma's termed "wall-gazing" (壁觀 bìguān). Both Tanlin and Daoxuan associate this "wall-gazing" with "quieting [the] mind" (Chinese: 安心; pinyin: ānxīn).
摩訶菩提樹, 或稱大菩提樹：The
Bodhi [ˈbəʊdɪ] ( Buddhism enlightenment ) Tree ("tree of awakening", also called the Mahabodhi Tree, Bo
Tree, is a large sacred fig tree (Ficus religiosa) located in
Bodh Gaya, Bihar, India. Siddhartha Gautama, the spiritual teacher who
became known as the Buddha, is said to have attained enlightenment or
buddhahood circa 500 BCE under this tree. In religious iconography,
the Bodhi Tree is recognizable by its heart-shaped leaves, which are
usually prominently displayed.
The original tree under which
Siddhartha Gautama sat is no longer living, but the term "bodhi tree" is
also applied to existing sacred fig trees. The foremost example of
an existing tree is the Mahabodhi Tree growing at the Mahabodhi Temple
in Bodh Gaya, which is often cited as a direct descendant of the
original tree. This tree, planted around 250 BCE, is a frequent
destination for pilgrims, being the most important of the four main
Buddhist pilgrimage sites.
A banyan 印度无花果树(菩提树), also spelled
"banian" ([ˈbænjən] BAN-yən), is a fig that develops accessory trunks
from adventitious prop roots, allowing the tree to spread outwards
indefinitely. This distinguishes banyans from other trees with a
strangler habit that begin life as an epiphyte, i.e. a plant that
grows on another plant, when its seed germinates in a crack or crevice
of a host tree or edifice. "Banyan" often specifically denotes Ficus
benghalensis (the "Indian banyan"), which is the national tree of
India, though the name has also been generalized to denominate all
figs that share a common life cycle and used systematically in taxonomy
to denominate the subgenus Urostigma.
释迦摩尼出生地: Lumbinī (Nepali:
लुम्बिनी pronounced [ˈlumbini], "the lovely") is a Buddhist pilgrimage
site in the Rupandehi District of Lumbini Province in Nepal. It is the
place where, according to Buddhist tradition, queen Maya gave birth to
Siddhartha Gautama at around 566 BCE. Gautama, who, according to
Buddhist tradition, achieved Enlightenment some time around 528
BCE, became Shakyamuni Buddha and founded Buddhism. Lumbini is one of many magnets for pilgrimage that sprang up in places
pivotal to the life of the Buddha. The Buddha has since been venerated by numerous religions and communities across Asia.
阿育王: Ashoka (/əˈʃoʊkə/, IAST:
Aśoka; also Asoka; c. 304 – 232 BCE), popularly known as Ashoka the
Great, was the third Mauryan Emperor of Magadha in the Indian
subcontinent during c. 268 to 232 BCE. His empire covered a large part
of the Indian subcontinent, stretching from present-day Afghanistan in
the west to present-day Bangladesh in the east, with its capital at
Pataliputra. A patron of Buddhism, he is credited with playing an
important role in the spread of Buddhism across ancient Asia. Ashoka's
edicts state that during his eighth regnal year (c. 260 BCE), he
conquered Kalinga after a brutal war. Ashoka subsequently devoted
himself to the propagation of "dhamma 佛经" or righteous conduct, the major
theme of the edicts. Ashoka's edicts suggest that a few years after the
Kalinga War, he was gradually drawn towards Buddhism. Buddhist and other
legends from across the subcontinent and beyond credit Ashoka with
establishing a large number of stupas, patronising the Third Buddhist
council, supporting Buddhist missionaries, making generous donations to
the sangha, and possibly even persecuting non-Buddhists. Ashoka's
existence as a historical emperor had almost been forgotten, but since
the decipherment of sources written in Brahmi script in the 19th
century, Ashoka holds a reputation as one of the greatest Indian
emperors. The emblem of the modern Republic of India is an adaptation of
the Lion Capital of Ashoka. Ashoka's wheel, the Ashoka Chakra is
adopted at the centre of the National Flag of India.
The Lion
Capital of Ashoka is the capital (In architecture the capital (from the
Latin caput, or "head") or chapiter forms the topmost member of a column
(or a pilaster). It mediates between the column and the load thrusting
down upon it, broadening the area of the column's supporting surface.
The capital, projecting on each side as it rises to support the abacus,
joins the usually square abacus and the usually circular shaft of the
column.), or head, of a column erected by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in
Sarnath, India, c. 250 BCE. Its crowning features are four life-sized
lions set back to back on a drum-shaped abacus ( [æbəkəs]算盘 An abacus is a frame used for counting. It has rods with sliding beads on them.). The side of the abacus
is adorned with wheels in relief, and interspersing them, four animals, a
lion, an elephant, a bull, and a galloping horse follow each other from
right to left. A bell-shaped lotus forms the lowest member of the
capital, and the whole 2.1 metres (7 ft) tall, carved out of a single
block of sandstone and highly polished, was secured to its monolithic
column by a metal dowel. Erected after Ashoka's conversion to Buddhism,
it commemorated the site of Gautama Buddha's first sermon some two
centuries before.
曼谷的 BTS 站名來自梵文的有 E3 的 นานา (Nānā )及 E4 的 อโศก (Asok) Nānā 是 "各式各樣的 種種的"。
โศก 梵文原文為: soka 意指" 憂, 愁". 加上a- 的字頭增加了 "無,非" 的意思, 故อโศก (asoka) = 無憂. 印度歷史上有一位很有名的國王即孔雀王朝的阿育王大力推行仁政推廣佛法今日泰國佛教的根源是來自錫蘭根據歷史記載, 最早到錫蘭島傳法的即是阿育王一雙出了家的子女阿育王的名字便是 Asoka (或譯 阿恕迦王).
談到這裡就不能不談談曼谷的國際機場Suvannabhūmi. 細心一點的會看到, 明明字尾是bhumi
但都念-pum. 原因是這個自由兩個字組成: suvanna+bhūmi. suvanna 當名詞= 黃金. 當形容詞= 金色的, 美麗的bhūmi = 大地, 土地. 所以, 機場的名字意為"黃金大地".
沙弥（梵語：śrāmaṇera；巴利語：sāmaṇera），又譯室羅摩拏洛迦、室羅摩拿洛迦、室末那伊洛迦、室羅摩尼羅，佛教術語，对年龄不足20岁，或其他未受具足戒的初级出家男子的称呼，沙弥是梵语，意为勤策男，言其当勤受比丘的策励；又有息慈之义，谓当息恶行慈。其地位低于比丘。相应的女性出家人称为沙弥尼。
比丘（
梵語：भिक्षु，羅馬化：bhikṣu，巴利語：bhikkhu），佛教術語，又譯為苾芻（「芻」或作「蒭」），舊譯除饉、除士、除饉士、除饉男，有「怖魔、乞士、淨命、淨持戒、破惡」之多種含意，故通常不意譯，隨音翻作比丘（閩南語：pí-khiu)、苾芻。佛教受具足戒之後的男性出家眾，稱為比丘。對應的女性出家眾稱為比丘尼，比丘與比丘尼合稱出家二眾，為佛教四眾、五眾或七眾之一。漢語通常是以和尚（閩南語：hô-siōng、huê-siūnn）作為比丘的通稱，師父（閩南語：su-hū）則是不分比丘、比丘尼都可通用。
具足戒（梵語：उपसंपदा，羅馬化：Upasampadā），指佛教信眾在出家加入僧團成為出家眾後，成為比丘或比丘尼時所应接受與遵行的戒律，也就是指波羅提木叉。發誓遵守波羅提木叉，是成為僧團成員的先決條件。一般的在家居士，可以依照自己的環境與自我期待，選擇遵守或不遵守某些戒律；但是成為出家眾，就必須要遵守完整的波羅提木叉，故称为“具足”。接受具足戒之後，正式成為僧團成員，才能被稱為比丘或比丘尼。
释迦牟尼（梵語：शाक्यमुनि，Śākyamuni，意為“釋迦族之聖者”），本名喬達摩·悉達多（前563／480年—前483／400年[1]，巴利語：Siddhāttha Gotama；梵語：सिद्धार्थ गौतम，Siddhārtha Gautama），古南亚地区的思想家、教育家、宗教家、哲學家、婆羅門教的改革家，佛教奠基人；稱號為释迦牟尼佛（梵語：Buddha Śākyamuni）、喬達摩佛（梵語：Gautama Buddha）、佛陀（意思為「覺悟者」）、世尊、释尊等；又簡稱釋迦文佛、釋迦如來、釋迦佛，（「释迦」是其種族名，意为「能仁」，「牟尼」則是古梵文对於圣者的尊称，意为「寂默」）[2]。释迦牟尼出生於今尼泊爾南部的王族家庭，為刹帝利種姓。佛教傳入中國後，信眾多稱釋迦牟尼為佛祖。
佛教認為释迦牟尼是世間最尊貴者，弟子與信徒常以世尊稱呼释迦牟尼。但佛教徒認為，佛不是神明，並非宗教意義的神，因為諸佛都本來自人，只是覺悟了而已，經典如《法華經》也認為「眾生皆可成佛」[3]，《增壹阿含經》：「諸佛世尊皆出人間，非由天而得也。」因此，佛教被認為信奉無神主義。
佛又稱如來，在佛典認定是教化我世界之佛，故稱我佛；又尊稱本師佛，從明朝開始，漢地尊稱释迦牟尼為如來佛祖或如來佛，清代滿人則稱释迦牟尼為佛爺。
沙門（梵文：श्रमण śramaṇa；巴利語：शमण samaṇa），又譯為桑門、喪門、娑門、沙門那、沙迦懣曩、室摩那弩、舍羅摩弩，意譯為道士、道人、貧道等，意為「勤息」、「止息」等意，原為古印度宗教名詞，泛指所有出家，修行苦行、禁慾，以乞食為生的宗教人士，後為佛教所沿用，成為佛教男性出家眾（比丘）的代名詞，在漢傳佛教中，意義略同於和尚。
三淨肉，是佛教術語，在《律藏》中，指沒有看見、沒有聽可信人說、不懷疑為了自己而殺死的動物之肉類。《律藏》規定，佛教出家眾化緣所得的食物，不能夠因為口味等因素而不食用，但如食物含有肉類，則必須屬三淨肉才允許食用。南傳上座部佛教遵守《律藏》規定，允許僧侶食用三淨肉，佛教在家弟子的五戒和八戒不需要遵守比丘戒的三淨肉規定。
