touristy VS touristic, demographic VS demography, residual VS residue.

用法学习: 1. action sexual activity. Pop star Miley Cyrus has revealed Liam Hemsworth got "a lot of action" following his heroics during the California wildfires. "He got a lot of action for saving the animals. He got a lot of action," Cyrus added. "We had to make sure that he knew I was very thankful." I got some action last night. Hey, you get any action last night? glaring 刺眼的. 明显的, 显著的, 显眼的 I. a glaring mistake is very obvious. If you describe something bad as glaring, you are emphasizing that it is very obvious and easily seen or noticed. I never saw such a glaring example of misrepresentation. It was glaringly obvious. He told a glaringly different story. There's a glaring difference in it. II. a glaring light 炫目的, 让人头晕目眩的 shines very brightly in a way that makes you feel uncomfortable. glare I. to look at someone or something in a very angry way. glare at: They glared at each other across the table. II. to shine with a very strong light that makes you feel uncomfortable. The sun glared down, dazzling them. the glare of publicity/the media etc. 众目睽睽之下, 在媒体的注视下 attention from newspapers and television, especially when you do not want it. Their relationship will be severely tested in the full glare of media publicity. 2. It took a lot of work for them to make this house habitable 可住人的, 可居住的, 能住人的, 能住的. nepotism [ˈnɛpətɪz(ə)m] 任人唯亲 the practice among those with power or influence of favouring relatives or friends, especially by giving them jobs. "his years in office were marked by corruption and nepotism". acrimonious [ækrɪmoʊniəs] 不友好的, 怒气冲冲的, 充满恨意的 Acrimonious words or quarrels are bitter and angry. [formal] an acrimonious situation is unpleasant because people feel angry toward each other. an acrimonious divorce. There followed an acrimonious debate. Our relationship ended acrimoniously. In 2005, McKennitt was involved in an acrimonious court case in England when her former friend and employee, Niema Ash, published a book, Travels with Loreena McKennitt: My Life as a Friend, that contained intimate details of their friendship. McKennitt argued that much of the book contained confidential personal information that Ash had no right to publish. The English courts found that there had indeed been a breach of confidence and a misuse of McKennitt's private information, and the case is likely to set important precedents in the law of England and Wales on the privacy of public figures. 3. 早期基督教历史: According to Church tradition, it was under Nero's persecution 在...的迫害下. 受到...的迫害. 迫害 ( [ˌpɜrsɪˈkjuʃ(ə)n] extremely bad treatment of someone, especially because of their race, religion, or political beliefs. Persecution is cruel and unfair treatment of a person or group, especially because of their religious or political beliefs, or their race. ...the persecution of minorities. ...victims of political persecution. We had to leave the country because of the persecutions. He may face persecution if he returns to his homeland. religious/ political persecution 政治迫害. persecution of: the Nazi persecution of the Jews. persecution complex 被害妄想症(siege mentality, bunker mentality) a mental illness in which you believe that everyone is unfair or cruel to you. persecute [ˈpɜrsˌɪkjut] I. to treat someone extremely badly, or to refuse them equal rights, especially because of their race, religion, or political beliefs. In those days, Christians were persecuted by the government. They have denied persecuting or killing political dissidents. II. to frequently annoy or threaten someone. Why are you persecuting me like this? ) that Peter and Paul were each martyred in Rome. Similarly, several of the New Testament writings mention persecutions and stress endurance through them. Early Christians suffered sporadic persecutions as the result of local pagan populations putting pressure on the imperial authorities to take action against the Christians in their midst, who were thought to bring misfortune by their refusal to honour the gods. The last and most severe persecution organised by the imperial authorities was the Diocletianic Persecution, 303–311. In spite of these sometimes intense persecutions, the Christian religion continued its spread throughout the Mediterranean Basin. There is no agreement on 没有公认的说法 how Christianity managed to spread so successfully prior to the Edict of Milan and the establishment of Christianity as the state religion of the Roman Empire. In The Rise of Christianity, Rodney Stark argues that Christianity triumphed over paganism ( Paganism [peɪgənɪzəm] is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christians for populations of the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, either because they were increasingly rural and provincial relative to the Christian population or because they were not milites Christi (soldiers of Christ). Alternate terms in Christian texts for the same group were hellene, gentile, and heathen. Pagan and paganism were pejorative terms for the same polytheistic group, implying its inferiority. Paganism has broadly connoted the "religion of the peasantry", and for much of its history has been a derogatory term. Both during and after the Middle Ages, pagan was a pejorative term that was applied to any non-Abrahamic or unfamiliar religion, and the term presumed a belief in false god(s). pagan [peɪgən] I. adjective [usually ADJECTIVE noun] Pagan beliefs and activities do not belong to any of the main religions of the world and take nature and a belief in many gods as a basis. They are older, or are believed to be older, than other religions. II. In former times, pagans were people who did not believe in Christianity and who many Christians considered to be inferior people. The new religion was eager to convert the pagan world. Eggs were associated with spring and fertility by pagans.  ) chiefly because it improved the lives of its adherents in various ways. 4. cater to something (appeal to) 迎合to provide people with something they want or need, especially something unusual or special. There are more and more TV shows catering to young male audiences. cater for somebody/something = cater to somebody/ something to provide a particular group of people with the things they need or want an LA bank catering to Asian businesses. Vegetarians are well catered for. Most perfume ads cater to male fantasies. The school aims to cater for children of all abilities. Internet shopping caters to every conceivable need. bars that cater to the lucrative tourist trade. II. often disapproving to satisfy a need or desire that is unusual or unacceptable: Why should you cater to his every whim? This legislation simply caters to racism. cater 餐饮供应, 提供饮食: to provide food and drinks at an event. Who's catering the party? cater for: I'm catering for a wedding reception next week. 5. gastronomy [gæstrɒnəmi] Gastronomy is the activity and knowledge involved in preparing and appreciating good food. Burgundy has always been considered a major centre of gastronomy. Gastronomy 饮食文化, 美食学 is the study of the relationship between food and culture, the art of preparing and serving rich or delicate and appetizing food, the cooking styles of particular regions, and the science of good eating. One who is well versed in gastronomy is called a gastronome ['gæstrənəum] 美食爱好者, 吃货(gourmand US [ɡʊəˈmond] UK [ˈɡʊrmənd] I. someone who enjoys good food and wine. A gourmand is a person who enjoys eating and drinking in large amounts. [formal, disapproval] The food here satisfies gourmands rather than gourmets. II. someone who eats too much. ), while a gastronomist 美食家 is one who unites theory and practice in the study of gastronomy. Practical gastronomy 实践美食学 is associated with the practice and study of the preparation, production, and service of the various foods and beverages, from countries around the world. Theoretical gastronomy 理论美食学 supports practical gastronomy. It is related with a system and process approach, focused on recipes, techniques and cookery books. Food gastronomy is connected with food and beverages and their genesis. Technical gastronomy underpins practical gastronomy, introducing a rigorous approach to evaluation of gastronomic topics. 

 touristy VS touristic: touristy [ˈtʊərɪsti] (含贬义) 商业化, 旅游化, 游客化的 adjective INFORMAL relating to, appealing to, or visited by tourists (often used to suggest tawdriness or lack of authenticity). "a touristy shopping street". A touristy place is not attractive because a lot of tourists visit it and it is full of things for them to buy and do. If you describe a place as touristy, you do not like it because it is full of tourists or full of things for tourists to buy and do. This used to be a pretty little fishing town, but now it's become very touristy. touristic [tʊˈrɪstɪk ; toorisˈtik] (与touristy 相比没有贬义, 指和旅游游客相关的. 但是在实际中多用名词tourist 做修饰, 所以此词较少用: tourist spot, tourist places, tourist route.) I. of or for tourists. associated with tourism or involving tourism I hate touristy shops and streets but love discovering the nontraded touristic places; the traditions, street markets, small museums and plazas, typical buildings of each city or rustic villages. II. appealing to tourists; charming, picturesque, accessible, etc. 解释: In British English the two words are not equivalent. Touristic means "of or relating to tourism" and is a neutral word without connotation, while touristy is usually used in a pejorative sense. touristy; relating to, appealing to, or visited by tourists (often used to suggest tawdriness or lack of authenticity). Possibly non-native speakers think they should use the adjective touristic while native speakers prefer to form compound nouns from tourist, for example a tourist map or a tourist route. demographic VS demography [dɪˈmɑɡrəfi]: demographic [ˌdɛməˈɡrafɪk] adjective I. relating to the structure of populations. "the demographic trend is towards an older population". noun I. a particular sector of a population. "the drink is popular with a young demographic". II. Demographic means relating to or concerning demography. relating to demography (= the study of populations and the different groups that make them up): There have been monumental social and demographic changes in the country. current demographic trends. III. 人口组成. 人口结构. The demographics of a place or society are the statistics relating to the people who live there. ...the changing demographics of the United States. [+ of]. IV. In business, a demographic is a group of people in a society, especially people in a particular age group. [business] Most of our listeners are in the 25–39 demographic 年龄段. demography [dɪˈmɑɡrəfi]  the study of changes in the number of births, marriages, deaths, etc. in aparticular area during a period of time: historical demography. The demography of an area is the number and characteristics of the people who live in an area, in relation totheir age, sex, if they are married or not, etc.: The increase in the number of young people leaving to work in the cities has had a dramatic impact on the demography of the villages. Demographics or demographic data refers to selected population characteristics as used in government, marketing or opinion research, or the demographic profiles used in such research. Commonly-used demographics include race, age, income, disabilities, mobility (in terms of travel time to work or number of vehicles available), educational attainment, home ownership, employment status, and even location. Distributions of values within a demographic variable, and across households, are both of interest, as well as trends over time. Demographics are frequently used in economic and marketing research. Demographic trends describes the changes in demographics in a population over time. For example, the average age of a population may increase over time. It may decrease as well. Certain restrictions may be set in place changing those numbers. For instance in China with the one child policy. The term demographics as a noun is often used erroneously in place of demography, the study of human population, its structure and change. Although there is no absolute delineation, demography focuses on population structure, processes and dynamics, whereas demographics is most often used in the fields of media studies, advertising, marketing, and polling, and should not be used interchangeably with the term "demography" or (more broadly) "population studies". Demographic profiles 目标客户群体, 目标群体: Marketers typically combine several variables to define a demographic profile. A demographic profile (often shortened to "a demographic") provides enough information about the typical member of this group to create a mental picture of this hypothetical aggregate. For example, a marketer might speak of the single, female, middle-class, age 18 to 24, college educated demographic. residual [rɪˈzɪdjuəl] (吃剩下的, 剩下来的, 还可以再吃的) VS residue [ˈrezɪdu] (残渣, 厨余, 拆下来的骨头等不能吃的部分, 属于垃圾的)( residual I. the difference between results obtained by observation and by computation from a formula or between the mean of several observations and any one of them. II. a residual product or substance. III. 后遗症. 落下的残疾. an internal aftereffect of experience or activity that influences later behaviore specially a disability remaining from a disease or operation. IV. a payment (as to an actor or writer) for each rerun after an initial showing (as of a TV show). V. remaining after most of something has gone: I still felt some residual bitterness 残余的 ten years after my divorce. ..residual radiation from nuclear weapons testing. Turn the hotplate off and allow the residual heat 余热, 余温 to keep the mixture simmering. residue I. formal the part that is left after the main part has gone or been taken away, or a substance that remains after a chemical process such as evaporation. When you peel off a tag but there is some sticky stuff left, the sticky stuff is an example of residue. She cut off the best meat and threw away the residue. The white residue in/on the kettle is a result of minerals in the water. a substance that remains on a surface, in a container etc and cannot be removed easily, or that remains after a chemical process. residue from sewage treatment plants. The flies leave a sticky residue on crops. Rinse off any soap residue. II. specialized law the part of a dead person's money and property that is left after taxes, debts, etc. have been paid: The residue (of the estate) went to her granddaughter. residual power (law) Power that is retained by the government after other powers were distributed to other authorities in the course of elections or by the process of delegation. Reserved powers, residual powers, or residuary powers are the powers which are neither prohibited nor explicitly given by law to any organ of government. Such powers, as well as general power of competence, are given because it is impractical to detail in legislation every act allowed to be carried out by the state. Reserved powers are given to different branches of the government in different countries. In Canada the reserved powers lie with the federal government; in the United States, the reserved powers lie with the constituent states. Spoilt vote 无效票: In voting, a ballot is considered spoilt, spoiled, void, null, informal, invalid or stray if a law declares or an election authority determines that it is invalid and thus not included in the vote count 不计票, 不计入总数. This may occur accidentally or deliberately. The total number of spoilt votes in a United States election has been called the residual vote. In Australia, such votes are generally referred to as informal votes, and in Canada they are referred to as rejected votes.): resiDUE something that remains after the completion of a process. So when a procedure is done or complete what is left  is DUE to give a specific result. resiDUAL is generally a quantity left over at the end of a process. I remember this because of the word DUAL means two and in order to have something left thre must be more than one to take away from. A lot of people in grazing circles seem to use these terms interchangeably, but in grazing science they mean two very different things. Residual is the living plant material left behind after a grazing event. For clarity we often say ‘post-grazing residual’. Residue is dead plant material left on the soil surface. It is synonymous with litter or duff. Post-grazing residual is what we leave standing in the pasture following a grazing event. In the growing season in a temperate environment, the residual should be green and leafy. Leaving the appropriate residual largely determines the recovery rate of the pasture. The more green leaf residual, the faster plants regrow. Residue is the dead or soon-to-be-dead plant material at the bottom of the canopy and in contact with the soil surface. Residue decays from the bottom up to become incorporated into the soil organic fraction. Residual provides the regrowth base for the next grazing crop. Leaving the appropriate residue is an essential component for moderating soil temperature and building an effective water cycle. In a thinner pasture stand with low density of living plants we want to make sure the entire soil surface is covered with residue (litter). We always want to leave green leaves behind as well. Errors and residuals: In statistics and optimization, errors and residuals are two closely related and easily confused measures of the deviation of an observed value of an element of a statistical sample from its "theoretical value". The error (or disturbance) of an observed value is the deviation of the observed value from the (unobservable) true value of a quantity of interest (for example, a population mean), and the residual of an observed value is the difference between the observed value and the estimated value of the quantity of interest (for example, a sample mean). The distinction is most important in regression analysis, where the concepts are sometimes called the regression errors and regression residuals and where they lead to the concept of studentized residuals.

牙垢, 污垢, 水垢.

用法学习: 1. slaughterman 杀猪的, 屠夫, 屠户 a person employed to kill animals in a slaughterhouse. I have a really short fuse (short tempter, short-fuse temper, quick-tempered, fiery-tempered, hot-headed. ) 急脾气, 暴脾气. fierce [UK AU fɪəs, US fɪrs] I. 激烈的. 热烈的. 强烈的. involving very strong feelings such as determination, anger, or hate. Fierce feelings or actions are very intense or enthusiastic, or involve great activity. Standards are high and competition is fierce 竞争激烈. The town was captured after a fierce battle with rebels at the weekend. He inspires fierce loyalty in his friends. He has always been ambitious and fiercely competitive. fierce debate/criticism: The proposals provoked a fierce debate. II. 暴怒的. 具有攻击性的. very angry, or ready to attack. A fierce animal or person is very aggressive or angry. They look like the teeth of some fierce animal. He looked so fierce. a fierce lion. III. involving a lot of force or energy. fierce competition/opposition: We face fierce competition from overseas competitors. IV. fierce weather is very strong or severe. Fierce conditions are very intense, great, or strong. The climbers were trapped by a fierce storm which went on for days. As I arrived a lorry had just been set on fire and was burning fiercely. A fierce storm forced the crew to abandon the yacht. fiery [ˈfaɪəri] I. If you describe something as fiery, you mean that it is burning strongly or contains fire. A helicopter crashed in a fiery explosion in Vallejo. II. You can use fiery for emphasis when you are referring to bright colours such as red or orange. [literary, emphasis] The flowers provided a fiery bright red display. III. If you describe food or drink as fiery, you mean that it has a very strong hot or spicy taste. food that is fiery makes your mouth feel very hot when you eat it. fiery 火辣辣的 chili sauce. ...a fiery 辣透的 combination of chicken, chillies and rice. IV. If you describe someone as fiery, you mean that they express very strong emotions, especially anger, in their behaviour or speech. [written] She was a fiery, brilliant and unyielding intellectual and politician. She had a fiery temper and liked to get her own way. feisty [faɪsti] If you describe someone as feisty, you mean that they are tough, independent, and spirited, often when you would not expect them to be, for example because they are old or ill. The soldier looked incredulously at the feisty child. At 66, she was as feisty as ever. I scream at other road users who get in my way, and find myself snapping at people all the time. fist fight 动拳头 打架斗殴 fiery-tempered British [ˈfaɪərɪˌtɛmpəd] adjective easily angered That person is very ill-tempered"; He/she is ill-tempered" — These examples all imply a "negative" personality trait. Fiery tempered, or quick-tempered, doesn't always imply a negative personality. A girl can have a fiery-temper, which means that maybe she is quick to fight or get angry, but that quality might be something that is well liked about her. EX: "That new red-head in class has a fiery-temper! It's so attractive!" red-head (a person, usually a female, with naturally red hair) ("fiery red-head" is a common expression; to be called a fiery red-head is a good thing. It implies that her personality is attractive). "Her quick temper is what I like about her! I think it is so alluring." "Do you know Bob? He is a really ill-tempered person. I hate to be around him." "Does Robert have to come? He is so ill-tempered 臭脾气的, 脾气不好的, 坏脾气的! He always ruins the party!" "Short-tempered"; "has a short fuse" can be interchangeable with ill-tempered, and keep the same meaning. walk/stand tall 高昂着头, 坚强不屈, 傲然, 挺立, 伟岸 (idiomatic) To behave in a brave, proud, or unyielding manner, without retreating from confrontation, danger, or adversity. She loves using excessive foul language 嘴巴不干净, 骂脏话, 口臭. She's hotheaded. They are strict household (been raised in a strict household 家教严 I've found a lot of people from strict households just become better liars, and often are incredibly defiant. If they feel you're telling them to do something they will fight it tooth and nail.). The kids do what they are told. There's no mucking about 说一不二, 没有讨价还价, 没有商量余地. Meanwhile, Mrs Schmidt had been admitted to a hospital for a major operation, leaving Helmut Jr. and Marianne in charge of the household 当家. 2. play up I. 淘气. 调皮. [INTRANSITIVE / TRANSITIVE] BRITISH if children play up or play someone up, they behave badly in a way that they think is funny. When children play up, they are naughty and difficult to control. [British, informal] Patrick often plays up when he knows I'm in a hurry. I'm exhausted! The children have been really playing up this afternoon. II. [TRANSITIVE] to try to persuade people to believe that something is more important than it is. If you play up something, you emphasize it and try to make people believe that it is important. The media played up the prospects for a settlement. His Japanese ancestry has been played up by some of his opponents. The newspapers have really played up 夸张, 夸大其词 the government's poor election results. III. [INTRANSITIVE/TRANSITIVE] to cause difficulties or pain for someone. If something such as a machine or a part of your body is playing up or is playing you up, it is causing problems because it is not working properly. [British, informal] The engine had been playing up. It was his back playing him up. The printer's playing up 问题百出, 问题层出不穷, 老出问题, 老出毛病 again. My back's been playing me up all day. play up to someone = suck up to someone to try to please by flattery. She plays up to journalists in the media. 3. A mood swing 阴晴不定, 情绪多变 is an extreme or rapid change in mood. Such mood swings can play a positive part in promoting problem solving and in producing flexible forward planning. However, when mood swings are so strong that they are disruptive, they may be the main part of a bipolar disorder. Mood swings can happen any time at any place, varying from the microscopic to the wild oscillations of manic depression, so that a continuum can be traced from normal struggles around self-esteem, through cyclothymia, up to a depressive disease. However most people's mood swings remain in the mild to moderate range of emotional ups and downs. The duration of mood swings also varies. They may last a few hours - ultrarapid - or extend over days - ultradian: clinicians maintain that only when four continuous days of hypomania, or seven days of mania, occur, is a diagnosis of bipolar disorder justified. In such cases, mood swings can extend over several days, even weeks: these episodes may consist of rapid alternation between feelings of depression and euphoria. 4. Payback 报复 for his affair出轨. 王子姓不一样: Prince George, five, started junior school last year, enrolled as George Cambridge. His sister Princess Charlotte, three, is also known at her nursery as Charlotte Cambridge. In a similar vein 同样的情况(continuing with something similar to what came before Leeds had dominated the game throughout the first half, and the second half began in a similar vein with another goal after only five minutes. in a similar/orderly/spectacular etc fashion in a particular way Voting was conducted in a peaceful and orderly fashion.), Princess Eugenie and Princess Beatrice also use the surname 'York' after their father Prince Andrew, the Duke of York. real prospect of something 真正的机会, 真正的可能性, 确确实实的可能性: The question posed by the Victorian judges determining a summary judgment is 'does the claim/defence have a real prospect of succeeding at trial?' If the claim/defence does not have a real prospect of success the Courts are able to strike it out and dispense with the proceeding summarily. There's a real prospect of it 完全有可能的. The defendant must have a 'realistic' rather than 'fanciful' prospect of success. The defence must be more than arguable. The court must not conduct a mini-trial, which does not mean the court must take the defendant's statements at face value, particularly if they are contradicted by contemporaneous documents. tops: I. most excellent: She is tops in her field. Birmingham comes out tops for quality of life in a new survey. II. at the most; maximum: They shouldn't charge you more than £50 tops. Interest on the account is low - you can hope for 2% tops. 5. Katherine Knight: Australia's most gruesome 残忍的, 凶残的 female killer? Katherine's first husband, David Kellett, remembers the advice he received from Katherine's mother on their wedding day in 1974 "You better watch this one or she'll fucking kill you. Stir her up the wrong way 惹到她 or do the wrong thing and you're fucked, don't ever think of playing up 耍淘气, 耍调皮 on her, she'll fuckin' kill you." It seems her mother knew her well. Katherine fractured David's skull with a frying pan one night after he returned late from a darts tournament. He was late because he made the finals. David left Katherine shortly after the birth of their daughter Melissa, heading to Queensland with a new girlfriend. Katherine suffered post natal depression and was hospitalised in Tamworth for several weeks. Upon release from hospital she placed two month old Melissa on the train tracks, and took an axe into town, threatening to kill several people. An old forager 拾荒者(someone who finds and collects food in the wild Your recipes with foraged mushrooms, nuts and berries show why autumn days are a forager's dream. forage I. If someone forages for something, they search for it in a busy way. They were forced to forage for clothing and fuel. II. When animals forage, they search for food. We disturbed a wild boar that had been foraging by the roadside. The cat forages for food. III. Forage is crops that are grown as food for cattle and horses. ...the amount of forage needed to feed one cow and its calf.) found Melissa before the train came along, and Katherine was readmitted to hospital. She checked herself out the next day. Katherine wanted to marry Pricey, but he was reluctant. His reluctance cost him the job he had held for 17 years. In retaliation for 为了报复 refusing to marry her, Katherine told Pricey's boss that he had stolen equipment from him, and Pricey was fired. The fact that it was out of date 过期的 first aid kits, taken from the company rubbish tip, was apparently irrelevant. Now here is the gruesome bit – stop reading now if you don't want to know what she did. Katherine was an experienced abattoir worker, specialising in skinning the animals. An almost illiterate note left on a bench implied that Pricey had raped Katherine's daughter. This accusation was found to be completely groundless 毫无根据的. 7. demonic = daemonic [dɪmɒnɪk] I. adjective [usually ADJECTIVE noun] Demonic means coming from or belonging to a demon or being like a demon. ...demonic forces. ...a demonic grin. She claims she's seeing demonic faces. II. If someone has demonic energy, drive, or abilities 魔鬼一样的力量, they are more energetic, determined, or clever than most people. ...a demonic drive to succeed. 驱魔: At some point, you have to exorcise your demons 驱逐心魔([ˈeksɔrˌsaɪz] I. 驱魔 to get rid of an evil spirit using something such as a ceremony or prayer. A spring festival was held to exorcise all the evil spirits of winter. II. to do something that helps you to stop thinking about a bad experience or memory. This novel is an attempt to exorcise his personal demons.)." He added. Exorcism 驱魔, 驱鬼, 驱除魔咒, 驱除心魔 (美音名词时o读作ə: ˈɛksərsɪzəm) ( [ˈeksɔ:(r)ˌsɪz(ə)m] I. a process or action that is used for getting rid of an evil spirit, for example a ceremony or prayer. II. something you do that helps you to stop thinking about a bad experience or memory. Music remains a kind of exorcism for him. ) is the religious or spiritual practice of evicting 驱赶, 驱除 demons or other spiritual entities from a person or an area they are believed to have possessed. Depending on the spiritual beliefs of the exorcist, this may be done by causing the entity to swear an oath, performing an elaborate ritual, or simply by commanding 命令 it to depart in the name of a higher power. The practice is ancient and part of the belief system of many cultures and religions. exorcism [ˈɛksərsɪzəm] I. Exorcism is the removing of evil spirits from a person or place by the use of prayer. 驱魔. a process or action that is used for getting rid of an evil spirit, for example a ceremony or prayer. The exorcism was broadcast on television. II. something you do that helps you to stop thinking about a bad experience or memory. Music remains a kind of exorcism for him. 8. well-read [ˌwel ˈred] 博览群书, 读过很多书的 someone who is well read has read many books and has a lot of knowledge. a thoughtful well-read person. well-read in: He’s very well read in the field of solar energy. ritual [ˈrɪtʃuəl] I. a formal ceremony. II. 小仪式.  每日习惯性的事情. something that you do regularly and always in the same way. Their meetings became a weekly ritual. go through/perform a ritual: He went through his nightly ritual of locking all the doors. adj. I. done regularly and always in the same way, and often boring for that reason. the ritual exchange of presents at Christmas time. II. done as part of a ceremony. a ritual dance. rite [raɪt] a traditional ceremony, especially a religious one. funeral rites. perform a rite: The traditional rites of homage to the emperor were performed. rite of passage 成人礼. 成人仪式 a ceremony or event that marks an important stage in someone's life, for example becoming an adult. last rites a religious ceremony performed by a Roman Catholic priest for someone who is dying. scale I. 水管垢. 水垢. a hard white substance that forms on the inside of water pipes and containers that are regularly used for heating water. a. 牙垢. tartar that forms on your teeth. II. 鳞片. one of the small hard flat pieces of skin on the body of a fish, snake, or similar animal. III. a piece of equipment used for weighing people or things. He weighed himself on the bathroom scale. a pair/set of scales. IV. a list showing the amount of money that someone should be paid for a particular job, according to their qualifications, experience, etc. Our scale of fees is shown on the next page. Expenses will be paid in accordance with the agreed scale. salary/pay/fee scale: The salary scale is $22,086 to $32,311. What is Limescale? Have you ever counted how many cups of tea or coffee you consume in a day? Well, imagine the amount of grime 污垢 ( [graɪm] Grime is dirt which has collected on the surface of something. dirt ingrained on the surface of something. "the windows were thick with grime". Kelly got the grime off his hands before rejoining her in the kitchen. ) accumulating in your kettle each time you set it to boil! Limescale is a tough, milky white (or off-white) deposit often referred to as calcium carbonate. It is commonly found clogging up hard-to-clean places like: Hot-water tanks, Old pipes, Central heating systems, Kettles. Limescale is primarily found in areas where hot water has evaporated and solidified. The deposits 存留 are unsightly and difficult to remove by scrubbing alone, making cleaning a kettle a bit of a challenge. The harder you scrub, the more susceptible the kettle is to having its inner surface removed in the process. But with the right mixture of mild acids, calcium carbonate can be easily dissolved. union scale (=the rate agreed by the employers and the workers' union for a job): We're required to pay union scale to everyone who works on-site. c. 刻度. a set of marks, usually lines and numbers, on a piece of equipment or a drawing, used for measuring something. the vertical scale on the graph. d. 社会阶层. [countable] [usually singular] a set of people or things arranged in order from the highest level to the lowest or from the lowest level to the highest. The rich are at the top of the social scale. At the other end of the scale are worms and the tiny sea creatures. tartar [ˈtɑːtə(r)] 牙垢 I. [uncountable] a hard substance that forms on your teeth and can cause them to decay. II. [countable] informal an unpleasant person who is often angry or violent, usually someone in a position of power. III. [uncountable] a red-brown substance that forms inside containers used for storing wine. cream of tartar a white substance used in baking powder. What Is Dental Plaque [plɑːk]? Have you ever wondered what the  plaque on your teeth  actually is? Dental plaque, also known as tooth plaque, microbial plaque and dental biofilm, is a soft, sticky film that builds up on your teeth. Plaque is an extremely sticky, colorless to pale yellow deposit of biofilm that regularly forms on your teeth. When saliva, food, and fluids combine they produce bacteria deposits, which collect where the teeth and gums meet. Plaque contains bacteria, which produce acids that attack your tooth enamel and can damage your gums. If not treated, the damage could become permanent.  It contains millions of bacteria that feed on the food and drinks you eat every day. If bacteria deposits from plaque on teeth aren't removed through regular brushing and flossing, they can cause tooth decay, gum disease, and tartar buildup. Dental Plaque Leads to Tartar Buildup: Over time, if plaque isn't removed on a regular basis, minerals from your saliva are deposited into the plaque biofilm causing it to harden within 24 to 72 hours, turning into tartar. And while you can remove plaque at home, tartar removal requires the help of a dental professional. Did you know 68% of adults have tartar? Tartar, also called dental calculus, is a yellow or brown colored deposit that forms when plaque hardens on your teeth. Because tartar buildup on teeth is strongly bonded to the tooth enamel, it can only be removed by a dental professional. You have a greater risk of developing tartar with braces, dry mouth, crowded teeth, smoking and aging. Individuals vary greatly in their susceptibility to tartar buildup. For many, these deposits build up faster with age. 9. eccentric [ik-ˈsen-trik,  ek-] I. deviating from conventional or accepted usage or conduct especially in odd or whimsical ways. an eccentric millionaire 古怪的, 怪异的百万富翁. deviating from an established or usual pattern or style eccentric products. II. deviating from a circular path especially. an eccentric orbit. located elsewhere than at the geometric center also having the axis or support so located an eccentric wheel. at the drop of a hat 毫不犹豫的 If you do something at the drop of a hat, you do it immediately without stopping to think about it: People will file lawsuits at the drop of a hat these days. take the rap (for someone or something) 承担后果, 担责 To face punishment, blame, censure, or arrest for someone else's crime or misdeed, perhaps intentionally. We've made it look like he withdrew the money, so when the police start investigating, he'll be the one to take the rap. I'm always taking the rap for your mistakes—I'm sick of covering for you! Janet doesn't have any penalty points on her license, so she agreed to take the rap for Jeff. Inf. to take the blame for (doing) something. I won't take the rap for the crime. I wasn't even in town. Who'll take the rap for it? Who did it? A rap sheet (US, UK charge sheet) is a legal document which records someone's arrests and crimes. [US] His rap sheet includes a recent conviction for stabbing a record executive. an official police document that lists the crimes that a particular person has committed. His rap sheet includes a recent conviction for stabbing a record executive. charge sheet (UK) an official document on which a police officer records the details of the crime a person is accused of. strike gold 撞大运 to suddenly become very rich or successful as a result of finding or doing something. If you strike gold, you find, do, or produce something that brings you a lot of money or success. The company has struck gold with its new holiday development. He seems to have struck gold with his first movie. come out swinging /fighting 强势的出头 大摇大摆的, 大模大样的 To compete or defend someone or something passionately or aggressively. to react to something or begin something in a strong, forceful way: But viewers have come out swinging against Sunrise for Koch's harsh interview style, labelling him a "bully" and calling for him to be sacked. He came out swinging at his critics, accusing them of having their own agenda. The company knew it was going to have to come out fighting. I. (idiomatic) To initiate an encounter or interaction by behaving in an unrestrainedly aggressive, confrontational, or accusatory manner. II. (idiomatic) To display spunk and strength of character, especially when rising above or when fighting back against trouble or adversity. flourish [ ˈflʌrɪʃ] n. I. 张扬的. a special or impressive part of something. a confident movement made so that other people notice. André reached for her hand and kissed it with a flourish. There's nothing like a luxurious dessert to give a menu a final flourish. with a flourish with a large confident movement that makes people notice you. with a large confident movement that makes people notice you He opened his wallet with a flourish and took out a handful of notes. They finished the season with a flourish, winning their last three matches. He opened his wallet with a flourish and took out a handful of notes. II. a loud part of a piece of music, played especially when an important person enters. a short part of a speech, piece of music, game etc that is impressive and skilful. He finished his round with a flourish by sinking a long putt at the 18th hole. a flourish of trumpets. III. a curved line that you add to the top or bottom of letters when you are writing in order to make them look more attractive. v. I. 蓬勃成长. 茁壮成长(thrive) [intransitive] to develop well and be successful The economy is booming and small businesses are flourishing. II. [intransitive] to grow well and be very healthy Most plants will flourish in the rich deep soils here. III. [transitive] 挥舞着. to wave something in your hand in order to make people notice it  She walked quickly to the desk, flourishing her cheque book. accost [ə'kɒst , US ə'kɔːst] 靠近, 接近, 冲上去 (attest 作证), 拦住 If someone accosts another person, especially a stranger, they stop them or go up to them and speak to them in a way that seems rude or threatening. [formal, disapproval] A man had accosted me in the street. 11. halfway house I. a temporary place to live for people who have spent a long time somewhere such as a prison or psychiatric hospital. A halfway house is a home for people such as former prisoners, mental patients, or drug addicts who can stay there for a limited period of time to get used to life outside prison or hospital. II. 半成品. A halfway house is an arrangement or thing that has some of the qualities of two different things. The results sound like a halfway house between a piano and an electric guitar. There are two types of Apprehended Violence Orders (AVO) ( = Restraining order 限制令): An Apprehended Domestic Violence Order is made where the people involved are related, living together or in an intimate relationship, or have previously been in this situation. Apprehended Personal Violence Order (APVO). downvote upvote点赞的反义词 to show that you dislike a comment or item on a social media site by clicking on an icon. Participants should not mass downvote a person with whom they disagree. Everyone is free to upvote/downvote as they see fit. field officer I. a person in an organization with a position of responsibility involving practical activities in a particular area or region. someone who works for an organization whose job involves practical outdoor work, especially work connected with the countryside. II. a major, lieutenant colonel, or colonel. an officer of high rank in the British army. A field officer, field-grade officer, or senior officer is an army, Marine, or air force commissioned officer senior in rank to a company officer but junior to a general officer. In most armies this corresponds to the ranks of major, lieutenant colonel and colonel, or their equivalents. Some countries also include brigadier in the definition. 12. come up I. If someone comes up or comes up to you, they approach you until they are standing close to you. Her cat came up and rubbed itself against their legs. He came up to me and said: 'Come on, John.' II. If something comes up in a conversation or meeting, it is mentioned or discussed. The subject came up at a news conference in Beijing today. to be mentioned and need to be considered A number of interesting points came up at today's meeting. III. If something is coming up, it is about to happen or take place. Plan your activities so that you are rested and refreshed when something important is coming up. We do have elections coming up. IV. If something comes up, it happens unexpectedly. I was delayed–something came up at home. Other projects came up and the emphasis of my work altered. V. If a job comes up 机会出现 or if something comes up for sale, it becomes available. A research fellowship came up at Girton and I applied for it and got it. The house came up for sale and the couple realised they could just about afford it. VI. When the sun or moon comes up, it rises. It will be so great watching the sun come up 太阳升起. VII. In law, when a case comes up, it is heard in a court of law. He is one of the reservists who will plead not guilty when their cases come up. VIII. if information about something comes up on something such as a computer screen, it appears there. Our flight hasn't come up yet.If your ticket or name comes up in a lottery or similar game, it is chosen as a winner. IX. if food that you have eaten comes up 翻上来, your stomach forces it out through your mouth. come up with something I. to think of something such as an idea or a plan. Is that the best you can come up with? II. to produce or provide something that people want. We're in big trouble if we don't come up with the money 找够, 凑齐 by 6 o'clock. come up with the goods = deliver the goods to do what you have said you will do or what people expect. People quickly lose faith in a political party that fails to deliver the goods. focal point 聚焦点, 注意力点, 注意点 The focal point of something is the thing that people concentrate on or pay most attention to. ...the focal point for the town's many visitors–the Royal Shakespeare Theatre. contention [kənˈtenʃən] I. [countable] formal 意见. 观点. 看法. a strong opinion that someone expresses. an opinion or statement that something is true, especially one made during a discussion or argument. My main contention is that we should be educating children to be good citizens. somebody's contention that. Her main contention is that doctors should do more to encourage healthy eating. II. formal argument and disagreement between people.  disagreement between people or groups. The subject remains a source of great contention in the family. source/ area/point of contention 争议点, 争论焦点 The issue of hunting is a source of contention 引起争议的地方, 引起争论的问题. bone of contention 争议焦点 something that people disagree or argue about The main bone of contention between us is our children's education. in contention 局内 having a chance of winning something Owens' goal kept England in contention. out of contention 被踢出局, 局外, 比赛外 no longer having a chance of winning something Injury has put him out of contention for the title. 13. San Maurizio al Monastero Maggioreis a church in Milan, northern Italy. It was originally attached to the most important female convent [ˈkɒnvənt] 女修道院 (monastery and friary 男修道院, cloister 是二者均可. ) (a building where a community of nuns (=women members of a religious organization) live and work. A monastery is a building or collection of buildings in which monks live. A monastery is a building or complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of monastics, monks or nuns, whether living in communities or alone (hermits). A monastery generally includes a place reserved for prayer which may be a chapel, church, or temple, and may also serve as an oratory. wiki: Technically, a "monastery" or "nunnery" is a community of monastics, whereas a "friary" or "convent" is a community of mendicants, and a "canonry" a community of canons regular. The terms "abbey" and "priory" can be applied to both monasteries and canonries; an abbey is headed by an Abbot, and a priory is a lesser dependent house headed by a Prior. In English usage since about the 19th century the term "convent" almost invariably refers to a community of women, while "monastery" and "friary" are used for men. In historical usage they are often interchangeable, with "convent" especially likely to be used for a friary. When applied to religious houses in Eastern Orthodoxy and Buddhism, English refers to all houses of male religious as "monasteries" and of female religious "convents". cloister I. [often plural] a covered path around an open area in the center of a large building such as a cathedral or monastery. A cloister is a covered area round a square in a monastery or a cathedral. The thirteenth-century cloisters are amongst the most beautiful in central Italy. II. literary a monastery or convent. v. to make someone spend time in a quiet or private place away from other people. ) of the Benedictines in the city, Monastero Maggiore, which is now in use as the Civic Archaeological Museum. The edifice 主体建筑 was finished fifteen years later by Cristoforo Solari, divided into two parts: one for the faithful 信徒, one for the nuns. Until 1794 the latter were strongly forbidden to cross the dividing wall. The most important artwork of the church is the cycle of frescoes from the 16th century covering the walls. The dividing wall has frescoes depicting the Life of San Maurizio by Bernardino Luiniwhich flank an altarpiece with an Adoration of the Magi by Antonio Campi. The chapels in the faithful's area are by Aurelio Luini, son of Bernardino, and his brothers. benediction [benɪdɪkʃən] n. 祝福. 赐福. 恩赐. 祈求上帝赐福的仪式. I. A benediction is a kind of Christian prayer. [formal] The minister pronounced the benediction. The Pope's hands were raised in benediction. II. You can refer to something that makes people feel protected and at peace as a benediction. She could only raise her hand in a gesture of benediction. The song hovered 绕梁不绝, like a whispered benediction, above the crowd. deposition [ˌdep.əˈzɪʃ.ən] I. specialized law a formal written statement made or used in a law court: Before the court case, we had to file/give a deposition. Our lawyer took a deposition from us. a sworn deposition. II. formal the act of removing someone important from a powerful position: Crowds celebrated the dictator's deposition 赶下台, 下野. 14. The Eastern Orthodox Church venerates 尊崇 (rever) her as a Great Martyr and celebrates her feast [fist] day (a day on which a celebration, especially an annual Christian one, is held. "on feast days a High Mass was sung". feast your eyes on 视听盛宴 to take great pleasure in looking at someone or something. If you're looking for new kitchen utensils, feast your eyes on these goodies. feast on something to eat a lot of a particular food with enjoyment. We feasted on strawberries and ice cream. feast or famine a situation in which there is either far too much of something or not nearly enough of it. movable feast 非固定的 I. a religious holiday that is on a different date in different years, for example, Easter. II. British informal something that can be arranged to happen at any time that suits people. a feast for the eyes/ears 秀色可餐, 视觉盛宴 something that is impressive and enjoyable to look at or hear.) on 24 or 25 November (depending on the regional tradition). In Catholicism she is traditionally revered 敬仰, 景仰, 崇拜, 尊敬 as one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers. In 1969 the Roman Catholic Church removed her feast day from the General Roman Calendar; however, she continued to be commemorated in the Roman Martyrology on 25 November. In 2002, her feast was restored to the General Roman Calendar as an optional memorial. Catherine was then scourged and imprisoned. She was scourged so cruelly and for so long, that her whole body was covered with wounds, from which the blood flowed in streams 血流成河. The spectators wept with pity; but Catherine, strengthened by God, stood with her eyes raised to heaven, without giving a sign of suffering or fear. Maxentius ordered her to be imprisoned without food, so she would starve to death. During the confinement, angels tended her wounds with salve. Catherine was fed daily by a dove from Heaven and Christ also visited her, encouraging her to fight bravely, and promised her the crown of everlasting glory. During her imprisonment, over 200 people came to see her, including Maxentius' wife, Valeria Maximilla; all converted to Christianity and were subsequently martyred. Twelve days later, when the dungeon was opened, a bright light and fragrant perfume filled it, and Catherine came forth even more radiant and beautiful. Upon the failure of Maxentius to make Catherine yield by way of torture, he tried to win the beautiful and wise princess over by proposing marriage. The saint refused, declaring that her spouse was Jesus Christ, to whom she had consecrated her virginity. The furious emperor condemned Catherine to death on a spiked breaking wheel, but, at her touch, it shattered 粉碎. Maxentius ordered her to be beheaded. Catherine herself ordered the execution to commence. A milk-like substance rather than blood flowed from her neck. Christ at the Column: This is one of two versions of the Flagellation 鞭刑 (flagellate v.) ( [ˌflædʒəˈleɪʃ(ə)n] the practice of hitting yourself with a whip as a religious punishment. a. the practice of hitting someone with a whip for sexual excitement. ) of Christ by Caravaggio painted late in 1606 or early in 1607, soon after his arrival in Naples. The painting shows the flagellation of Christ following his arrest and trial and before his crucifixion. The scene was traditionally depicted in front of a column, possibly alluding to the judgement hall of Pilate. The snub-nosed torturer on the far right is recognisably the same figure who modelled as one of the torturers in The Flagellation of Christ, and as the executioner in Salome with the Head of John the Baptist. 15. off/from the face of the earth If you say that something will be wiped off the face of the earth or disappear from the face of the earth, you mean that it will stop existing. If a nuclear war breaks out, every living thing will be wiped off the face of the Earth. weight I. [uncountable] a measurement of how heavy a person or thing is. in weight: It was about 12 pounds in weight. lose weight (=become thinner): Have you lost weight? put on/gain weight (=become fatter): Susan gained weight after her accident. a. the condition or effect of being heavy. weight of: The weight of the backpack made the child fall over. Tim was stuck under the weight of the fallen tree. II. [countable] a heavy object that is used for making another thing heavier. He tied weights to the sack and hurled it into the river. a. a piece of heavy metal designed for lifting or throwing as a sport. b. a piece of metal that weighs a particular amount, used for measuring how much something else weighs. c. any heavy object, especially one that is difficult to lift or move. The car was not able to pull such a large weight. III. [uncountable] the influence or importance that something has. give weight to 重视, 当回事 to attach importance to something. I give a lot of weight to your opinion. Kelly gave no weight at all to the comments by Betty. Patten was not inclined to give much weight to their judgment. carry weight (=have a lot of influence): Simpson's opinions carry considerable weight with the President. add weight to: if something adds weight to an argument, idea etc, it makes it stronger. add weight to the suggestion/idea etc. Recent research adds weight to the theory that the climate is changing. A recently discovered inscription has added weight to the theory. attach weight to: We attach little weight to this new evidence. IV. [singular] something that causes you trouble or difficulty. Susan now bears the full weight of running the family. a weight off your mind (=something that you no longer have to worry about): Obviously the verdict is a huge weight off my mind. carry the weight of the world on your shoulders to have something that is your responsibility or duty to struggle with. I'm carrying the weight of the world on my shoulders. pull /carry your weight to do your share of work. He wasn't pulling his weight, so he had to go.

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用法学习: 1. thin on the ground 珍稀, 珍贵, 少之又少, 人数很少, 又稀又少 not available in large amounts or numbers. If people or things of a particular kind are thin on the ground, there are very few of them. [mainly British] Good managers are often thin on the ground. Such experienced nurses are thin on the ground. few and far between 少见, 鲜见, 不常发生 Things that are few and far between are very rare or do not happen very often. In this economic climate new ideas were few and far between.  2. The secret of enjoying vegimite is to use is sparingly 省着点用, light spread 薄薄涂一层. I understand foreigners disliking vegemite, because I've given them a teaspoon full in the past to try it. lol. Any Aussie knows that you have it thinly spread. Crumpets with butter and a light spread of vegemite are some of the the tastiest things on Earth! Start off light, and see if it grows on you. Voting interest (or voting power) 投票权重 in business and accounting means the total number, or percent, of votes entitled to be cast on the issue at the time the determination of voting power is made, excluding a vote which is contingent upon the happening of a condition or event which has not occurred at the time. Voting interest is one form of economic interest. Economic interests comprise all types and forms of investment vehicles that an investee could issue or be a party to, including equity securities; financial instruments with characteristics of equity, liabilities, or both; long-term debt and other debt-financing arrangements; leases; and contractual arrangements such as management contracts, service contracts, or intellectual property licenses. Ownership of more than 50% of voting shares generally gives the right of control and consolidation. In special cases, control is possible without having to own more than 50% of voting stock. For example, if agreed, shareholders may pass control to a chosen one owning much fewer shares (for example in the case of the two petroleum companies, MOL Group and INA - Industrija nafte). In other cases, companies divide their stock into voting and non-voting classes, which can allow a small minority of shareholders to control a majority of the voting shares. This technique is often used to allow a company's founders to cash out much of their ownership without giving up control.

 North Hollywood Shootout: Standard issue (standard-issue I. standard-issue equipment 普通装备, 普通配备. is the basic equipment that everyone in the armed forces gets. II. 一般的. 普通的. usual or normal, with no special qualities or features. I don't like standard-issue brushes, because I end up smearing ink all over the cartoon. The mac-and-cheese, coleslaw and potato salad are strictly standard-issue.) sidearms (A side arm or sidearm is a weapon, usually a handgun but sometimes a sword, dagger, knife, bayonet or other mêlée weapon, which is worn on the body in a holster or sheath (in the case of a sword, dagger, knife, or bayonet) to permit immediate access and use. A sidearm is typically required equipment for military officers and is usually carried by law enforcement personnel. Usually, uniformed personnel of these services wear their weapons openly, while plainclothes personnel have their sidearms concealed under their clothes. A sidearm may be carried alone, or as a back-up to a primary weapon such as a rifle, carbine, shotgun, or submachine gun.) carried by most local patrol officers at the time were 9 mm pistols or .38 Special revolvers; some patrol cars were also equipped with a 12-gauge shotgun. Phillips and Mătăsăreanu carried illegally modified now fully automatic Norinco Type 56 S-1s (an AK-47variant), a Bushmaster XM15 Dissipator with high capacity drum magazine, and a Heckler & Koch HK-91rifle, as well as a Beretta 92FS pistol. The robbers wore mostly homemade, heavy plated body armor which successfully protected them from handgun rounds and shotgun pellets (pellet I. a small round piece of a substance. fish food pellets. II. a small round piece of steel or lead that is fired from a gun shotgun pellets.) fired by the responding officers. A police SWAT team eventually arrived bearing sufficient firepower, and they commandeered ( [ˌkɒmənˈdɪə(r)] I. to officially take someone's property for military use. II. to take something that belongs to someone else. ) an armored truck to evacuate the wounded. Several officers also appropriated ( I. to decide officially that money will be used for a particular purpose. The legislature appropriated funds for technology in the schools. II. LEGAL to take something illegally. 非法获得. 非法侵占. Theft is legally defined as appropriating property belonging to someone else with the intention of permanently depriving that person of it. III. FORMAL to take something for yourself. She had appropriated his role as chief provider for the family.) AR-15 and other semi-automatic rifles from a nearby firearms dealer. The incident sparked debate on the need for patrol officers to upgrade their firepower in preparation for similar situations in the future. Before meeting 二人认识之前, Phillips was a habitual offender 惯偷, 习惯性的犯罪, 惯犯, responsible for multiple real estate scams and counts of shoplifting. Mătăsăreanu was a qualified electrical engineer and ran a relatively unsuccessful computer repair business. Initially charged with conspiracy to commit robbery, both served one hundred days in jail and were placed on three years' probation. After their release, most of their seized property was returned to them, except for the confiscated firearms and explosives. Phillips and Mătăsăreanu were dubbed the "High Incident Bandits" ( incident something that happens, especially a violent, criminal, or dangerous event. an embarrassing incident. Police are appealing for witnesses to the incident.  without incident 无惊无险的: The anniversary of the massacre passed without incident. an isolated incident (=an event that is not connected with other events): A military spokeswoman said that the shooting was an isolated incident. a major/minor incident: The pilot radioed ahead to Gatwick to warn of a major incident on board. incident room a room in a police station used for collecting information about a particular crime or other incident. incident VS incidence VS instance: In current use, incidence usually means "rate of occurrence" and is often qualified in some way ("a high incidence of  高发率的. diabetes". an increased incidence of diabetes.  a high incidence 高发的 of criminal behavior). Incident usually refers to a particular event, often something unusual or unpleasant ("many such incidents go unreported"). Instance suggests a particular occurrence that is offered as an example ("another instance of bureaucratic bumbling"); it can also be synonymous with case ("many instances in which the wrong form was submitted"). The plural incidences sometimes occurs in such contexts as "several recent incidences of crime," but this use is often criticized as incorrect.) by investigators due to the weaponry they had used in three robberies prior to their attempt in North Hollywood. On the morning of February 28, 1997, after months of preparation, including extensive reconnoitering 侦查 of their intended target—the Bank of America branch located at 6600 Laurel Canyon Boulevard—Phillips and Mătăsăreanu armed themselves with a semi automatic HK-91 and several illegally converted 非法改装过的枪 weapons. They filled a jam jar with gasoline and placed it in the back seat with the intention of setting the car and weapons on fire to destroy evidence after the robbery. Phillips wore roughly 40 pounds (18 kg) of equipment, including a Type IIIA bulletproof vest and groin guard; a load bearing vest and multiple military canteen pouches for ammunition storage; and several pieces of homemade body armor created from spare vests, covering his shins, thighs, and forearms. Additionally, each of the perpetrators had a watch sewn onto the back of one glove, in order to monitor their timing 监控时间. Before entering, they took the barbiturate phenobarbital, prescribed to Mătăsăreanu as a sedative 镇定剂, to calm their nerves. Phillips and Mătăsăreanu, driving a white 1987 Chevrolet Celebrity, arrived at the Bank of America branch office at the intersection of Laurel Canyon Boulevard and Archwood Street in North Hollywood around 9:17 am, and set their watch alarms for eight minutes, the police response time they had estimated. To come up with this timeframe 为了得出这个时间点(the period of time during which something happens or must happen. the period of time within which certain events are scheduled to occur. ), Phillips had used a radio scanner to monitor police transmissions prior to the robbery. As the two were walking in, they were spotted by two LAPD officers, Loren Farrell and Martin Perello, who were driving down Laurel Canyon in a patrol car. Officer Perello issued a call on the radio, "15-A-43, requesting assistance 要求协助, 要求支援, we have a possible 211 in progress at the Bank of America." 211 is the code for robbery. As they entered the bank, each armed with a Norinco Type 56 S-1 rifle, Phillips and Mătăsăreanu forced a customer leaving the ATM lobby near the entrance into the bank and onto the floor. A security guard inside saw the scuffle and the heavily armed robbers and radioed his partner in the parking lot to call the police; the call was not received. Phillips shouted "This is a fucking hold up! 抢劫" before he and Mătăsăreanu opened fire into the ceiling in an attempt to scare the approximately thirty bank staff and customers and to discourage resistance 放弃抵抗. Phillips shot open the bulletproof door (it was designed to resist 抵抗 only low-velocity rounds) and gained access to the tellers and vault [vɔːlt]. The robbers forced assistant manager John Villigrana to open the vault. Villigrana obliged 从命, 答应, 听命, 照做( I. make (someone) legally or morally bound to do something. "doctors are obliged by law to keep patients alive while there is a chance of recovery".  "courts are obliged to act in accordance with the strict rules of the law". II. do as (someone) asks or desires in order to help or please them. "oblige me by not being sorry for yourself". "will you oblige me by filling in this form?" III. be indebted or grateful. "if you can give me a few minutes of your time I'll be much obliged". ) and began to fill the robbers' money bag. However, due to a change in the bank's delivery schedule, the vault contained significantly less than the $750,000 the gunmen had expected. Phillips, enraged 被激怒 at this development, argued with Villigrana and demanded more. In an apparent show of frustration, Phillips then fired a full drum magazine of 75 rounds into the bank's safe, destroying much of the remaining money. Phillips then attempted to open the bank's ATM, but due to a change in policies, the branch manager no longer had access to the money inside. Before leaving, the robbers locked the hostages in the bank vault. In the end, the two left with $303,305 and three dye packs ( A dye pack 染色钞票 is a radio-controlled incendiary device ( incendiary I. designed for the purpose of causing a fire. an incendiary device/bomb. II. likely to cause anger or violence. incendiary statements. ) used by banks to foil a bank robbery by causing stolen cash to be permanently marked with dye shortly after a robbery. In most cases, a dye pack is placed in a hollowed-out space within a stack of banknotes, usually $10 or $20 bills. This stack of bills looks and feels similar to a real one, with technology allowing for the manufacturing of flexible dye packs which are difficult to detect by handling the stack. Marking bills 做标记的钞票 is a technique used by police to trace and identify money used in illegal activities. The serial numbers of the bills are recorded, and sometimes markings are made on the bank notes themselves (such as with a highlighte or other writing). Non-law enforcement uses of marking bills may be as simple as distinctive text on the bank notes, or recording serial numbers in the event of a robbery. ) which later went off, ruining the money they stole. Outside, the first-responding 第一批响应的 officers heard gunfire from the bank and made another radio call for additional units before taking cover behind their patrol car, weapons trained on the bank doors (train [TRANSITIVE] to teach someone to do a particular job or activity. We need to recruit and train more police officers. train someone to do something: They were training him to use the new security system. train to do something: I have an uncle who trained to be a pilot. a. [INTRANSITIVE] to learn how to do a particular job or activity. train as: He trained as a chef in Paris. b. [INTRANSITIVE] to study something such as painting, dancing, or singing for a long time. train in: Stephanie has trained in both dance and drama. II. [INTRANSITIVE/TRANSITIVE] to make your mind or body do something by practising for a long time. You have to train yourself to stay calm. III. [INTRANSITIVE] 训练. to practise a sport regularly before a match or competition. The wrestlers train five days a week. train for: United are currently training for next week's World Club Championship. a. [TRANSITIVE] to help someone to practise a sport regularly before a match or competition. Ward has already trained four Olympic skaters. IV. [TRANSITIVE] to teach an animal to obey you or to perform tricks. train something to do something: I want to train my dog to roll over. V. [TRANSITIVE] 瞄准. 冲准. 对准. if you train a gun, camera, or light on someone or something, you point it at them. VI. [TRANSITIVE] to make a plant grow in a particular direction. ). While the robbers were still inside, more patrol and detective units arrived and took strategic positions at all four corners of the bank, effectively surrounding it. At approximately 9:24 am, Phillips exited through the north doorway and after spotting a police cruiser 200 ft (60 m) away, opened fire for several minutes, wounding seven officers and three civilians. He also fired at an LAPD-owned helicopter, surveying above 侦查, 高空侦查, forcing it to retreat to a safer distance. He briefly retreated inside, then reemerged through the north doorway, while Mătăsăreanu exited through the south. Phillips and Mătăsăreanu began to engage 缠住, 纠缠, 缠斗 the officers, firing sporadic bursts into the patrol cars that had been positioned on Laurel Canyon in front of the bank. Officers, armed with standard Beretta 92F, Beretta 92FS 9mm pistols, Smith & Wesson Model 15 .38 caliber revolvers, and a 12-gauge Ithaca Model 37 pump-actionshotgun, immediately returned fire 还击. The officers' weaponry could not penetrate the body armor worn by Phillips and Mătăsăreanu, and most of the LAPD officers' service pistols had insufficient range 射程不够 and poor accuracy 准头差 at long distances. An officer was heard on the LAPD police frequency approximately 10-15 minutes into the shootout, warning other officers that they should "not stop [the getaway vehicle], they've got automatic weapons, there's nothing we have that can stop them." Additionally, the officers were pinned down 抬不起头来, 被控制住 by the heavy spray of gunfire coming from the robbers, making it difficult to attempt a headshot. Several officers acquired five AR-15 style rifles from a nearby gun store to combat the robbers. At 9:52 am, Phillips turned east on Archwood Street and took cover behind a parked semi-truck where he continued to fire at the police until his rifle jammed. Unable to clear the jam, he dropped the rifle and drew a Beretta 92FS pistol, which he began firing. He was then shot in the right hand, causing him to drop the pistol. After retrieving it, he placed the muzzle 枪管 under his chin and fired; he was simultaneously shot by a bullet that severed his spine. Officers across the street continued to shoot Phillips' body several times while he was on the ground. After the firing had stopped, officers in the area surrounded Phillips, cuffed him, and removed his ski mask. At last one SWAT officer fired his AR-15 below the cars and wounded Mătăsăreanu in his unprotected lower legs; he was soon unable to continue and put his hands up to show surrender 举手投降. Seconds after his defeat, officers rushed him to pin him down. As he was being cuffed, SWAT officers asked for his name, to which he replied "Pete". When asked if there were any more suspects, he reportedly retorted "F--- you! Shoot me in the head!". The LAPD did not allow Mătăsăreanu to receive medical attention, stating that ambulance personnel were following standard procedure in hostile situations by refusing to enter "the hot zone," as Mătăsăreanu was still considered to be dangerous, and because there were still reports and/or the belief that there was a third gunman still loose. Some reports indicate that he was lying on the ground with no weapons for approximately an hour before ambulances arrived, and was groaning in pain 痛的呻吟 and pleading for help. The police radioed for an ambulance, but Mătăsăreanu, loudly swearing profusely and still goading ( goad to deliberately make someone feel very angry or upset so that they react. goad someone into doing something: She was finally goaded into losing her temper. goad someone on to encourage someone to react by making them feel very angry or upset. ) the police to shoot him, died before the ambulance and EMTs were allowed to reach the scene almost seventy minutes later. Later reports showed that Mătăsăreanu was shot over 20 times in the legs and died from trauma due to excessive blood loss 失血过多 coming from two gunshot wounds in his left thigh. The shootout contributed to motivating the arming of rank-and-file 普通士兵 police officers in Los Angeles and nationwide with military-style semi-automatic, selective fire, and automatic rifles. The ineffectiveness of the standard police patrol pistols and shotguns in penetrating the robbers' body armor led to a trend in the United States toward arming selected police patrol officers, not just SWAT teams, with heavier firepower such as semi-automatic AR-15 style rifles. SWAT teams, whose close quarters battle weaponry usually consisted of submachine guns that fired pistol cartridges such as the Heckler & Koch MP5, began supplementing them with AR-15 rifles and carbines.