用法学习: 1. The detective who led the murder inquiry called Stewart a "greedy, wicked narcissist". Neighbours related episodes when Stewart revealed volcanic rages. Members of Stewart's former bowls club recalled how he was "obsessed with money" and extremely parsimonious ( parsimonious [ˌpɑrsəˈmoʊniəs] 小气的, 吝啬的 adj I. characterized by parsimony; miserly; close. not willing to spend money or use a lot of something: She's too parsimonious to heat the house properly. I had to be a little parsimonious with the fresh thyme. I think that politicians are often parsimonious with the (= do not tell the complete) truth. II. small in size or amount: The company produced figures ahead of expectations but spoiled it with a parsimonious 2.5% dividend increase. parsimony [ˈpɑːsɪmənɪ] noun extreme care or reluctance in spending; frugality; miserliness. the quality of not being willing to spend money or to give or use a lot of something: She criticised government parsimony with defence investment. Her stepfather's parsimony was well known. vocabulary: Parsimony is a noun to use when you are watching your money very carefully. So you're not just saving your pennies for a rainy day — you're clipping coupons, re-using dryer sheets, and refusing to pay full price for anything. It's not a bad thing to engage in a little parsimony. Related to an ancient Latin word meaning "to spare," parsimony keeps your checking account in the black and your retirement plan well funded. But get a little too parsimonious and you might start to look like Uncle Scrooge — an old miser [ˈmʌɪzə] who learned the hard way that practicing extreme parsimony doesn't win you love and admiration. A parsimonious person is unwilling to spend a lot of money. You know those people who count up every penny when it's time to split a restaurant bill? You can call them parsimonious. Or cheap. Stingy is the most common and general synonym of parsimonious, but there are many other near synonyms, including thrifty, frugal, penurious, niggardly, penny-pinching, miserly, tight-fisted, tight. The adjective parsimonious was formed in English from the noun parsimony, "the quality of being careful in spending." It is a combination of the Latin verb parcere, "to spare," plus an Old French suffix –ous, "having the quality of." ): he accounted for 记账, 找到出处 every penny he spent or was owed, he caused a scene at a bowls match when asked to pay for a cup of tea as he argued that it should have been covered in his membership fee, he refused to chip in a few pounds for unforeseen repairs to the bowling green for the same reason, and he refused to participate in whip-rounds 凑钱, 集资 ( = pass the hat ) ( an impromptu collection of money. a collection of contributions of money from a group of people for a particular purpose. a collection of money made by a group of people that is then given to a particular person or used to buy a present for them: We usually have a whip-round at work for people who are leaving. "my secretary organized a whip-round and we sent him a card and a gift". ) for colleagues' birthdays. 2. progeny [ˈprɒdʒɪni] 孩子, 后代, 后人 a descendant or the descendants of a person, animal, or plant; offspring. the young or offspring of a person, animal, or plant: His numerous progeny are scattered all over the country. "shorthorn cattle are highly effective in bestowing their characteristics on their progeny". At a press conference ahead of the premiere on Monday, Patrick Schwarzenegger reflected on his nude scenes throughout the season and expressed mild apprehension about his family watching the show. vocabulary: Progeny means "offspring" or "children." You and your brothers are the progeny of your parents, and your cat's new litter of kittens is her progeny. Synonyms for progeny include descendants, product, and offspring, so you're also your grandparents' and great-grandparents' progeny. And, if your pet goat has babies every spring, you'll get to raise dozens of her progeny. Plants have progeny too — blow the fluffy seeds of a dandelion in your yard and its progeny can multiply, summer after summer, until your lawn is full of cheerful yellow flowers. seismic [ˈsaɪz.mɪk] ( Semitic [səˈmɪtɪk] ) I. relating to or caused by an earthquake: seismic activity/waves. II. having very great and usually damaging effects: The news that the chairman would resign set off seismic waves in the business community. OpenAI CEO Sam Altman spoke out against rival Elon Musk a day after rejecting a potentially seismic deal that could shape the future of artificial intelligence. He told the Elon Musk-led group of investors that the ChatGPT maker is not for sale — despite a massive offer to buy his company. vocabulary: For the ancient Greeks, "seismos" meant an earthquake. Later on, when the study of earthquakes became a science, anything seismic meant anything related to the study of the pressures in the Earth's crust. The English language has a long and proud tradition of stealing scientific words and applying them in all sorts of ways that scientists probably wish they didn't: Darwinian ( relating to or accepting the theories of Charles Darwin, which described how animals and plants change and develop over millions of years, with those that are best suited to their environment being the most successful and others that are less well suited not continuing to exist: Darwinian evolution is a theory that underpins nearly all of modern biology. Evolutionists can take any set of psychological and social data and explain them in Darwinian terms. figurative We are seeing a Darwinian fight 优胜劣汰的 for survival in the technology marketplace. ), tempestuous ( tempestuous If something such as a relationship or time is tempestuous, it is full of strong emotions. violently emotional: They finally stopped seeing each other, ending their tempestuous relationship. They got divorced in 2010 after a tempestuous marriage. ), evolutionary — to name but three. It's the same with seismic, which is now far more likely to be applied to political or psychological turmoil than anything to do with the earth opening up and molten hot lava spewing out. fiduciary [fɪˈdjuːʃ(ə)ri] (托管和被托付人之间的责任, 善意和信任) adj. I. Relating to an entity that owes to another good faith, accountability and trust, often in the context of trusts and trustees. involving trust, especially with regard to the relationship between a trustee and a beneficiary. relating to the responsibility to take care of someone else's money in a suitable way: a breach of fiduciary duty. "the company has a fiduciary duty to shareholders". relating to the responsibilities of a person or organization that manages property or money belonging to another person or organization: fiduciary duties/obligations Management and the board of directors have fiduciary obligations which require that reports be produced in a manner consistent with these obligations. "They have a fiduciary responsibility to watch the dollars at Chicago State," Davis said. This case dealt with a managing director who was clearly in a fiduciary position. Because OpenAI is a nonprofit, it has no fiduciary responsibility to maximize returns. And it could argue that Musk would violate the company's safety-first mission. II. Finance (of a paper currency) depending for its value on securities (as opposed to gold) or the reputation of the issuer. noun. a person or organization who is responsible for managing money or property for another person or organization: A court-appointed fiduciary has managed the trust for five years. fiducial 参照点, 参照物 Accepted as a fixed basis of reference. used as a standard of reference or measurement a fiducial point. Rulers and coins make good fiducial markers in photographs. 3. systematic [ˌsɪs.təˈmæt.ɪk] 按部就班的, 整齐有序的 according to an agreed set of methods or organized plan. using an organized method that is often detailed: approving They systematically analyze all the evidence. In his typically systematic way, he laid out the pros and cons in nine numbered paragraphs. We've got to be more systematic in the way that we approach this task. disapproving We're hearing reports of the systematic rape and torture of prisoners. done according to a particular system in an organized way: Salespersons
are requested to make a systematic analysis of their failures. A
systematic approach should be adopted to collecting information. When completing the form, it helps to be systematic. The software packages help researchers to work systematically. systemic [sɪˈstem.ɪk] 一体的, 整体的, 系统性的, 全部包含的 I. A systemic drug, disease, or poison reaches and has an effect on the whole of a body or a plant and not just one part of it. II. A systemic problem or change is a basic one, experienced by the whole of an organization or a country and not just particular parts of it: The current recession is the result of a systemic change within the structure of the country's economy. III. relating to or affecting the whole of a system, organization, etc. rather than just some parts of it: These problems, far from being transitory, are systemic. The evidence suggests systemic failures on the part of the company's managers. We need a systemic change. systemic 系统性的 racism (institutional racism, structural racism): policies and practices that exist throughout a whole society or organization, and that result in and support a continued unfair advantage to some people and unfair or harmful treatment of others based on race: We must address the racial inequities and systemic racism that exist in our criminal justice system. There were frequent claims of sexual harassment, gender inequality, and systemic racism at the tech giant. The group challenged government inaction, political hypocrisy, and systemic racism while offering peace to a grieving community. 4. White Lotus 3: As ever, White has his eye on the wilful ignorance 佯装无知, 装无辜 and hypocrisies of the US economic elite. The power dynamics around sex and class come under scrutiny once more, but this time religion is interrogated too. Specifically the western appropriation of eastern faiths and practices – you know, the good bits; the bits that can be packaged as vague "spirituality" rather than an organising principle around which to build a moral life. That said, the last series had less satirical bite than the first – which relentlessly went after its marks and never missed a chance to skewer 刺穿 the unthinking arrogance or active malevolence of Americans rich enough to have distanced themselves from the herd. And, on the evidence of the first few episodes, it seems that the third series may have moved even further from the original's MO. But the precision of the storytelling and the realisation of every character, from the most central 中心角色 to the most peripheral 边缘角色, remains masterly. Exquisitely shot, scripted, paced and performed, it's a sumptuous feast for all the senses 所有感官的盛宴. Come on in, the water's lovely – until the bodies start floating past. And is Piper really as anodyne ( anodyne [ˈæn.ə.daɪn] 和事老的, 老好人的, 不得罪人的, 一团和气的, 温和的 adj. mainly disapproving intended to avoid causing offence or disagreement, especially by not expressing strong feelings or opinions: This is daytime television at its most anodyne. Somehow this avoids being just another silly pop song with anodyne lyrics about love and happiness. noun. An anodyne is a drug used to lessen pain through reducing the sensitivity of the brain or nervous system. arcane [ɑːˈkeɪn] 神秘兮兮的, 神神秘秘的, 少有人知的, 不为人知的 adj. requiring secret knowledge to be understood; mysterious; esoteric. mysterious and known only by a few people: He was the only person who understood all the arcane details of the agreement. This argument may seem arcane to those not closely involved in the world of finance. European weapons manufacturers have also complained about arcane decision-making processes in Brussels, where the European Commission has angled for a much greater role in procurement. And this sudden increase in spending is expected at a time of sluggish growth and tight public finances. ) as she seems? No one else in The White Lotus ever has been. 5. 乌克兰谈判: Pete Hegseth laid out in crystal clear terms where the US stands on peace for Ukraine, in words that will no doubt be welcomed by Moscow. No US troops for Ukraine in any future security arrangement. No likelihood of Ukraine joining NATO. No realistic possibility of returning to its pre-2014 borders, when Russia occupied and annexed Crimea and backed insurgents ( I. a person who takes part in an uprising or rebellion; insurrectionist. someone who is fighting against the government in their own country: All approaches to the capital are now under the control of the insurgents. II. a person or group that rises in revolt against an established government or authority but whose conduct does not amount to belligerency. belligerency [bɪˈlɪdʒərənsɪ] the state of being at war. non-belligerency a lack of desire to argue or fight, especially in a war: Maybe there will eventually be an armistice, that is, a state of non-belligerency. They have a passionate devotion to non-belligerence. We are eager to do everything we can to help towards a non-belligerent solution. He challenges the status quo but in a soft, nonbelligerent 非武力的 kind of way. insurrection [ˌɪn.sərˈek.ʃən] ( rebellion, revolt, rising, uprising) an organized attempt by a group of people to defeat their government or ruler and take control of the country, usually by violence. an organized attempt by a group of people to defeat their government and take control of their country, usually by violence: armed insurrection. ) in the Donbas. These were all clearly stated goals made by President Volodymyr Zelensky and his government and they come on top of a dire situation on the battlefield, where Russia's superior numbers are enabling it to slowly push deeper into Ukrainian territory. This is all in stark contrast to the oft-repeated and now rather hollow sounding Western mantra of sustaining Nato support for Ukraine "for as long as it takes". Trump wants an early end to this war, even if it means forcing Ukraine to swallow some very bitter pills indeed. 6. mothball I. store (clothes) with mothballs. II. stop using (a piece of equipment or a building) but keep it in good condition so that it can readily be used again. "it would cost the company a lot of money just to mothball the mine". It said Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB) recruited him in Vienna in 2018. He was "mothballed" for several years and his handlers only resumed contact with him last December. to stop work on an idea, plan, or job, but leaving it in such a way that you can start on it again at some point in the future: Six coal mines were mothballed in the hope that they could be reopened in a time of better economic conditions. III. cancel or postpone work on (a plan or project). "plans to invest in four superstores have been mothballed". "Lumbersexual 野性魅力, 野性性感", a fusion of lumberjack and metrosexual, is a contender to replace "hipster", according to Ms Butler. The word "lumbersexual" is giving "hipster" a run for its money. "So the 'lumbersexual' will have a big bushy beard and look as if they've just emerged from the forest in flannies and big boots," she said. "But have actually paid a lot of attention to their appearance; it's not something that just happens naturally out in the wild." The committee said "deso", slang for designated driver 专职司机, 指定司机, 代驾 (designated driving), is a "topical" word which reflects of our drinking culture and law-abiding society. "It is astonishing how quickly and smoothly the 'deso' became part of our lives," the committee said. 7. be made for someone/something 天生一对, 绝配 = be made for each other to be exactly suitable for someone or something Paul and Ann were made for each other. This wallpaper's just made for my bedroom. be made to do something to be forced to do something: The prisoners are made to dig holes and fill them up again. Students were made to spend their weekends helping on farms. He was made to pay a large fine for ignoring the building regulations. She was made to feel that she wasn't worthy of the role. We resented being made to stay until the end of the lectures. made (for life) 一生无忧, 财务自由 informal to be so rich that you will never have to work again If the deal is successful, I’ll be made for life. "Uh oh, I've been made / we've been made / he's been made? I'm made 被发现了, 被认出来了, 被盯上了, 我暴露了" can have multiple meanings, including feeling successful, being exposed, or being assured of success. I. Success or accomplishment. "I'm made!"to express feelings of success or accomplishment: "I'm made! I finally got the job!" II. Criminals' slang and Police slang (originally U.S.). To recognize or identify (a person, etc.). Being exposed: "I'm made! They found out I was the one who ate the last cookie". Alice, I'm made! shit, me too. Peter! They're still on me! I'm calling for an extraction. III. To indicate being caught or exposed, discovered/found out/caught. It's something an undercover cop might say when they are found out by the bad guys. They are trying to secretly follow the bad guys in an unmarked police car, but the bad guys figure it out and try to escape. The cop might say "I've been made! Send backup!" or something. "Have it made" is an informal idiom that means to be assured or confident of success. "A made man" is a term used in the American and Sicilian Mafia to refer to a fully initiated member. In the American and Sicilian Mafia, a made man is a fully initiated member of the Mafia. To become "made", an associate first must be Italian or of Italian descent and sponsored by another made man. Made men are the only ones who can rise through the ranks of the Mafia, from soldier to caporegime, consigliere, underboss, and boss. Night agent S2E1: How did we get burned? I don't know. You okay? Yeah. Night Action has an extraction point for us. Where? They're sending a helicopter. Hummingbird is dead. They shot her. I'm in a warehouse near Rama VIII Park. I got at least three people still following me. Extraction's five minutes out 还有5分钟到 (5 mins to be out of the journey)(And that's what we do. "I'm five minutes out" means I'm five minutes from meeting up. 5 min from target location. If someone coming to you says they are five minutes out, they mean from where you are/arriving; if you want to say the opposite for some reason, you'd say you're five minutes in (to the journey) 走了5分钟了, 开始5分钟了. It usually means 5 minutes away from arriving at the predetermined destination.). I don't have five minutes. Put me through to Reindeer, now. The fսcking extraction point. They were waiting for us. Somebody tipped them off. Okay? Listen, Catherine, figure out who else knew about this mission but you because somebody gave us up 出卖. Are you and Alice okay? Alice is dead. Night agent S2E1: I need your full bandwidth 全力以赴, 全情投入. This is a sink-or-swim time 生死攸关, 生死存亡的关头. I'll just be gone a few days. I'll work on the plane. Mom's gonna be asleep most of the time, and I can handle things remotely. Won't be a problem. 7. elbow grease 推来搡去, 大费周章, 费得劲, 费劲 hard physical work, especially vigorous polishing or cleaning. a lot of physical effort: The polish needs a certain amount of elbow grease to apply. "nothing would shift it however much elbow grease we used". The elbow grease that had to go in to extracting those words from PC Lovell casts serious doubt on the credibility of the sentiment expressed. Jumbotron = trademark JumboTron= jumbotron 大显示屏, 大屏幕 [ˈdʒʌm.boʊ.trɑːn] a very large video screen like those used in sports stadiums (= large areas of land with rows of seats and often no roof where people watch sports): Most people are delighted when they recognize themselves on the Jumbotron. American stadiums have massive scoreboards and jumbotrons, bombarding fans with player statistics and replays. In the north corner, the view is obstructed by a large JumboTron screen. They showed her on the jumbotron and she got booed. conflate [kənˈfleɪt] to combine or blend (two things, esp two versions of a text) so as to form a whole. to combine two or more separate things, especially pieces of text, to form a whole: She conflated the three plays to produce a fresh new work. arcane [ɑːˈkeɪn] 神秘兮兮的, , 神神秘秘的, 少有人知的, 不为人知的 adj. requiring secret knowledge to be understood; mysterious; esoteric. mysterious and known only by a few people: He was the only person who understood all the arcane details of the agreement. This argument may seem arcane to those not closely involved in the world of finance. European weapons manufacturers have also complained about arcane decision-making processes in Brussels, where the European Commission has angled for a much greater role in procurement. And this sudden increase in spending is expected at a time of sluggish growth and tight public finances. anodyne [ˈæn.ə.daɪn] 和事老的, 老好人的, 不得罪人的, 一团和气的, 温和的 adj. mainly disapproving intended to avoid causing offence or disagreement, especially by not expressing strong feelings or opinions: This
is daytime television at its most anodyne. Somehow this avoids being
just another silly pop song with anodyne lyrics about love and happiness. noun. An anodyne is a drug used to lessen pain through reducing the sensitivity of the brain or nervous system. 8. 欧洲危机: Europeans may now be forgiven for glancing backwards 回头看 to existential moments in their modern history. One is the Munich agreement of 1938 that gave Hitler free rein to continue Nazi aggression against allies that were neither armed nor ready for war against a fully militarized society. The other is the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 that suppressed the Prague Spring, an effort at liberalization that threatened Moscow's dominance of Eastern Europe, just as Ukraine's sharp tilt to the EU was seen as a threat by Putin. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky has been a totemic figure of the West's unified stance against a marauding (marauding [məˈrɔdɪŋ] 烧杀抢掠的, 到处找茬生是非的人, 惹是生非的, 见人就砍的, 杀红眼的, 四处杀戮的going from place to place in order to find people to attack or things to steal or destroy. If you talk about marauding groups of people or animals, you mean they are unpleasant and dangerous, because they wander around looking for opportunities to steal or kill. Marauding gangs of armed men have been looting food relief supplies. ...safe from danger, such as marauding wild animals. marauder 土匪, 盗贼 [mərɔːdər]
If you describe a group of people or animals as marauders, you mean
they are unpleasant and dangerous, because they wander around looking
for opportunities to steal or kill. Numb with terror, she stared at the departing marauders. They were raided by roaming bands of marauders. Authorities in Texas are on the search for a bank robber they have dubbed the "Mummy Marauder."
The suspect wrapped white gauze around his face and arms, the FBI said.
He also wore a wig and baseball cap. No other information about the
robbery was released. bandit 土匪
a thief who attacks travelers, usually with other thieves. Robbers are
sometimes called bandits, especially if they are found in areas where
the rule of law has broken down. This is real bandit country. one-armed bandit = a slot machine), autocratic Russia. A Churchillian presence forcing Europe into a moral stance against a Kremlin head who had so successfully sought to divide and bribe them for years. Yet Zelensky cut a reduced figure on stage alongside US Secretary of the Treasury Scott Bessent on Wednesday in Kyiv. He had hoped to meet US President Donald Trump in person to discuss a wide-ranging vision of peace, after the US president suggested Friday they might meet imminently, and his team immediately set about trying to schedule it. Instead he was presented with what Zelenksy called "serious people" – and a largely financial deal handed over by Bessent, the US billionaire turned money-man, which he didn't sign. It's been 48 hours of fever dreams, malarial night sweats and tremors( fever dream a very strange experience or situation, usually a bad one, that seems like a dream rather than like something that would really happen: As one US embassy employee said to me, this is like a fever dream that we wake up from and say, did we really do that? fever dream of His first novel is a fever dream of passion which does not have to make sense, because it is a powerful metaphor for deep emotion. fever pitch a state of very strong emotion: reach fever pitch Excitement at the stadium had reached fever pitch. be at fever pitch Their anticipation had been at fever pitch for days. fever of unknown origin 不明原因的发烧 a medical condition in which someone has a high temperature that lasts for more than three weeks and has no known cause: Fever of unknown origin is relatively common in patients with HIV. Fever of unknown origin lasting more than six months is suggestive of an autoimmune disease. ) for Zelensky. European leaders used to travel a day by rickety train for a photo op alongside him. Now he is second on Trump's call sheet after Putin, a man under International Criminal Court indictment for alleged war crimes against Ukraine, who poisons his own people. Trump and Putin set the tone it seems, and Zelensky got the post-brief 打了声招呼. Trump even gloated that Putin had used his campaign slogan of "common sense," suggesting the Kremlin head continues to study his adversary carefully to flatter. Trump ended his second post about his call with Zelensky with the remarkable switcheroo 偷梁换柱 ( a change, reversal, or exchange, especially a surprising or deceptive one. an unexpected change, especially one in which one thing or person is quickly or secretly exchanged for another: Devious websites could pull a switcheroo on your home page and install spyware. Lopez was at third base and Figgins at second - that's a switcheroo from what most expected. ) of "God bless the people of Russia and Ukraine!" Ukraine having failed to retake territory in its 2023 counteroffensive, and likely being too chaotic in the coming decade to make the grade for ( make the grade (as something) 达到合格, 达到合格线 to be good enough to be successful at something. to perform well enough to succeed in something: Marvin wanted to be an actor, but he didn't make the grade. Do you think I will make the grade as a chef?) the world's most sophisticated military alliance.
美国国防部招标书: Over the past 40 years, our world has become increasingly connected. These connections have enabled major advances in national security from pervasive real-time intelligence and communications to optimal logistics. With this connectivity 联通性 has come the threat of cyber attacks on both military systems and critical infrastructure. While we focus the vast majority of our security efforts on protecting computers and networks, more than 80% of cyber attacks and over 70% of those from nation states are initiated by exploiting humans rather than computer or network security flaws. To build secure cyber systems, it is necessary to protect not only the computers and networks that make up these systems but the humans as well. We call attacks on humans "social engineering" (Social engineering is the tactic of manipulating, influencing, or deceiving a victim in order to gain control over a computer system, or to steal personal and financial information. It uses psychological manipulation to trick users into making security mistakes or giving away sensitive information. Social engineering attacks happen in one or more steps. A perpetrator first investigates the intended victim to gather necessary background information, such as potential points of entry and weak security protocols, needed to proceed with the attack. Then, the attacker uses a form of pretexting such as impersonation to gain the victim's trust and provide stimuli for subsequent actions that break security practices, such as revealing sensitive information or granting access to critical resources. Social engineering attacks come in many different forms and can be performed anywhere where human interaction is involved. The following are common forms of digital social engineering attacks. Phishing: The process of attempting to acquire sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details by masquerading as a trustworthy entity using bulk email, SMS text messaging, or by phone. Phishing messages create a sense of urgency, curiosity, or fear in the recipients of the message. The message will prod victims into revealing sensitive information, clicking on links to malicious websites, or opening attachments that contain malware. Baiting: A type of social engineering attack where a scammer uses a false promise to lure a victim into a trap which may steal personal and financial information or inflict the system with malware. The trap could be in the form of a malicious attachment with an enticing name. The most common form of baiting uses physical media to disperse malware. For example, attackers leave the bait of a malware-infected flash drives in conspicuous areas where potential victims are certain to see them. When the victim inserts the flash drive into a work or home computer, the malware is automatically installed on the system. Baiting scams are also online in the form of tempting ads that lead to malicious sites or encourage users to download a malware-infected application. Tailgating: Also known as "piggybacking". A physical breach where an unauthorized person manipulates their way into a restricted or employee only authorized area through the use of social engineering tactics. The attacker might impersonate a delivery driver, or custodian worker. Once the employee opens the door, the attacker asks the employee to hold the door, thereby gaining access to the building. Scareware: Scareware involves victims being bombarded with false alarms and fictitious threats. Users are deceived to think their system is infected with malware, prompting them to install software that grants remote access for the criminal or to pay the criminal in a form of bitcoin in order to preserve sensitive video that the criminal claims to have. Dumpster Diving: A scammer will search for sensitive information e.g., bank statements, pre-approved credit cards, student loans, other account information, in the garbage when it hasn't been properly sanitized or destroyed. Quid Pro Quo: Quid pro quo involves a criminal requesting the exchange of some type of sensitive information such as critical data, login credentials, or monetary value in exchange for a service. For example, a computer user might receive a phone call from the criminal who, posed as a technology expert, offers free IT assistance or technology improvements in exchange for login credentials. If an offer sounds too good to be true, it most likely a scam and not legitimate. ) because they manipulate or "engineer" users into performing desired actions or divulging sensitive information. The most general social engineering attacks simply attempt to get unsuspecting internet users to click on malicious links. More focused attacks attempt to elicit sensitive information, such as passwords or private information from organizations or steal things of value from particular individuals by earning unwarranted trust 赢得信任. These attacks always have an "ask", a desired behavior that the attacker wants to induce from the victim. To do this, they need trust from the victim, which is typically earned through interaction or co-opted via a spoofed or stolen identity. Depending on the level of sophistication, these attacks will go after individuals, organizations, or wide swathes of the population. Social engineering attacks work because it is difficult for users to verify each and every communication they receive; moreover, that verification requires a level of technical expertise that most users lack. To compound the problem, the number of users that have access to privileged information is often large, creating a commensurately large attack surface. The core technology to be developed in this program is the capability to automatically elicit information from a malicious adversary in order to identify, disrupt, and investigate social engineering attacks. ASED will do this by mediating communications between users and potential attackers with bots that actively detect attacks and coordinate investigations to discover the identity of the attacker.
nation state 单一民族国家(nation 单一民族构成的共同体, state 自治或半自治的行政体) a sovereign state of which most of the citizens or subjects are united also by factors which define a nation, such as language or common descent. an independent country, especially when thought of as consisting of a single large group of people sharing the same language, traditions, and history: Some nation states, such as Germany and Italy, were born as a result of political campaigns by nationalists in the 19th century. The Meiji emperor presided over the emergence of Japan as a modern nation state. The 1648 treaty marked the emergence of the nation state as the dominant political entity in Europe. "Nepal emerged as a nation state in the eighteenth century". wiki: A nation-state is a political unit where the state (a centralized political organization ruling over a population within a territory) and the nation (a community based on a common identity) are congruent [ˈkɒŋ.ɡru.ənt](similar to or in agreement with something, so that the two things can both exist or can be combined without problems: Our goals are congruent; there is no conflict. We need the freedom to direct funds in a way that is congruent with local priorities.). It is a more precise concept than "country", since a country does not need to have a predominant national or ethnic group. A nation, sometimes used in the sense of a common ethnicity, may include a diaspora or refugees who live outside the nation-state; some nations of this sense do not have a state where that ethnicity predominates. In a more general sense, a nation-state is simply a large, politically sovereign country or administrative territory. A nation-state may be contrasted with: An empire, a political unit made up of several territories and peoples, typically established through conquest and marked by a dominant center and subordinate peripheries. A multinational state, where no one ethnic or cultural group dominates (such a state may also be considered a multicultural state depending on the degree of cultural assimilation of various groups). A city-state, which is both smaller than a "nation" in the sense of a "large sovereign country" and which may or may not be dominated by all or part of a single "nation" in the sense of a common ethnicity or culture. A confederation, a league of sovereign states, which might or might not include nation-states. A federated state, which may or may not be a nation-state, and which is only partially self-governing within a larger federation (for example, the state boundaries of Bosnia and Herzegovina are drawn along ethnic lines, but those of the United States are not). A nation is a group of people with a common language, history, culture, and (usually) geographic territory. A state is an association of people characterized by formal institutions of government, including laws; permanent territorial boundaries; and sovereignty (political independence). A state may comprise one or more nations (as did the Roman Empire and Austria-Hungary), and a nation may be represented in (or ruled by) one or more (usually contiguous) states, as in the early modern principalities of Germany. A state comprising or dominated by a single nation is often called a nation-state.
法律相关: 1. principal adj. first in order of importance. Iraq's principal export is oil. He was principal dancer at the Dance Theatre of Harlem. That was my principal reason for moving. Iraq's principal export is oil. Nigeria remains the country's principal economic partner. noun. I. 本金. an amount of money lent or borrowed, rather than the interest paid on it: She
lives off the interest and tries to keep the principal intact. These
bonds involve the risk that the issuing company may be unable to pay
interest or repay principal. The money is secured by the borrower's
home, which is sold after the borrower's death to pay off the interest
and principal. an amount of money that is lent, borrowed, or
invested, apart from any additional money such as interest. an amount of
money that someone has invested in a bank or lent to a person or
organization so that they will receive interest on it from the bank,
person, or organization: She lives off the interest and tries to keep the principal intact. II. a person who is directly involved in an arrangement, agreement, etc., rather than someone acting for that person: Once the principals sign the necessary papers the deal will be done. III. 法人. a person who has legal responsibility for what a business or organization does: I later became a principal at an investment banking firm. principled [ˈprɪnsɪpld] 有原则的 adj. I. (of a person or their behaviour) acting in accordance with morality and showing recognition of right and wrong. "a principled politician". That's not the most principled thing to do right now. II. (of a system or method) based on a given set of rules. "a coherent and principled approach". 2. In commercial law, a principal 委托人 is a person, legal or natural 法人或自然人,
who authorizes an agent to act to create one or more legal
relationships with a third party. This branch of law is called agency
and relies on the common law proposition qui facit per alium, facit per
se (from Latin: "he who acts through another, acts personally"). It is a parallel concept to vicarious liability 连带责任 (in which one person is held liable for the acts or omissions of another) in criminal law or torts 民事侵权行为. In law, a legal person 法律主体 is any person or legal entity
that can do the things a human person is usually able to do in law –
such as enter into contracts, sue and be sued, own property, and so on.
he reason for the term "legal person" is that some legal persons are not
human persons: companies and corporations (i.e., business entities) are
persons legally speaking (they can legally do most of the things an
ordinary person can do), but they are not, in a literal sense, (human
beings). Legal personhood is a prerequisite to legal capacity
(the ability of any legal person to amend – i.e. enter into, transfer,
etc. – rights and obligations), it is a prerequisite for an
international organization to be able to sign international treaties in
its own name. A juridical person 法人 is a legal person that is not a natural person 自然人
but an organization recognized by law as a fictitious person such as a
corporation, government agency, non-governmental organisation, or
international organization (such as the European Union). Other terms
include artificial person, corporate person, judicial person, juridical entity, juridic person, or juristic person.
A juridical person maintains certain duties and rights as enumerated
under relevant laws. The rights and responsibilities of a juridical
person are distinct from those of the natural persons constituting it. 3. juridical [dʒʊˈrɪdɪkəl] = juridic 法庭相关的, 法官相关的
adj. relating to the law. of or relating to law, to the administration
of justice, or to the office or function of a judge; legal. juristic [dʒʊəˈrɪs.tɪk] 法律方面的, 法律相关的 relating to law, the study of law, or the legal profession: This
is consistent with Western legal development as it has been pieced
together by juristic scholars. In juristic terms, the courts held that
they could not enquire into the legality of the authority which had
constituted them. jurisprudential [ˌdʒʊə.rɪs.pruːˈden.ʃəl] (jurisprudence) connected with the study of law and the principles on which law is based: Canada
has a jurisprudential tradition of protecting human rights. It is
necessary to review the jurisprudential debate among legal scholars. A Juris Doctor, Doctor of Jurisprudence,
or Doctor of Law (JD) is a graduate-entry professional degree that
primarily prepares individuals to practice law. In the United States, it
is the only qualifying law degree. Other jurisdictions, such as
Australia, Canada, and Hong Kong, offer both the postgraduate JD degree
as well as the undergraduate LL.B., BCL, or other qualifying law degree depending on the requirements of the jurisdiction where the person will practice law. 4. vicarious [vɪˈkeə.ri.əs] 连带的
experienced as a result of watching, listening to, or reading about the
activities of other people, rather than by doing the activities
yourself: She took vicarious pleasure in her friend's achievements. experienced by reading or watching someone else do something: This disaster movie will provide you with plenty of vicarious thrills. Vicarious liability 监管责任, 连带责任 is a form of a strict, secondary liability that arises under the common law doctrine of agency, respondeat superior, the responsibility of the superior for the acts of their subordinate or, in a broader sense, the responsibility of any third party that had the "right, ability, or duty to control" the activities of a violator. It can be distinguished from contributory liability, another form of secondary liability, which is rooted in the tort theory of enterprise liability ( Enterprise liability 集体责任, 共同责任 is a legal doctrine under which individual entities 个体 (for example, otherwise legally unrelated corporations or people) can be held jointly liable for some action on the basis of being part of a shared enterprise. Enterprise liability is a form of secondary liability. ) because, unlike contributory infringement, knowledge is not an element of vicarious liability.
The law has developed the view that some relationships by their nature
require the person who engages others to accept responsibility for the
wrongdoing of those others. The most important such relationship for
practical purposes is that of employer and employee. 5. judicator 评判, 裁判 a person who acts as judge or sits in judgment. Angie和Layla吵起来, Estelle过来说I am gonna be the judicator (A judicator 裁判, 评判. 调解人, 评评理 ( ['dʒu:di,keitə] One that acts as judge.), in the broadest sense, is someone who acts as a judge. You be the judge. 你来说说, 你来判断). Angie: This is not a debate. This is not a judicator case. adjudicate [əˈdʒudɪˌkeɪt]
to make an official decision about a problem or disagreement. If you
adjudicate on a dispute or problem, you make an official judgment or
decision about it. ...a
commissioner to adjudicate on legal rights. The international court of
justice might be a suitable place to adjudicate claims. ...unbiased
adjudication of cases of unfair dismissal. ...an independent adjudicator. Morgan's outspoken views and controversial comments on Good Morning Britain led Ofcom to adjudicate on multiple occasions. adjudicator a person or group that makes an official decision about something, especially about who is right in a disagreement: The construction group has brought seven separate disputes with the developer to adjudicators in the past month. She acted as adjudicator in the dispute. adjudicator VS judicator: An adjudicator is a person or a panel of experts that is appointed to resolve a dispute or to make a ruling on a matter. Adjudicators are typically found in legal or administrative settings, such as courts, tribunals, or arbitration panels. A judicator is a person or an institution that is responsible for evaluating or assessing something. Judicators are commonly found in the fields of art, sports, and education, where they are tasked with determining the quality or merit of a performance, a work of art, or an academic paper. Arbiters: An example is a person who makes a preliminary judgment as to an unemployment insurance claim. An adjudicator makes an initial decision to keep a case from going to court. Although the adjudicator's decision does not have legal weight 没有法律效力,
the adjudicator has rendered a decision. Although a case can be
appealed to a judge, the adjudicator's decision is frequently accepted as the same as what a judge would make, keeping many time-consuming cases out of the court system. adjudication [əˌdʒuː.dɪˈkeɪ.ʃən] 裁决 the act of judging a case, competition, or argument, or of making a formal decision about something: The legality of the transaction is still under adjudication (= being decided) in the courts. The court withheld adjudication.
Everyone has the right to a fair trial and an impartial adjudication.
His adjudication was later found to be faulty. Adjudication of the
competition is the responsibility of the college. adjudicate [əˌdʒuːdɪˈkeɪʃn] 裁决 to act as judge in a competition or argument, or to make a formal decision about something. If you adjudicate on a dispute or problem, you make an official judgment or decision about it. ...a
commissioner to adjudicate on legal rights. The international court of
justice might be a suitable place to adjudicate claims. ...unbiased
adjudication of cases of unfair dismissal. ...an independent adjudicator. He
was asked to adjudicate on the dispute. He was called in to adjudicate a
local land dispute. The game was adjudicated a win for Black. adjudicator (arbiter) VS judge: adjudicate [əˈdʒudɪˌkeɪt] to make an official decision about a problem or disagreement. If you adjudicate on a dispute or problem, you make an official judgment or decision about it. ...a commissioner to adjudicate on legal rights. The international court of justice might be a suitable place to adjudicate claims. ...unbiased adjudication of cases of unfair dismissal. ...an independent adjudicator. An adjudicator ( adjudicator i[əˈdʒuːdɪˌkeɪtə] I. a judge, esp in a competition. II. an arbitrator, esp in a dispute. ) is someone who presides, judges, and arbitrates during a formal dispute or competition.
They have numerous purposes, including preliminary legal judgments, to
determine applicant eligibility, or to assess contenders' performance in
competitions. vocabulary: To adjudicate is to act like a judge. A judge might adjudicate a case in court, and you may have to adjudicate in the local talent show. Do you see a similarity between judge and adjudicate? When you add the common Latin prefix ad meaning "to" or "toward,"
you have a pretty good idea what the word means. But a judge isn't the
only person who can adjudicate. If you're fighting with your little
brother or sister and make them cry, your parents may adjudicate and send you to your room. Arbiters: An example is a person who makes a preliminary judgment as to an unemployment insurance claim. An adjudicator makes an initial decision to keep a case from going to court. Although the adjudicator's decision does not have legal weight 没有法律效力,
the adjudicator has rendered a decision. Although a case can be
appealed to a judge, the adjudicator's decision is frequently accepted
as the same as what a judge would make, keeping many time-consuming
cases out of the court system. 6. arbitrate [ˈɑrbɪˌtreɪt] ( arbitrator 仲裁人, arbitration 仲裁, arbitration court 仲裁法庭 )
to officially try to settle a disagreement by considering all the facts
and opinions. When someone in authority arbitrates between two people
or groups who are in dispute, they consider all the facts and make an
official decision about who is right. He arbitrates between investors and members of the association. The tribunal had been set up to arbitrate in the dispute. He served as an arbitrator in a series of commercial disputes in India. A committee will arbitrate between management and unions. The tribunal arbitrates in disputes.
If your two best friends are fighting over the last piece of gum in the
pack, you might arbitrate by telling them to split the last piece.
Arbitrate is when a neutral third party helps end a conflict. In the US,
to avoid litigation, many choose non-binding arbitration—where a neutral third party suggests a settlement. arbitration
the official process of trying to settle a disagreement between two
people or groups by considering all the facts and opinions. go to arbitration (=use arbitration): Some salary claims will go to arbitration. Arbitration, a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), is a way to resolve disputes outside the courts.
The dispute will be decided by one or more persons (the "arbitrators",
"arbiters" or "arbitral tribunal"), which renders the "arbitration
award". An arbitration award is legally binding on both sides
and enforceable in the courts. Arbitration is a proceeding in which a
dispute is resolved by an impartial adjudicator whose decision the
parties to the dispute have agreed, or legislation has decreed, will be
final and binding. There are limited rights of review and appeal of
arbitration awards. 7. arbitrary ['ɑːrbɪtri , US 'ɑːbɪtrəri] adj [disapproval]
I. If you describe an action, rule, or decision as arbitrary, you think
that it is not based on any principle, plan, or system. It often seems
unfair because of this. not based on any particular plan, or not done
for any particular reason. an arbitrary decision. The selection of the 100 participants was completely arbitrary. Arbitrary 无根无据的, 毫无根据的, 武断的, 无道理的, 无缘由的, 无理由的, 无理的, 无凭无据的 arrests and detention without trial were common. The victims were not chosen arbitrarily. He is horrified by the apparent arbitrariness by which she sets the prices. This is a country where arbitrary arrests are commonplace 稀松平常的. II. (of power or a ruling body) unrestrained and autocratic in the use of authority. "a country under arbitrary government". commonplace adj. not unusual It is now commonplace for people to use the Internet at home. noun.
I. something that often happens or is often done and is therefore not
unusual. II. a statement or idea that is expressed very often. Arbitrariness
is the quality of being "determined by chance, whim, or impulse, and
not by necessity, reason, or principle". It is also used to refer to a
choice made without any specific criterion or restraint. Arbitrary decisions are not necessarily the same as random decisions.
For example, during the 1973 oil crisis, Americans were allowed to
purchase gasoline only on odd-numbered days if their license plate was
odd, and on even-numbered days if their license plate was even. The
system was well-defined and not random in its restrictions; however, since license plate numbers are completely unrelated to a person's fitness to purchase gasoline, it was still an arbitrary division of people.
Similarly, schoolchildren are often organized by their surname in
alphabetical order, a non-random yet an arbitrary method—at least in
cases where surnames are irrelevant. 7. be judge and jury = act as judge and jury 乱发表议论, 乱下评语, 乱下断言, 资格 someone who makes all the decisions about something important, especially when other people think this is wrong. to make or have the power to make an important decision affecting someone by yourself – used showing disapproval. Michael: She doesn't deserve to be here. Ben: why do you get to judge and jury over her being here?Who made you judge and jury over everybody? Judge, jury and executioner
If someone is said to be the judge, jury, and executioner, it means
they are in charge of every decision made, and they have the power to be
rid of whomever they choose. be no judge (of something) 无从判断 to not have enough knowledge to give an opinion about something. I'm no judge of what makes people happy. let someone be the judge of something (judicator) used for saying that someone should have their own opinion about something and not accept what they are told. Jane says I'm good at cooking, but I'll let you be the judge of that! be a bad/good etc judge of something to be someone whose opinions about something are usually right, wrong, intelligent etc. My sister is a very shrewd judge of character看人非常准. 8. Raj: Hold on a second. Kreplach? Howard: Yeah. Raj: That isn't Klingon, it's Yiddish for meat-filled dumpling.
Howard: Well, as it turns out, it's also a Klingon word. Leonard:
Really? Define it. Howard: Kreplach, A hearty Klingon… dumpling. Raj: Judge's ruling 裁判意见, 听裁判的? Sheldon: Bilurrrbe. judge's order an official document signed by a judge in a court of law that orders something to be done or not done: Newspapers are challenging a judge's order to hand over documents relating to the case. We have no jurisdiction to prosecute the case except under the judge's order. appeal/review/violate a judge's order Violating the judge's order could lead to a fine. administration order an order by a court for a company that cannot pay its debts to be managed by an independent administrator who will try to improve the company's financial situation and to keep it operating: The company had applied to the Court of Session for an administration order and put the business into the hands of the accountants. Decision: a judgment regarding the right and liabilities of the court. Order : a directive by a court of law regarding a participant. A legal order is intended to be for or against a participant. A legal order contains the details of the decision provided by the judicial officer or the court on a petition or a hearing. Court orders are the way the decisions or judgments of judicial officers are described. They can include: an order made after a hearing by a judicial officer, or an order made after parties who have reached their own agreement have applied to a court for consent orders. Consent orders, if they become a formal court order, have the same status as if the order had been made after a hearing by a judicial officer. When an order is made, each person bound by the order must follow it. Ruling: an official proclamation by a judge (or panel of judges) that defines the legal relationships between the parties to a hearing, a trial, an appeal or other court proceedings. Opinion: a judge's written explanation of a court's decision. A judgment is the decision of the Court in a particular case. Judgments typically include a statement of the facts, an analysis of the relevant law, the application of the law to the facts and the orders made. Judgments may be given orally or in writing, although the complexity of the matters coming before the Federal Court means that judgments are more usually given in writing.
