perceptive VS perspective;

用法学习: 1. Totalitarianism [toʊtælɪteəriənɪzəm] is a political system and a form of government that prohibits opposition political parties, disregards and outlaws the political claims of individual and group opposition to the state, and controls the public sphere and the private sphere of society. In the field of political science, totalitarianism is the extreme form of authoritarianism, wherein all socio-political power is held by a dictator, who also controls the national politics and the peoples of the nation with continual propaganda campaigns that are broadcast by state-controlled and by friendly private mass communications media. The totalitarian government uses ideology to control most aspects of human life, such as the political economy of the country, the system of education, the arts, the sciences, and the private-life morality of the citizens. In the exercise of socio-political power, the difference between a totalitarian regime of government and an authoritarian régime of government is one of degree ( The difference between these online gamers and the Taliban men who, last October, tried to murder fourteen-year-old Malala Yousafzai for speaking out about the right of Pakistani women to education is one of degree. Both are trying to silence and punish women for claiming voice, power, and the right to participate. a matter of degree 程度的区别, 深度的问题, 程度问题 a situation that involves varying levels of something rather than two completely different things: "That's really bad." "Well, it's all a matter of degree (= there are other things better and other things worse)." The differences between us are just a matter of degree. The reporter's question was not as rude as the response, but it was only a matter of degree. "Would you sacrifice economic growth to protect the environment?" "Yes, but it’s a matter of degree." Often the judgment as to whether the insured party was acting responsibly is a matter of degree.); whereas totalitarianism features a charismatic dictator and a fixed worldview, authoritarianism only features a dictator who holds power for the sake of holding power, and is supported, either jointly or individually, by a military junta and by the socio-economic elites who are the ruling class of the country. Joseph Stalin (left), leader of the Soviet Union, and Adolf Hitler (right), leader of Nazi Germany, are considered prototypical dictators of totalitarian regimes. Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and the rule of law. Political scientists have created many typologies describing variations of authoritarian forms of government. Authoritarian regimes may be either autocratic or oligarchic and may be based upon the rule of a party or the military. States that have a blurred boundary between democracy and authoritarianism have some times been characterized as "hybrid democracies", "hybrid regimes" or "competitive authoritarian" states. 2. A cult of personality, or a cult of the leader, is the result of an effort which is made to create an idealized and heroic image of a glorious leader, often through unquestioning flattery and praise. Historically, it has developed through techniques of mass media, propaganda, spectacle, the arts, patriotism, and government-organized demonstrations and rallies. A cult of personality is similar to apotheosis, except that it is established by modern social engineering techniques, usually by the state or the party in one-party states and dominant-party states. Cults of personality often accompany the leaders of totalitarian or authoritarian governments. They can also be seen in some monarchies, theocracies, failed democracies, and even in liberal democracies. 3. RFK Jr. compared Trump to Hitler and praised descriptions of his supporters as 'Nazis': In one episode of "Ring of Fire" from December 2016, Kennedy compared Trump's strategy to historical demagogues who rose during times of crisis. Drawing comparisons to global crises such as the Great Depression, Kennedy said periods of economic and social instability had often given rise to demagogues who exploit fear, prejudice and insecurity to gain power. He cited figures abroad like Hitler, Francisco Franco and Mussolini, as well as Huey Long and Father Coughlin in the US, as historical parallels. "And you can see that every statement that Donald Trump makes is fear-based," Kennedy said on his radio show in December 2016. "Every statement he makes. You know, we have to be fear of the Muslims. We have to be fear of the black people, and particularly the big Black guy Obama, who's destroying this country, who's making everybody miserable." "And only one person has the genius and the capacity to solve these things. And I'm not gonna tell you how I'm gonna do it. Just trust in me, vote for me and everything will be great again. And of course, that whole thing is like a carnival barker 兜售的小商小贩 (barker 叫卖者, 兜售者 a person who stands at a show, fair booth, etc, and loudly addresses passers-by to attract customers. a person who advertises an activity at a public event by calling out to people who are walking past: a fairground/circus barker. wiki: A barker, often a carnival barker, is a person who attempts to attract patrons to entertainment events, such as a circus or funfair, by exhorting ( exhort If you exhort someone to do something, you try hard to persuade or encourage them to do it. Kennedy exhorted his listeners to turn away from violence. He exhorted his companions, 'Try to accomplish your aim with diligence.' Foreign funds alone are clearly not enough, nor are exhortations to reform. to strongly encourage or try to persuade someone to do something: exhort someone to do something The governor exhorted the prisoners not to riot. ) passing members of the public, announcing attractions of the show, and emphasizing variety, novelty, beauty, or some other enticing feature of the show. A barker would often conduct a brief free show, introducing performers and describing acts to be given at the feature performance. Professional barkers strongly disliked the term and generally refer to themselves and each other as "talkers".)," Kennedy concluded. He also compared Trump's appeal to that of famous segregationist Alabama Gov. George Wallace. 4. The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse are a biblical metaphor for the end of times that appear in the Book of Revelation: Conquest: The first horseman rides a white horse; War: The second horseman rides a red horse; Famine and/or pestilence: The third horseman rides a black horse; Death: The fourth horseman rides a pale horse. The Four Horsemen are revealed when the first four of the seven seals are unsealed. The horsemen are often depicted in art, such as in a woodcut by Albrecht Dürer. Revelation 6 tells of a book or scroll in God's right hand that is sealed with seven seals. The Lamb of God/Lion of Judah opens the first four of the seven seals, which summons four beings that ride out on white, red, black, and pale horses. All of the horsemen save for Death are portrayed as being human in appearance. In John's revelation the first horseman rides a white horse, carries a bow, and is given a crown as a figure of conquest, perhaps invoking pestilence, or the Antichrist. The second carries a sword and rides a red horse as the creator of (civil) war, conflict, and strife. The third, a food merchant, rides a black horse symbolizing famine and carries the scales. The fourth and final horse is pale, upon it rides Death, accompanied by Hades. "They were given authority over a quarter of the Earth, to kill with sword, famine and plague, and by means of the beasts of the Earth." Christianity typically interprets the Four Horsemen as a vision of harbingers of the Last Judgment, setting a divine end-time upon the world. The term "Four Horsemen" has also been used as a metaphor to describe communication styles that can predict the end of a relationship. The Gottman Institute has identified four communication styles as the "Four Horsemen": criticism, contempt, defensiveness, and stonewalling. The Gottman Institute offers relationship wellness 健康度 tools to help couples identify and counteract these styles. The Seven Seals of God from the Bible's Book of Revelation are the seven symbolic seals (Greek: σφραγῖδα, sphragida) that secure the book or scroll that John of Patmos saw in an apocalyptic vision. The opening of the seals of the document occurs in Rev Ch 5–8 and marks the Second Coming of the Christ and the beginning of The Apocalypse/Revelation. Upon the Lamb of God/Lion of Judah opening a seal on the cover of the book/scroll, a judgment is released or an apocalyptic event occurs. The opening of the first four Seals releases the Four Horsemen, each with his own specific mission. The opening of the fifth Seal releases the cries of martyrs for the "Word/Wrath of God". The sixth Seal prompts plagues, storms and other cataclysmic events. The seventh Seal cues seven angelic trumpeters who in turn cue the seven bowl judgments and more cataclysmic events. The lamb of God 上帝的牺牲品: Christian doctrine holds that a divine Jesus chose to suffer crucifixion at Calvary to save the world from its sins. He was given up by divine Father, as an "agent and servant of God" in carrying away the sins of the world. In Christian theology the Lamb of God is viewed as both foundational and integral to the message of Christianity. 5. perspective noun. I. A particular perspective is a particular way of thinking about something, especially one that is influenced by your beliefs or experiences. a particular way of considering something: Her attitude lends a fresh perspective to the subject. from a perspective 视角, 看问题的角度 He writes from a Marxist perspective. perspective on Because of its geographical position, Germany's perspective on the situation in Russia is very different from Washington's. He says the death of his father 18 months ago has given him a new perspective on life. ...two different perspectives on the nature of adolescent development. Most literature on the subject of immigrants in France has been written from the perspective of the French themselves. I would like to offer a historical perspective. With more maturity and experience, you will gradually acquire perspective. II. Perspective is the art of making some objects or people in a picture look further away than others. The way that objects appear smaller when they are further away and the way parallel lines appear to meet each other at a point in the distance: In 15th-century Italy, artists rediscovered the rules of perspective. in perspective/into perspective/out of perspective If you get something in perspective or into perspective, you judge its real importance by considering it in relation to everything else. If you get something out of perspective, you fail to judge its real importance in relation to everything else. Remember to keep things in perspective. It helps to put their personal problems into perspective. Labor economist Harley Shaekin argues the cost needs to be viewed in perspective. I let things get out of perspective. in perspective (图里的物品not to scale, 不合比例) An object or person that is in perspective has the correct size and position in comparison with other things in the picture: Make sure that the figures are in perspective. out of perspective An object or person that is out of perspective does not have the correct size or position in comparison with other things in the picture, and therefore does not look real or natural: The painting had a naive, out-of-perspective style. get/keep something in perspective to think about a situation or problem in a wise and reasonable way: You must keep things in perspective - the overall situation isn't really that bad. put something in(to) perspective to compare something to other things so that it can be accurately and fairly judged: Total investments for this year reached $53 million, and, to put this into perspective, investments this year were double those made in 2013. perceptive 观察力强的, 善于观察的, 明察秋毫的 adjective If you describe a person or their remarks or thoughts as perceptive, you think that they are good at noticing or realizing things, especially things that are not obvious. very good at noticing and understanding things that many people do not notice: Her books are full of perceptive insights. Her books are full of perceptive insights into the human condition. He was one of the most perceptive U.S. political commentators. ...a very perceptive critique of Wordsworth. The stages in her love affair with Harry are perceptively written. The task I have in mind requires little more than perceptiveness and a good memory. However, she is very perceptive in certain ways, like knowing where everything is in my house. 6. proselytize [ˈprɒsɪlɪtʌɪz] = proselyte = proselytise 说服人信教, 布道, 传播宗教 disapproving formal (UK usually proselytise) to try to persuade someone to change their religious or political beliefs or way of living to your own. If you proselytize, you try to persuade someone to share your beliefs, especially religious or political beliefs. I assured him we didn't come here to proselytize. Christians were arrested for trying to convert people, to proselytise them. He was also remarkable for the proselytizing zeal with which he wrote his political pamphlets. Television has provided the evangelists with yet another platform for their proselytizing. Missionaries were sent to proselytize in rural areas of the country. parochial [pəˈrəʊkɪəl] 只顾眼前利益的, 局限性的. 眼界窄的, 小家子气的, 地方保护主义的 I. relating to a parish (= an area that has its own church or priest): parochial boundaries. Parochial is used to describe things that relate to the parish connected with a particular church. She was a secretary on the local parochial church council. II. disapproving showing interest only in a narrow range of matters, especially those that directly affect yourself, your town, or your country. If you describe someone as parochial, you are critical of them because you think they are too concerned with their own affairs and should be thinking about more important things. a parochial view/opinion. Although it's just a local paper, it somehow manages not to be too parochial in its outlook. IIII. 局限于本地的. limited to a narrow or local range of matters: The US coverage of the summit has been extremely parochial. 7. "one's level best" is an idiom that means to try as hard as possible to do something, even if it's difficult. one's best effort at doing something He tried his level best to win the race. She did her level best to please her mother. Tickets are hard to come by but I'll do my level best to get you one. "I'll do my level best to get you a ticket, even though they're hard to find". 7. bits and bobs 零工, 零星的工作 UK informal small things or jobs of different types. Bits and bobs are small objects or parts of something. The microscope contains a few hundred dollars-worth of electronic bits and bobs. There's a handy compartment for keys and gloves and bits and bobs. We've done a few bits and bobs around the house since we've been here. I've got some bits and bobs to get done before lunch. I need to pick up one or two bits and bobs in town. We were just shopping for a few bits and bobs for the kitchen. throw (one's) toys/rattle out of the cot/pram 发脾气 Primarily heard in UK. To behave in a petulantly upset or angry manner; to act like an angry child. Manchester United's star striker threw his toys out of the cot after he was ejected from the match for biting another player. nothing to sneeze at = not to be sneezed at 并非少数, 钱也不少, 也是不少的钱 something that deserves serious attention, esp. an amount of money: An extra two thousand bucks a year is nothing to sneeze at. If you say that something, especially an amount of money, is not to be sneezed at, you mean that it is a large enough amount to be worth having: Well, a five percent pay increase means an extra $700 a year, which is not to be sneezed at! scoff at (someone or something) 嘲讽, 嘲笑, 讥讽 To dismiss something with scorn, ridicule, or derision. to show ridicule or scorn for someone or something. He's nothing to scoff at. The directors scoffed at her when she presented her plan. They scoffed at my new hat, not realizing how stylish it was. The CEO scoffed at the backlash, confident that those complaining were nothing but a vocal minority. They scoffed at me when I warned them of the disastrous fault in the system, but now they're seeing just how right I was. go nuclear 发飙, 发疯, 发狂 [mainly British, informal] I. to get extremely angry and start behaving in a forceful or irrational way as a result. Since I dropped the pictures off, I've been wearing a crash helmet in case you go nuclear. On a scale of ten, how angry are you at me for them? To throw a fit; To become enraged with an angry outburst. You only turn 21 once, so I plan to go nuclear at my birthday party this weekend! Have you seen the way he's spent money lately? It's like he's gone nuclear! Danny's a teenager, he's going to act out. Just make sure he doesn't go totally nuclear. To aggressively express one's anger. When Mom finds out you dented her brand-new car, she's going to go nuclear! Don't go nuclear, but I think I broke your computer. Mom and Dad will definitely go nuclear when they see you're failing three classes! II. (figurative) To escalate to an extremely high level of excitement or enthusiasm. III. To use nuclear weapons, as by the military, often considered a last resort. I'm worried about the repercussions if our military officials decide to go nuclear. In this tense time, I'm voting for the candidate who's least likely to go nuclear. Anxiety is much higher now that the rival nation has made clear their willingness to go nuclear. IV. In the US Senate, to pursue a course of action allowing the majority party to end filibustering with a simple majority, rather than the usually required supermajority of 60%. Senators could, however, go nuclear and approve this nomination. A: "They won't go nuclear." B: "How can you be so sure?" B: "Because reliable sources have told me that they don't even have a simple majority." The only way we'll get this polarizing bill passed is to go nuclear. V. To take drastic action. Whoa, calling the CEO about this issue is definitely going nuclear—let's see what we can do on our own first. A: "Whoa, don't go nuclear and tamper with Mom's mail!" B: "But she is gonna freak out if she sees I'm failing three classes!" The board of directors' plan to deal with the economic downturn is to go nuclear, basically, and reduce the entire company to a skeleton crew. 8. overarching 超越一切的, 凌驾于一切之上的 adj. You use overarching to indicate that you are talking about something that includes or affects everything or everyone. comprehensive or all-embracing. including or influencing every part of something. most important, because of including or affecting all other areas: a grand overarching strategy. The overarching theme of the election campaign was tax cuts. The crisis gave an overarching justification to the government's policy. "a single overarching principle". The overarching question seems to be what happens when the U.S. pulls out? "Overarching objective 最重要的目标" is a formal term used to describe something that is most important or urgent because it affects or includes everything or everyone. "The overarching goal of any taxonomy is to supply some predictive value during the analysis of an unknown specimen". His overarching objective was to translate findings into policy and practice. This was our overarching objective. Their overarching goal is to eliminate chaos from the land, and often do so without mercy to those they consider unworthy. The overarching goal is consolidating peace and stability. The overarching goal was based on developing one into a more rational, self-regulated individual. play out I. (transitive) To play (a game etc.) to its conclusion. II. (transitive) To play music to accompany the end of, or as a final segment in (a programme, broadcast etc.). And now, to play us out, please welcome Tom Waits. II. (intransitive) To occur or develop in a certain manner. When a situation plays out, it happens and develops: The debate will play out in the media over the next week or two. Let's keep our heads down for a little while and see how things play out. My date played out a little differently than I imagined. If a situation plays itself out, it develops until nothing more can happen, and it is no longer very important: We were forced to stand back and let the crisis play itself out. If a dramatic event is played out, it gradually takes place. Her union reforms were played out against a background of rising unemployment. The film has eerie parallels with the drama being played out in real life. III. (transitive, perhaps influenced by or confused with 'pay out') To feed (rope, cord, etc.) so as to allow more length or slackness. to reel or pay out, as a rope, line, etc I sat at the top of the cliff and played out the rope as she descended. to use up; exhaust to play out one's supplies. IV. to pretend that an imaginary situation or event is really happening. If people play out their dreams, feelings etc, they express them by pretending that a particular situation is really happening The weekend gives you a chance to play out your fantasies. In the psychotherapy group, patients were free to play out their fantasies. play off I. (transitive, often with as) To portray (something) (as unimportant); to dismiss or make light of (a factor in a situation, or one's embarrassment about it); to pretend not to be embarrassed, upset, impressed or otherwise affected by (it). Coordinate terms: laugh away, laugh off, style it out 一笑置之, 一笑泯恩仇. After tripping, Sara tried to play her embarrassment off by laughing with everyone else. Although he's obviously hung over, he's trying to play it off as food poisoning. II.(transitive) To set (other people) against one another: to induce competition between them, especially in a covert way so that they do not realize the degree to which they have been played (manipulated). to encourage one person or group to compete or argue with another, hoping to gain some advantage from this situation: Management policy seemed to be to play one department off against another. Stalin's propensity to play off his subordinates against one another is a well-studied theme. III. (sports, intransitive, transitive) To compete in a play-off; to compete against (an opponent) in a play-off. to play a game, in a team sport, to decide which side will win: United and Rangers are playing off for the championship. IV. (dated, transitive) To display; to show; to put in exercise. to play off tricks. V. to use something in order to get an advantage She plays off her resemblance to the president's daughter. VI. to act with something or someone in a way that produces a good result The yellow and purple play off each other nicely. playoff I. an extra game or period of play in a competition played between teams or competitors who both have the same number of points, in order to decide who wins the competition: Two players are tied for first place, so they will have a one-game playoff to determine the winner. II. a game or series of games that are played after a regular season of games (= a list of games planned ahead of time) to decide a winner. the playoffs. The team with the best record in each division will qualify for a spot in the playoffs. The football team qualified for its first playoff game in four years.