用法学习: 1. ring-in I. 无奈之选. a person included in an activity at a late stage. A replacement made at the last minute, usually in a sporting context. Architect Francesco de Paula del Villar was originally commissioned to carry out the project, and produced the initial neo-Gothic design in 1882. He stepped down a year later over a disagreement with his client, the devotees of St Joseph. Antoni Gaudí, then an unknown young architect from the provinces, was asked to take over. "I think they appointed him thinking he was a ring-in, the executive architect for another architect's plans," Professor Burry says. "But a combination of Gaudí's extraordinary creativity and the fact that a large sum of money landed in the 1890s from a big bequest meant that Gaudí's ambitions were able to match those of the client's. "And that's why it grew from being a small Gothic Revival church into what we have today." II. An outsider. dandy: I. A dandy is someone who thinks a great deal about their appearance and always dresses in smart clothes. He was handsome and a dandy. When Professor Burry began working on the basilica in 1979 "effectively as an intern", it was under the mentorship of two architects who had worked with Gaudí himself. From them, Professor Burry gleaned an insight into what Gaudí was like. Professor Burry says he was known as a "dandy", a man who is fastidious about his appearance and clothes. II. [US, informal, old-fashioned] If you say that something is dandy, you mean it is good or just right. There's a zoo round here? That's dandy 正好 for my kids. 2. sympathetic: I. If you are sympathetic 谅解的, 体谅的. 表示理解的 to someone who is in a bad situation, you are kind to them and show that you understand their feelings. used to describe someone who shows, especially by what they say, that they understand and care about someone else's suffering: My colleagues were so sympathetic when I was ill. As a teacher, you have to be sympathetic to the problems of your students. He suffers from back trouble too, so he was very sympathetic about my problem. She just needed someone who would lend a sympathetic ear to her (= listen to her in a kind and understanding way) once in a while. She was very sympathetic to the problems of adult students. It may be that he sees you only as a sympathetic friend. II. If you are sympathetic 认可的 to a proposal or action, you approve of it and are willing to support it. She met people in London who were sympathetic to her cause. agreeing with or supporting: I am very sympathetic with anyone who feels that the building under construction has been the most rewarding aspect of it; an impossible dream. The party is considered to be sympathetic to/towards welfare reform. Did he give your proposal/complaints a sympathetic hearing? His speeches against corruption may find a sympathetic hearing among voters. After a year we will sympathetically consider an application for reinstatement. III. 让人同情的. 引发共鸣的 You describe someone as sympathetic when you like them and approve of the way that they behave. If a character in a book or film is sympathetic, they are described or shown in such a way that you are able to understand the character's feelings, with the result that you like them: She comes across as a more sympathetic character in the movie. She sounds a most sympathetic character. But Professor Burry knows that La Sagrada Família's perpetual incompleteness is actually part of its charm. "I am very sympathetic with anyone who feels that the building under construction has been the most rewarding aspect of it; an impossible dream," he says. unsympathetic [ʌnsɪmpəθetɪk] I. If someone is unsympathetic, they are not kind or helpful to a person in difficulties. Her partner was unsympathetic 不体谅人的 and she felt she had no one to turn to. ...an unsympathetic doctor. II. An unsympathetic person is unpleasant and difficult to like. ...a very unsympathetic 不招人喜欢的 main character. He's unsympathetic, but charismatic and complex. III. If you are unsympathetic to a particular idea or aim, you are not willing to support it. I'm highly unsympathetic to what you are trying to achieve. 3. A school period 课, 一节课, 一堂课 is a block of time allocated for lessons, classes in schools. They typically last between 30 and 60 minutes, with around 3-10 periods per school day. However, especially in higher education, there can be many more. Educators determine the number and length of these periods, and may even regulate how each period will be used. One common example of this practice is to designate at least one compulsory period a day for physical education. One special example of a high school period is the free period 自习课. These typically involve having 15 minutes of mostly unsupervised activities. A free period (also called "free" "spare" "unstructured" or "leisure" period) is generally found in most high schools and colleges. shiftless [ˈʃɪftlɪs] 懒散, 没有梦想, 没有干劲的 adj [disapproval] characterized by laziness, indolence, and a lack of ambition. If you describe someone as shiftless, you mean that they are lazy and have no desire to achieve anything. ...the lives of two shiftless, violent ex-convicts in 1950s America. "a shiftless lot of good-for-nothings 一无是处的人, 百无一用的人". lackadaisical [lækədeɪzɪkəl] 漫不经心的, 不当回事的 adj If you say that someone is lackadaisical, you mean that they are rather lazy and do not show much interest or enthusiasm in what they do. showing little enthusiasm and effort: The food was nice enough but the service was somewhat lackadaisical. Dr. Jonsen seemed a little lackadaisical at times. ...the lackadaisical attitude of a number of the principal players. Rios' lawyers have suggested that Valencia's lackadaisical approach to hygiene and housekeeping explains Rios' DNA under the victim's nails. indolence [ˈɪndələns] 懒惰的, 怠惰的 Indolence means laziness. the state of showing no real interest or effort: After a sudden burst of activity, the team lapsed back into indolence. The people feel trapped between the indolence and apathy of the authorities and fear of the criminals. He was noted for his indolence. indolent [ˈɪndələnt] I. showing no real interest or effort: an indolent wave of the hand. an indolent reply. II. Habitually lazy, procrastinating, or resistant to physical labor. The indolent girl resisted doing her homework. III. Inducing laziness indolent comfort. workshy (Britain) Disinclined to work; lazy. Workshy benefits claimants should stop watching daytime television and get a job. have [got] it in for someone 不喜欢, 想伤害... 有恶意 informal to be determined to harm or criticize someone. to have a particular quality or ability. If someone has it in for you, they do not like you and they want to make life difficult for you. they dislike you and try to cause problems for you. He's always had it in for the Dawkins family. His speech was really funny - we didn't know he had it in him. She's always had it in for me. make it hot for Informal to make things difficult or uncomfortable for. shake (one's) tail feather ( shake off one's tail 摆脱跟踪者 ) slang To dance, especially by moving one's buttocks along to the beat. I want every one of you shaking your tail feather by the end of the night! It's my wedding, so I will drag you on to the dance floor if I need to. in two shakes (of a lamb's tail) = a couple of shakes old-fashioned informal very soon: I'll be with you in two shakes. go with the wind I. (idiomatic) To follow the direction of the wind. II. (idiomatic) To be carried away by the wind. III. (idiomatic) To disappear; to vanish. in the wind I. If something is in the wind, people are talking about it and it may happen, but no one is sure. If something is in the wind, it is likely to happen. used to say that something is happening or going to happen, but the details are not clear If there was a merger in the wind, I'm sure we'd hear about it. By the mid-1980s, change was in the wind again. Rumours of a takeover are in the wind. II. If someone is in the wind, they are missing, especially after escaping: The suspects are in the wind. 4. "It ain't over till (or until) the fat lady sings 没用完, 没有结束, 不算完." is a colloquialism which is often used as a proverb. It means that one should not presume to know the outcome of an event which is still in progress. More specifically, the phrase is used when a situation is (or appears to be) nearing its conclusion. It cautions against assuming that the current state of an event is irreversible and clearly determines how or when the event will end. The phrase is most commonly used in association with organized competitions, particularly sports. The proverb is still used in baseball circles, such as "the Texas Rangers didn't hear a fat lady sing" when the Rangers continued to play very hard when the Houston Astros took the lead in their series in 2023. take the offensive 主动出击. 进攻 to attack first: He had authorized his army to take the offensive. They declared they would take the offensive against troops laying siege to the town. He understood the critical importance of taking the offensive. The President had evidently decided to take the offensive at the news conference on Monday. Education was the subject of one of the fieriest exchanges between the two candidates, with Walker taking the offensive. take offence If someone takes offence at something you say or do, they feel upset, often unnecessarily, because they think you are being rude to them. She never takes offence at anything. Never had she seen him so tense, so quick to take offence as he had been in recent weeks. 5. I tilt my head 歪着头 and hear another loud cry erupt from one of the stalls, along with a muffled "Oh God, yes, suck it." Holy.... So there is a couple in here getting it on( have sex. "we were getting it on when someone knocked at the door". ). My face bursts into flames 涨红. take the plunge to make a decision to do something, especially after thinking about it for a long time: They're finally taking the plunge and getting married. take the rough with the smooth to accept the unpleasant parts of a situation as well as the pleasant parts: That's relationships for you - you have to take the rough with the smooth. resign yourself to something 无奈接受, 放弃而接受 to make yourself accept something that you do not like because you cannot change it: He resigned himself to living alone. swimmingly 一帆风顺的, 顺当, 顺利的, 顺风顺水的, 顺顺当当的 adverb smoothly and satisfactorily. "things are going swimmingly". If you say that something is going swimmingly, you mean that everything is happening in a satisfactory way, without any problems. The work has been going swimmingly. 6. A gender stereotype is a generalised view or preconception about attributes, or characteristics that are or ought to be possessed by women and men or the roles that are or should be performed by men and women. Gender stereotypes can be both positive and negative for example, "women are nurturing" or "women are weak". A gender stereotype is harmful when it limits women's and men's capacity to develop their personal abilities, pursue their professional careers and/or make choices about their lives. Gender stereotyping refers to the practice of ascribing to an individual woman or man specific attributes, characteristics, or roles by reason only of her or his membership in the social group of women or men. Gender stereotyping is wrongful when it results in a violation or violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms. beleaguered [bɪˈliːɡəd] 身陷风浪的 被围攻的 A beleaguered person, organization, or project is experiencing a lot of difficulties, opposition, or criticism. in a very difficult situation. "the board is supporting the beleaguered director amid calls for his resignation". There have been seven coup attempts against the beleaguered government. predilection [ˌpriːdɪˈlɛkʃn] 偏好, 偏爱 a preference or special liking for something; a bias in favour of something. If you have a predilection for something, you have a strong liking for it. "my predilection for Asian food". ...his predilection for fast cars and fast horses. Ever since she was a child, she has had a predilection for spicy food. vocabulary: A predilection is a preference for or bias toward something. If you have a predilection for wool clothing, you should take up knitting. Predilection is based on the Latin verb praediligere, or "prefer before others," which breaks down to prae, before, and diligere, "choose or love." We often use the word predilection for tendencies that people seem to have been born with, also called predispositions [ˌpriːdɪspəˈzɪʃn]. If you're a night owl, you probably have a predilection for cities, while morning people tend to prefer the country. predispositions [ˌpriːdɪspəˈzɪʃn] 先天的觉得 a liability or tendency to suffer from a particular condition, hold a particular attitude, or act in a particular way. "a child may inherit a predisposition to schizophrenia" a. If you have a predisposition to behave in a particular way, you tend to behave like that because of the kind of person that you are or the attitudes that you have. There are always going to be other factors that influence someone's predisposition to exercise. II. If you have a predisposition to a disease or illness, it is likely that you will suffer from that disease or illness. ...a genetic predisposition to lung cancer. 7. Turquoise [ˈtəːkwɔɪz,ˈtəːkwɑːz]( I. a greenish-blue colour. "the turquoise waters of the bay". II. a semi-precious stone, typically opaque and of a greenish-blue or sky-blue colour, consisting of a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminium.) is an opaque, blue-to-green mineral that is a hydrous phosphate of copper and aluminium, with the chemical formula CuAl 6(PO 4) 4(OH) 8·4H 2O. It is rare and valuable in finer grades and has been prized as a gemstone for millennia due to its hue. obtuse [əbˈtjuːs] 蠢笨的 I. annoyingly insensitive or slow to understand. Someone who is obtuse has difficulty understanding things, or makes no effort to understand them. I've really been very obtuse and stupid. Naivety [nʌɪˈiːv(ɪ)ti] bordering on obtuseness helped sustain his faith. "he wondered if the doctor was being deliberately obtuse". II. 钝角. (of an angle) more than 90° and less than 180°. "an obtuse angle of 150°". nativity [nəˈtɪvɪti] I. the occasion of a person's birth. "the place of my nativity". II. the birth of Jesus Christ. the Nativity the birth of Jesus Christ, celebrated by Christians at Christmas: Christmas is the season when Christians around the world recount the story of the Nativity. a model or picture of the Nativity: The nativity consisted of elaborate hand-carved figures. Nativity sets sell well in the run-up to Christmas. nativity play a play that tells the story of Jesus Christ's birth, usually performed by children at Christmas: She played the role of Mary in the school nativity. They admired the tableau of the Nativity. ...the Nativity story. tableau [tæbloʊ] ( 复数: tableaux ) I. A tableau is a scene, for example from the Bible, history, or mythology, that consists of a group of people in costumes who do not speak or move. The people are sometimes on a float in a procession an arrangement of people who do not move or speak, especially on a stage, who represent a view of life, an event, etc. ...a nativity tableau. ...tableaux depicting the foundation of Barcelona. II. A tableau is a piece of art such as a sculpture or painting that shows a scene, especially one from the Bible, history, or mythology. ...Gaudi's luxuriant stone tableau of the Nativity on the cathedral's east face. 8. scroll [skroʊl] noun. I. 卷轴. 羊皮卷 A scroll is a long roll of paper or a similar material with writing on it. a long roll of paper or similar material with usually official writing on it: The ancient Egyptians stored information on scrolls. Ancient scrolls were found in caves by the Dead Sea. II. A scroll is a painted or carved decoration made to look like a scroll. a decoration that looks like a roll of paper: The tops of the marble pillars were decorated with scrolls. ...a handsome suite of chairs incised with Grecian scrolls. verb If you scroll through text on a computer or phone screen, you move the text up or down to find the information that you need. to move text or other information on a computer screen in order to see a different part of it: Scroll to the end of the document. I scrolled down to find 'United States of America'. Kraft paper or kraft 牛皮纸 is paper or paperboard (cardboard) produced from chemical pulp produced in the kraft process. Sack kraft paper (or just sack paper) is a porous kraft paper with high elasticity and high tear resistance, designed for packaging products with high demands for strength and durability. parchment paper 牛油纸, 羊皮纸 a waterproof and grease-resistant paper produced by treating ordinary paper with concentrated sulfuric acid. parchment a. In former times, parchment was the skin of a sheep or goat that was used for writing on. ...old manuscripts written on parchment. b. Parchment is a kind of thick yellowish paper. ...an old lamp with a parchment shade. Cover with a sheet of non-stick baking parchment. c. A parchment is a document written on parchment. Parchment paper, vegetable parchment, or, baking paper is a cellulose-based composite that has been processed to give it additional properties like non-stickiness, grease resistance, and resistance to humidity. It is commonly used in baking as a disposable non-stick, grease resistant surface. It should not be confused with waxed paper, which is paper that has been coated in wax. Some brands of parchment paper feature a silicone coating, which makes the paper even more non-stick and heat-resistant. Silicone-coated parchment paper can be reused multiple times. In addition to its use in cooking and baking, parchment paper can also be used for other purposes such as crafting and gift wrapping. Its non-stick surface makes it easy to work with and its durability means it can be used for multiple projects. While parchment paper is heat-resistant, it is not fireproof. It should not be exposed to direct flames or used in a broiler or toaster oven. It is recommended to always use parchment paper according to the manufacturer's instructions and never exceed its stated recommended temperature range. 9. inconsequential 不要紧的, 可有可无的 无足轻重的 adj not important; able to be ignored: ...a constant reminder of just how insignificant and inconsequential their lives were. Seemingly inconsequential details can sometimes contain significant clues. Changes in the stock market were pretty inconsequential during the past week. serrated [səˈreɪtɪd] 锯齿状的 adj. A serrated object such as a knife or blade has a row of V-shaped points along the edge. having a row of sharp points along the edge: You really need a knife with a serrated edge for cutting bread. Bread knives should have a serrated edge.
extensive VS across-the-board VS blanket: extensive I. Something that is extensive covers or includes a large physical area. extensive grounds 大面积的, 范围大的, 大范围的 a school with extensive grounds. extensive repairs extensive repairs to the motorway. Her knowledge of music is extensive (= she knows a lot about music). The wedding received extensive coverage in the newspapers (= it was written about a lot). ...an extensive tour of Latin America. When built, the palace and its grounds were more extensive than the city itself. Mark, however, needs to travel extensively with his varied business interests. This place obviously has been searched extensively 仔细搜查, 详细搜查. II. Something that is extensive covers a wide range of details, ideas, or items. Extensive also means wide in range and including much detailed information: Her knowledge of music is extensive. Foster did extensive research on electromagnetic fields. The house was extensively rebuilt. There was extensive coverage of World Book Day on the BBC. ...the extensive research into public attitudes to science. The facilities available are very extensive. ...the extensively 详尽的, 事无巨细的 reported trial. All these issues have been extensively researched in recent years. The house was extensively rebuilt after the fire. The side effects of the new drug are being extensively researched. III. If something is extensive, it is very great. The blast caused extensive 大范围的 damage, shattering the ground-floor windows. The security forces have extensive powers of search and arrest. Mr Marr makes extensive use of 充分利用 exclusively Scottish words. Hydrogen is used extensively 广泛的 in industry for the production of ammonia. across-the-board 全面的, 全方位的 affecting everyone or everything within an organization, system, or society: The proposed across-the-board cuts for all state agencies will total $84 million. happening or having an effect on people at every level and in every area: The improvement has been across the board, with all divisions either increasing profits or reducing losses. The initiative has across-the-board support. blanket 全面的, 全部的 adj. including or affecting everything, everyone, or all cases, in a large group or area: a blanket ban. "Man", as a blanket term for both men and women, is now considered sexist. affecting or involving every person or thing in a situation: They want blanket bans on junk-food advertising. The bank does not have a blanket policy of charging for duplicate statements. without a limit: You have blanket authority to hire anyone you want. a blanket of something a thick covering of something: The ground was covered by a thick blanket of snow.
gluten VS lactose intolerant VS milk allergy: 1. Gluten is a protein naturally found in some grains including wheat, barley, and rye. It acts like a binder, holding food together and adding a "stretchy" quality—think of a pizza maker tossing and stretching out a ball of dough. Without gluten, the dough would rip easily. Gluten is a structural protein naturally found in certain cereal grains. The term "gluten" usually refers to the combination of prolamin and glutelin proteins that naturally occurs in many cereal grains and that can trigger celiac disease. The types of grains that contain gluten include all species of wheat (such as common wheat, durum, spelt, khorasan, emmer and einkorn), as well as barley, rye, and some cultivars of oat. Glutens, especially Triticeae glutens, have unique viscoelastic [ˌvɪskəʊɪˈlæstɪk] 胶弹性 ( Viscoelastic are substances with dual properties having a fluid's viscosity and elasticity of a gel or a solid. Viscoelastics have revolutionized modern-day cataract surgery because of their viscous, elastic, and pseudo-plastic properties. In materials science and continuum mechanics, viscoelasticity is the property of materials that exhibit both viscous and elastic characteristics when undergoing deformation. Viscous materials, like water, resist shear flow and strain linearly with time when a stress is applied. Elastic materials strain when stretched and immediately return to their original state once the stress is removed. ) and adhesive properties 粘性, which give dough its elasticity 韧劲, 筋道( elasticity [iːlæs'tɪsɪti] I. 弹性. The elasticity of a material or substance is its ability to return to its original shape, size, and condition after it has been stretched. Daily facial exercises help her to retain the skin's elasticity. Gluten develops elasticity in a dough. II. In economics, the elasticity of something, especially the demand for a product, is the degree to which it changes in response to changes in circumstances. Operating exposure depends on such factors as the elasticity of demand for imports. the ability to change: There is some elasticity in our plans - nothing has been firmly decided yet. elastic [ɪˈlastɪk] noun. I. Elastic is a rubber material that stretches when you pull it and returns to its original size and shape when you let it go. Elastic is often used in clothes to make them fit tightly, for example round the waist. ...a piece of elastic. ...my plaid Bermuda shorts with the elastic waist. II. An elastic is a rubber band. adj. I. Something that is elastic is able to stretch easily and then return to its original size and shape. Beat it until the dough is slightly elastic. ...an elastic rope. II. If ideas, plans, or policies are elastic 弹性的, they are able to change to suit new circumstances or conditions as they occur. ...an elastic interpretation of the rules of boxing. The period of conversion was elastic, in some cases lasting over twenty years. ), helping it rise and keep its shape and often leaving the final product with a chewy texture. These properties, and its relatively low cost, make gluten valuable to both food and non-food industries. 2. A gluten-free diet is essential for managing signs and symptoms of celiac disease and other medical conditions associated with gluten. A gluten-free diet is also popular among people who haven't been diagnosed with a gluten-related medical condition. The claimed benefits of the diet are improved health, weight loss and increased energy, but more research is needed. Coeliac [ˈsiːlɪak] disease (British English) or celiac disease (American English) is a long-term autoimmune disorder, primarily affecting the small intestine, where individuals develop intolerance to gluten, present in foods such as wheat, rye and barley. Classic symptoms include gastrointestinal problems such as chronic diarrhoea, abdominal distention, malabsorption, loss of appetite, and among children failure to grow normally. 3. Lactose 乳糖 intolerance is the reduced ability to digest milk sugars, due to insufficient amounts of the gut enzyme called lactase. Symptoms include bloating, gas, abdominal pain and diarrhoea. Most people with lactose intolerance can tolerate cheese well, and small amounts of milk and yoghurt. The inability to fully digest sugar (lactose) in dairy products. Lactose intolerance is usually caused by a deficiency of an enzyme in the body called lactase. Symptoms can include abdominal cramps, bloating and diarrhoea. Treatment focuses on avoidance of dairy products, use of lactose-free products or the use of lactase supplements. 4. Milk allergy is an atypical immune system response to milk and products containing milk. It's one of the most common food allergies in children. Cow's milk is the usual cause of milk allergy, but milk from sheep, goats, buffalo and other mammals also can cause a reaction. An allergic reaction usually occurs soon after you or your child consumes milk. Signs and symptoms of milk allergy range from mild to severe and can include wheezing, vomiting, hives and digestive problems. Milk allergy can also cause anaphylaxis — a severe, life-threatening reaction. Avoiding milk and milk products is the primary treatment for milk allergy. Fortunately, most children outgrow milk allergy. Those who don't outgrow it may need to continue to avoid milk products. 5. bougie [ˈbuːʒiː] medicine noun. a long slender semiflexible cylindrical instrument for inserting into body passages, such as the rectum or urethra, to dilate structures, introduce medication, etc. adj. I. 小资的. (slang, usually derogatory) having bourgeois tastes and attitudes. Behaving like or pertaining to people of a higher social status, middle-class / bourgeois [ˈbʊəʒwɑ] people (sometimes carrying connotations of fakeness, elitism, or snobbery). belonging to or characteristic of the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes. "a rich, bored, bourgeois family". II. (Britain, Canada, slang) Fancy or good-looking, without the same connotations of snobbery or pretentiousness as in sense I. We do not know you. We do not know if you have a true allergy, are just lactose intolerant, or just don't like it....etc. something so simple turns into a nightmare because some people just want to be bougie etc.
