Serotonin 血清素, 血清张力 is a chemical that carries messages between nerve cells in the brain and throughout your body. Serotonin plays a key role in such body functions as mood, sleep, digestion, nausea, wound healing, bone health, blood clotting and sexual desire. Serotonin levels that are too low or too high can cause physical and psychological health problems. Serotonin ([ˌsɛrəˈtoʊnɪn, ˌsɪərə-], also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a monoamine neurotransmitter with a wide range of functions in both the central nervous system (CNS) and also peripheral tissues. It is involved in mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory, and physiological processes such as vomiting and vasoconstriction. In the CNS, serotonin regulates mood, appetite, and sleep. Most of the body's serotonin—about 90%—is synthesized 合成 in the gastrointestinal tract by enterochromaffin cells, where it regulates intestinal movements. It is also produced in smaller amounts in the brainstem's raphe nuclei, the skin's Merkel cells, pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, and taste receptor cells of the tongue. Once secreted, serotonin is taken up by platelets in the blood, which release it during clotting to promote vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation. Around 8% of the body's serotonin is stored in platelets, and 1–2% is found in the CNS. Serotonin acts as both a vasoconstrictor and vasodilator depending on concentration and context, influencing hemostasis and blood pressure regulation. It plays a role in stimulating myenteric neurons and enhancing gastrointestinal motility through uptake and release cycles in platelets and surrounding tissue. Biochemically, serotonin is an indoleamine synthesized from tryptophan and metabolized primarily in the liver to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Serotonin is targeted by several classes of antidepressants, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), which block reabsorption in the synapse to elevate its levels. It is found in nearly all bilateral animals, including insects, spiders and worms, and also occurs in fungi and plants. In plants and insect venom, it serves a defensive function by inducing pain. Serotonin released by pathogenic amoebae may cause diarrhea in the human gut, while its presence in seeds and fruits is thought to stimulate digestion and facilitate seed dispersal.
Serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a monoamine neurotransmitter. It also acts as a hormone. As a neurotransmitter, serotonin carries messages between nerve cells in your brain (your central nervous system) and throughout your body (your peripheral nervous system). These chemical messages tell your body how to work. Serotonin plays several roles in your body, including influencing learning, memory, happiness as well as regulating body temperature, sleep, sexual behavior and hunger. Lack of enough serotonin is thought to play a role in depression, anxiety, mania and other health conditions. Most of the serotonin found in your body is in your gut (intestines). About 90% of serotonin is found in the cells lining your gastrointestinal tract. It's released into your blood circulation and absorbed by platelets. Only about 10% is produced in your brain. Serotonin is made from the essential amino acid tryptophan. An essential amino acid means it can't be made by your body. It has to be obtained from the foods you eat.
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter (chemical messenger) that works in your brain. It helps your nerve cells send messages to each other. Dopamine is made by cells deep in your brain and acts on cells in other parts of your brain. It is also made in other parts of your body, where it acts as a hormone. What is the role of dopamine? Dopamine acts on your brain to give you feelings of pleasure and satisfaction when you do something enjoyable. Dopamine and addiction: Dopamine is released in your brain when you achieve something or do something fun. The good feeling that dopamine gives you after pleasant experiences, including eating nice food, having sex, winning a game and earning money, can also happen after drinking alcohol and using illicit drugs. It's natural to want to feel more of this dopamine 'reward'. This is how dopamine is involved in reinforcing addictive behaviours. In addiction you might continue to drink, use drugs or gamble to try and get the good feeling again, even if doing so is not healthy. What happens if I have too much or too little dopamine? Dopamine is involved in many different body functions. It works with other systems and other neurotransmitters, not on its own. So, there are a lot of possible problems related to a dopamine imbalance. They can include both physical symptoms and psychological symptoms. Having too much dopamine may be linked to being aggressive and having trouble controlling your impulses. If you have low levels of dopamine, you may feel less motivated and excited about things in your life. Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is a neuromodulatory molecule that plays several important roles in cells. It is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families. It is an amine synthesized by removing a carboxyl group from a molecule of its precursor chemical, L-DOPA, which is synthesized in the brain and kidneys. Dopamine is also synthesized in plants and most animals. In the brain, dopamine functions as a neurotransmitter—a chemical released by neurons (nerve cells) to send signals to other nerve cells. The brain includes several distinct dopamine pathways, one of which plays a major role in the motivational component of reward-motivated behavior. The anticipation of most types of rewards increases the level of dopamine in the brain, and many addictive drugs increase dopamine release or block its reuptake into neurons following release. Other brain dopamine pathways are involved in motor control and in controlling the release of various hormones. These pathways and cell groups form a dopamine system which is neuromodulatory. In popular culture and media, dopamine is often portrayed as the main chemical of pleasure, but the current opinion in pharmacology is that dopamine instead confers motivational salience(salient [ˈseɪliənt] 明显的, 显而易见的 a salient fact, issue, or feature is one that is especially noticeable or relevant. The salient facts about something or qualities of something are the most important things about them: She began to summarize the salient features/points of the proposal. The article presented the salient facts of the dispute clearly and concisely. The report covered all the salient points of the case. He read the salient facts quickly. Chronic fatigue is also one of the salient features of depression. ...the salience of social reforms. valiant [væliənt] 勇敢的, 不懈的 A valiant action is very brave and determined, though it may lead to failure or defeat. very brave or bravely determined, especially when things are difficult or the situation gives no cause for hope: The company has made a valiant effort/attempt in the last two years to make itself more efficient. Despite valiant efforts by the finance minister, inflation rose to 36%. ...a valiant attempt to keep the business going. He suffered further heart attacks and strokes, all of which he fought valiantly. reticent 少言寡语的, 不怎么说话的, 谨言慎行的 unwilling to speak about your thoughts or feelings. Someone who is reticent does not tell people about things. She is so reticent about her achievements. As a reticent sort, the England defender was reluctant to hog the limelight. Pearl didn't mind his reticence; in fact she liked it. He is very reticent about his past. Most of the students were reticent about answering questions. ); in other words, dopamine signals the perceived motivational prominence (i.e., the desirability or aversiveness) of an outcome, which in turn propels the organism's behavior toward or away from achieving that outcome. Outside the central nervous system, dopamine functions primarily as a local paracrine messenger. In blood vessels, it inhibits norepinephrine release and acts as a vasodilator; in the kidneys, it increases sodium excretion and urine output; in the pancreas, it reduces insulin production; in the digestive system, it reduces gastrointestinal motility and protects intestinal mucosa; and in the immune system, it reduces the activity of lymphocytes. With the exception of the blood vessels, dopamine in each of these peripheral systems is synthesized locally and exerts its effects near the cells that release it. Several important diseases of the nervous system are associated with dysfunctions of the dopamine system, and some of the key medications used to treat them work by altering the effects of dopamine. Parkinson's disease, a degenerative condition causing tremor and motor impairment, is caused by a loss of dopamine-secreting neurons in an area of the midbrain called the substantia nigra. Its metabolic precursor L-DOPA can be manufactured; Levodopa, a pure form of L-DOPA, is the most widely used treatment for Parkinson's. There is evidence that schizophrenia involves altered levels of dopamine activity, and most antipsychotic drugs used to treat this are dopamine antagonists which reduce dopamine activity.[10] Similar dopamine antagonist drugs are also some of the most effective anti-nausea agents. Restless legs syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are associated with decreased dopamine activity. Dopaminergic stimulants can be addictive in high doses, but some are used at lower doses to treat ADHD. Dopamine itself is available as a manufactured medication for intravenous injection. It is useful in the treatment of severe heart failure or cardiogenic shock. In newborn babies it may be used for hypotension and septic shock.
Dopamine VS serotonin: Dopamine and serotonin are both neurotransmitters. This means they are chemical message carriers between nerve cells in the brain as well as to and from other areas of your body. Both are also considered the “happy hormones,” as they both play a role in positive mood and emotion. Serotonin is associated with happiness, focus and calmness. Dopamine is associated with rewards and motivation. Dopamine and serotonin also share involvement in some mental health conditions, including depression and mood disorders. Dopamine and serotonin also have some distinct functions. Dopamine controls body movements and coordination. Serotonin helps regulate digestive functions including bowel function and appetite. Dopamine causes a feeling of hunger while serotonin suppresses that feeling. Dopamine is mostly stored in your brain while serotonin is found mostly in your gut. Sometimes these neurotransmitters work together to stay in a careful chemical balance in your body. Sometimes an imbalance leads to an overproduction of the other neurotransmitter. Having too much or too little of either can cause physical and psychological symptoms.
1. If you are having a high blood sugar episode:
Drink plenty of water right away; it helps flush excess sugar out through urine. If you’re on insulin, your doctor might have given you a plan for “correction doses”—a small, calculated amount of fast-acting insulin to bring your levels down. Follow that if you have it. Avoid eating carbs or sugary foods until you’re stable, but don’t skip meals entirely if it’s been a while, as that can mess with your levels later—just opt for something light and low-carb, like veggies or a bit of protein. Light activity, like a short walk, can sometimes help lower blood sugar, but don’t overdo it if you’re feeling off or have ketones 酮 (ketone [ˈkiːtəʊn] Ketones are a type of chemical that your liver produces when it breaks down fats. Your body uses ketones for energy typically during fasting, long periods of exercise, or when you don't have as many carbohydrates.), since that could make things worse. If your levels stay high (say, above 300 mg/dL or 16.7 mmol/L) for a few hours, or if you start feeling nauseous, super thirsty, confused, or have trouble breathing, get medical help fast—those can be signs it’s turning into an emergency.
2. Hyperglycemia [ɡlʌɪˈsiːmiə] 高糖, or high blood sugar, is a condition where there is too much glucose in the blood. It can affect people of any age, but it most often occurs in people with diabetes.
3. Purines [ˈp(j)ʊəriːn] 嘌呤 are chemical compounds that are found in food and in the body's DNA and RNA. They are broken down into uric acid, which can build up in joints and cause health problems. Purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that consists of two rings (pyrimidine and imidazole) fused together. It is water-soluble. Purine also gives its name to the wider class of molecules, purines, which include substituted purines and their tautomers. They are the most widely occurring nitrogen-containing heterocycles in nature. Higher levels of meat and seafood consumption are associated with an increased risk of gout, whereas a higher level of consumption of dairy products is associated with a decreased risk. Moderate intake of purine-rich vegetables or protein is not associated with an increased risk of gout. Similar results have been found with the risk of hyperuricemia.
4. curlew [ˈkɜː.ljuː] a large, brownish-coloured bird with long legs and a very long, curved beak, usually found near water. They have a long downward-curving bill and occur in northern and arctic regions. The curlews are a group of nine species of birds in the genus Numenius, characterised by their long, slender, downcurved bills and mottled brown plumage. The English name is imitative of the Eurasian curlew's call, but may have been influenced by the Old French corliu, "messenger", from courir , "to run". Curlews feed on mud or very soft ground, searching for worms and other invertebrates with their long bills. They will also take crabs and similar items.
An Aussie local has taken to Reddit after picking up a ‘delivery attempted’ note off their doorstep. But, instead of a vague ‘we missed you!’, the note gave a specific reason - and for once, it might actually be valid. “Sorry, I couldn’t get to the door,” the note read. “The curlews were losing their shit.” In the comments, the original poster clarified some details about the birds in question. “The curlews in question here are the pair of Bush Stone Curlews that nest in our yard. They won't actually bite, but they get pretty fierce when they have chicks,” they said. “Fun fact for anyone that doesn't know these [birds], their call sounds like a woman being murdered.” Commenters on the post were quick to agree with the original poster, saying that at last, they’ve found a reasonable excuse not to deliver a package. Others were stuck on how intense these birds can be, saying that though they’re pretty harmless for the most part, when there are eggs or chicks involved, “they go and make magpies look friendly”. A reminder that the animals here are no joke! “Stone curlews can be scary AF if you don't know that they won't attack unless you pretty much touch their eggs or young,” one person said.
5. Dopamine 多巴胺 is a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in the brain and body, influencing mood, motivation, movement, and pleasure. Dopamine is a fascinating chemical in the body that acts as both a neurotransmitter and a hormone, playing a big role in how we feel and behave. It’s often called the "feel-good" molecule because it’s heavily involved in the brain’s reward system. When something pleasurable happens—like eating a delicious meal, achieving a goal, or even getting a like on a post—dopamine gets released, giving you that little rush of satisfaction or happiness. It helps reinforce behaviors by making you want to repeat whatever triggered that good feeling. Beyond just pleasure, dopamine also affects motivation and focus. It’s like the brain’s cheerleader, pushing you to pursue goals and stay engaged in tasks. In the body, it’s got other jobs too—it helps regulate movement (think smooth coordination), influences mood, and even plays a part in things like blood pressure and digestion. Too little dopamine can leave you feeling unmotivated or down, and it’s linked to conditions like Parkinson’s disease, where movement gets shaky. Too much, on the other hand, can ramp up restlessness or even contribute to issues like addiction. It’s produced in a few spots in the brain, like the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area, and then zips around through specific pathways to do its work. Pretty cool how one molecule can wear so many hats, right? Dopamine is also synthesized in plants and most animals. In the brain, dopamine functions as a neurotransmitter—a chemical released by neurons (nerve cells) to send signals to other nerve cells. Neurotransmitters are synthesized in specific regions of the brain but affect many regions systemically. The brain includes several distinct dopamine pathways, one of which plays a major role in the motivational component of reward-motivated behavior. The anticipation of most types of rewards increases the level of dopamine in the brain, and many addictive drugs increase dopamine release or block its reuptake into neurons following release. In popular culture and media, dopamine is often portrayed as the main chemical of pleasure, but the current opinion in pharmacology is that dopamine instead confers motivational salience; in other words, dopamine signals the perceived motivational prominence (i.e., the desirability or aversiveness) of an outcome, which in turn propels the organism's behavior toward or away from achieving that outcome.
6. Serotonin 血清素, 血清张力素, 血清胺 (mood + sleep + appetite + digestion + impulse control) is a chemical that carries messages between nerve cells in the brain and throughout your body. Serotonin plays a key role in such body functions as mood, sleep, digestion, nausea, wound healing, bone health, blood clotting and sexual desire. Serotonin levels that are too low or too high can cause physical and psychological health problems.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most commonly prescribed class of antidepressants used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, OCD, PTSD, and other mental health conditions by increasing serotonin levels in the brain. Common examples include sertraline, fluoxetine, and escitalopram. They are generally preferred for having fewer side effects than older antidepressants, though they can cause nausea, insomnia, and sexual dysfunction. High serotonin activity can sometimes delay orgasm (common SSRI side effect). Reuptake is the reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neurotransmitter transporter located along the plasma membrane of an axon terminal or glial cell after it has performed its function of transmitting a neural impulse.
Serotonin ([ˌsɛrəˈtoʊnɪn, ˌsɪərə-], also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a monoamine neurotransmitter with a wide range of functions in both the central nervous system (CNS) and also peripheral tissues. It is involved in mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory, and physiological processes such as vomiting and vasoconstriction. In the CNS, serotonin regulates mood, appetite, and sleep. Most of the body's serotonin—about 90%—is synthesized 合成 in the gastrointestinal tract by enterochromaffin cells, where it regulates intestinal movements. It is also produced in smaller amounts in the brainstem's raphe nuclei, the skin's Merkel cells, pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, and taste receptor cells of the tongue. Once secreted, serotonin is taken up by platelets in the blood, which release it during clotting to promote vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation. Around 8% of the body's serotonin is stored in platelets, and 1–2% is found in the CNS. Serotonin acts as both a vasoconstrictor and vasodilator depending on concentration and context, influencing hemostasis and blood pressure regulation. It plays a role in stimulating myenteric neurons and enhancing gastrointestinal motility through uptake and release cycles in platelets and surrounding tissue. Biochemically, serotonin is an indoleamine synthesized from tryptophan and metabolized primarily in the liver to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Serotonin is targeted by several classes of antidepressants, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), which block reabsorption in the synapse to elevate its levels. It is found in nearly all bilateral animals, including insects, spiders and worms, and also occurs in fungi and plants. In plants and insect venom, it serves a defensive function by inducing pain. Serotonin released by pathogenic amoebae may cause diarrhea in the human gut, while its presence in seeds and fruits is thought to stimulate digestion and facilitate seed dispersal. Serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a monoamine neurotransmitter. It also acts as a hormone. As a neurotransmitter, serotonin carries messages between nerve cells in your brain (your central nervous system) and throughout your body (your peripheral nervous system). These chemical messages tell your body how to work. Serotonin plays several roles in your body, including influencing learning, memory, happiness as well as regulating body temperature, sleep, sexual behavior and hunger. Lack of enough serotonin is thought to play a role in depression, anxiety, mania and other health conditions. Most of the serotonin found in your body is in your gut (intestines). About 90% of serotonin is found in the cells lining your gastrointestinal tract. It's released into your blood circulation and absorbed by platelets. Only about 10% is produced in your brain. Serotonin is made from the essential amino acid tryptophan. An essential amino acid means it can't be made by your body. It has to be obtained from the foods you eat.
7. Melatonin 褪黑素 (调节睡眠循环) is a hormone produced by the brain's pineal gland in response to darkness, regulating the body's sleep-wake cycle. Primarily used to treat insomnia, jet lag, and shift work, it promotes sleep by inducing "quiet wakefulness". Common side effects include headache, dizziness, nausea, and daytime drowsiness. This compound was later identified as a hormone secreted [sɪˈkriːt] in the brain during the night, playing a crucial role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, also known as the circadian rhythm, in vertebrates.
8. Endorphins 内啡肽(阻断疼痛, 增加幸福感) are natural neurotransmitters produced by the brain's pituitary gland and hypothalamus that function as the body's pain relievers and mood enhancers. Often called "feel-good" chemicals, they attach to opioid receptors to reduce stress, anxiety, and pain sensations while inducing a sense of well-being, commonly released during exercise, laughter, and stress. Endorphins (contracted from endogenous morphine) are peptides produced in the brain that block the perception of pain and increase feelings of wellbeing. They are produced and stored in the pituitary gland of the brain. Endorphins are endogenous painkillers often produced in the brain and adrenal medulla during physical exercise or orgasm and inhibit pain, muscle cramps, and relieve stress.
