neuter VS neurral;

用法学习: 1. made-up adj. I. wearing make-up. If you are made-up, you are wearing make-up such as powder or eye shadow. She was made-up and ready to go. She was beautifully made-up, beautifully groomed. Very dark glossy lips look wrong with heavily made-up eyes. her lightly made-up face. "a heavily made-up 化了妆的, 化了浓妆的 woman". II. invented; not true. imaginary, or false. A made-up word, name, or story is invented, rather than really existing or being true. It looks like a made-up word. "a made-up 编造的, 造出来的 story". III. very happy. I got the job! I'm totally made-up! If you are made-up, you are happy. I'll be made up if I get in the top five, that would be great. make up to someone  to behave in a very friendly way towards someone, or to praise them, in order to get something for yourself. She's always making up to the boss – it's quite embarrassing. make it up to someone 弥补, 补过, 补偿 to do something good that helps someone to feel better after you did something bad to them. I'm really sorry. I'll make it up to you. make up for something 补偿 I. to take the place of something that has been lost or damaged. Nothing can make up for the loss of a child. II. to provide something good, so that something bad seems less important. The good weather made up for the bad organization. He bought her some flowers to make up for being late. make up for lost time I. to spend a lot of time doing something because you did not have the chance to do it before. After 30 years apart the sisters were keen to make up for lost time. II. to do something more quickly or more often because something prevented you from making progress before. The project was delayed for two weeks so we’re trying to make up for lost time. 2. rascal [rɑːskəl] I. If you call a man or child a rascal, you mean that they behave badly and are rude or dishonest. What's that old rascal been telling you? II. HUMOROUS a child who behaves badly but who you like too much to be angry with. Come back here, you little rascal! II. ​OLD-FASHIONED a dishonest man. scoundrel [skaʊndrəl] 不善良的人, 骗子 [old-fashioned, disapproval] If you refer to a man as a scoundrel, you mean that he behaves very badly towards other people, especially by cheating them or deceiving them. a man who behaves in an unfair or dishonest way. He is a lying scoundrel! displace I. to force someone to leave their own country and live somewhere else. If a person or group of people is displaced, they are forced to moved away from the area where they live. In Europe alone thirty million people were displaced 背井离乡, 远离家乡. Most of the civilians displaced by the war will be unable to return to their homes. ...the task of resettling refugees and displaced persons. [VERB-ed]  II. to take the place of someone or something. Investment in the nationalized industries has simply displaced private investment. If one thing displaces another, it forces the other thing out of its place, position, or role, and then occupies that place, position, or role itself. These factories have displaced 取代, 取替 tourism as the country's largest source of foreign exchange. Coal is to be displaced by natural gas and nuclear power. III. 驱逐出. 赶出. to force something out of its position or space. The device displaces the air inside the container. 3. perspective I. A particular perspective is a particular way of thinking about something, especially one that is influenced by your beliefs or experiences. He says the death of his father 18 months ago has given him a new perspective on life. ...two different perspectives on the nature of adolescent development. Most literature on the subject of immigrants in France has been written from the perspective of the French themselves. I would like to offer a historical perspective. a way of thinking about something. You can call it brave or foolish, depending on your perspective. perspective on: The book deals with a woman’s perspective on revolutionary change. from a historical/international/financial etc perspective: The problem needs to be looked at from a historical perspective. from the perspective of someone/something: From the perspective of anyone with children, it looks rather irrelevant. II. Perspective is the art of making some objects or people in a picture look further away than others. a method of showing distance in a picture by making far away objects smaller. in/out of perspective: The figures in the foreground are badly out of perspective. III. a sensible way of judging how good, bad, important etc something is in comparison with other things. The popular saying "You can't see the forest for the trees" lose perspective 只见树木不见森林, 过于专注于眼前利益, 小细节, 小问题, 失去了长远目标: It means you're so fixated on the details and what is directly in front of you that you can't see the big picture. We lose our perspective when we're too heavily invested in a particular situation. He has lost all perspective in the rush to get what he wants. get/keep something in perspective 眼光放长远, 目光长远: It's important to keep things in perspective and not dwell on one incident. get something out of perspective: If you get something in perspective or into perspective, you judge its real importance by considering it in relation to everything else. If you get something out of perspective, you fail to judge its real importance in relation to everything else. Remember to keep things in perspective. It helps to put their personal problems into perspective. Labor economist Harley Shaekin argues the cost needs to be viewed in perspective. I let things get out of perspective. You've got the problem completely out of perspective. put something into perspective: This kind of tragedy puts a mere football match into perspective. a sense of perspective: Writing as a foreigner gives her a great sense of perspective. 4. idiosyncratic [ˌɪdiəsɪŋˈkrætɪk] 怪异的, 荒谬的, 荒诞不经的, 莫名其妙的 idiosyncratic tendencies are unusual or strange, and not shared by other people. He has some rather idiosyncratic views about what constitutes good television. her own idiosyncratic style of painting. If you describe someone's actions or characteristics as idiosyncratic, you mean that they are rather unusual. ...a highly idiosyncratic personality. ...his erratic typing and idiosyncratic spelling. idiotic [ˌɪdiˈɑtɪk] extremely stupid Stop asking idiotic questions! If you call someone or something idiotic, you mean that they are very stupid or silly. What an idiotic thing to say! ...his idiotically romantic views. 5. Neutering( neuter verb. I. When an animal is neutered, its reproductive organs are removed so that it cannot create babies. We ask the public to have their dogs neutered and keep them under close supervision.II. [mainly British, journalism] To neuter an organization, group, or person means to make them powerless and ineffective. ...the Government's 'hidden agenda' to neuter local authorities. Their air force had been neutered before the work began. adj. In some languages, a neuter 中性词 noun, pronoun, or adjective has a different form from a masculine or feminine one, or behaves in a different way. Female cats can show their bellies during the mating process. If your cat isn't fixed and you see other signs of being in heat, this can be another reason for this behavior. fixed [fɪkst] I. You use fixed to describe something which stays the same and does not or cannot vary. They issue a fixed number of shares that trade publicly. .he contract is for a fixed period of three years. The interest rate on the loan is fixed. ..a world without fixed laws. Tickets will be printed with fixed 固定的, 固定不变的 entry times. Many restaurants offer fixed-price menus. II. If you say that someone has fixed ideas or opinions 成见, 主意已定, 执着的看法, 固执的看法, 顽固的看法, 固执己见, you mean that they do not often change their ideas and opinions, although perhaps they should. ...people who have fixed ideas about things. III. If someone has a fixed smile 假笑 on their face, they are smiling even though they do not feel happy or pleased. a fixed expression on someone's face does not change or look natural. I had to go through the rest of the evening with a fixed smile on my face. IV. something that is fixed is fastened in one position so that it does not move. Make sure bookcases are securely fixed 固定好, 紧固的, 绑紧 to the wall in case of earthquake. V. if something such as a game or election is fixed, it is dishonestly arranged so that it has the result that someone wants. no fixed abode 无固定住所 If someone has no fixed abode, they are homeless. They have no fixed abode and live outside the constraints of ordinary society. how someone is fixed 该有的都有了吗 for something used for talking about whether someone has enough of something or has the thing they need. How are you fixed for time on Monday? Neutering, from the Latin neuter ('of neither sex'), is the removal of an animal's reproductive organ, either all of it or a considerably large part. "Neutering" is often used incorrectly to refer only to male animals, but the term actually applies to both sexes. The male-specific term is castration, while spaying is usually reserved for female animals. Colloquially, both terms are often referred to as fixing. In male horses, castrating is referred to as gelding. Modern veterinary practice tends to use the term de-sexing. neutral [ˈnjuːtrəl] I. 中立的. a country that is neutral does not get involved in a war between other countries. If a person or country adopts a neutral position or remains neutral, they do not support anyone in a disagreement, war, or contest. Russia promised to remain neutral unless Germany attacked France. a. a neutral place is one where people do not support a particular group or team. In this war, there's no neutral territory. The match was to be replayed at a neutral venue. b. not supporting a particular team in a game or competition. Pakistan wants to see neutral umpires in cricket. c. not supporting a particular side in an argument or disagreement. The television coverage was by no means neutral. c. If you say that something is neutral, you mean that it does not have any effect on other things because it lacks any significant qualities of its own, or it is an equal balance of two or more different qualities, amounts, or ideas. Three in every five interviewed felt that the Budget was neutral and they would be no better off. II. 不漏声色, 面无表情的. 深藏不漏的. not showing strong feelings or opinions in the way that you speak or behave. If someone speaks in a neutral voice or if the expression on their face is neutral, they do not show what they are thinking or feeling. Isabel put her magazine down and said in a neutral voice, 'You're very late, darling.' He told her about the death, describing the events in as neutral a manner as he could.  Her voice remained neutral 不动声色的 as she spoke. III. 没有大红大紫等颜色的. neutral colours are not very strong or bright. Neutral is used to describe things that have a pale colour such as cream or grey, or that have no colour at all. At the horizon the land mass becomes a continuous pale neutral grey. Mary suggests using a neutral lip pencil. IV. ​physics a neutral wire does not have an electrical charge. V. ​chemistry a neutral chemical is neither an acid nor a base. VI. If someone uses neutral language, they choose words which do not indicate that they approve or disapprove of something. Both sides had agreed to use neutral terms in their references to each other. He had departed from his prepared testimony, which was considered to be neutral. VII. Neutral 空档 is the position between the gears of a vehicle such as a car, in which the gears are not connected to the engine. Graham put the van in neutral and jumped out into the road. on neutral ground​/​territory in a place that is not owned by or connected with anyone involved in a situation. Let's meet somewhere on neutral territory – say a hotel. neuter [ˈnjuːtə(r)] verb. I. 阉割. When an animal is neutered, its reproductive organs are removed so that it cannot create babies. We ask the public to have their dogs neutered and keep them under close supervision. II. To neuter an organization, group, or person means to make them powerless and ineffective. ...the Government's 'hidden agenda' to neuter local authorities. Their air force had been neutered before the work began. adj. (语言中)没有性别区分的 In some languages, a neuter noun, pronoun, or adjective has a different form from a masculine or feminine one, or behaves in a different way. neuter nouns, pronouns, and adjectives have different forms from feminine or masculine words in some languages. ) is a common and routine operation that involves the removal of your cat's sexual reproduction organs. It's otherwise known as 'spaying( [speɪ] to perform a medical operation on a female animal so that she cannot have babies. When a female animal is spayed, it has its ovaries removed so that it cannot become pregnant. All bitches should be spayed unless being used for breeding. )' for female cats and 'castration' for males. For female cats, neutering involves removing their ovaries and uterus, although sometimes only their ovaries will be removed. purr I. intransitive if a cat purrs, it makes a continuous quiet low sound because it is happy. When a cat purrs, it makes a low vibrating sound with its throat because it is contented. The plump ginger kitten had settled comfortably in her arms and was purring enthusiastically. II. if a machine purrs, it makes a continuous quiet low sound because it is operating correctly at a slow speed. When the engine of a machine such as a car purrs, it is working and making a quiet, continuous, vibrating sound. Both boats purred out of the cave mouth 开口 and into open water. The sleek car purred down the country road. Carmela heard the purr of a motor-cycle coming up the drive. III. intransitive/ transitive ​mainly literary to speak in a quiet low voice that sounds happy or attractive. When someone purrs, they speak in a soft, gentle voice 娇声娇气的, 奶声奶气的 because they are pleased or because they want to persuade you to do something for them. 'You can tell me the truth,' she purred. "Choose a romantic piece of music," she purred. knead I. 揉搓. 揉面. 和面. When you knead dough or other food, you press and squeeze it with your hands so that it becomes smooth and ready to cook. Lightly knead the mixture on a floured surface. Just how much kneading is required depends on the sort of flour. If your cat is napping while they're lying on their back, or if they're purring and kneading while awake, it's safe to say your cat is feeling very content. II. If you knead a part of someone's body, you press or squeeze it with your fingers. She felt him knead the aching muscles. 6. score with someone To engage in sexual activity with someone. A: "I heard you scored with Dave last night! How was it?" B: "Oh my god, Mary, that's none of your business!" He's more interested in trying to score with chicks when we go out than he is with actually spending time with his friends. score with (someone or a group) 受到欢迎, 深受欢迎, 大受欢迎 Inf. to please someone or a group. Her rendition of "Old Kentucky Home" really scored with the audience. You really score with me. score points (with someone) to do something that will make someone like you: He tried really hard to be funny and cool to try to score points with Amanda. score off somebody British English to say or do something in an attempt to prove that you are better or cleverer than someone else. He liked scoring off his pupils in his days as a teacher. settle an (old) score (with someone) to do something bad to someone because they did something bad to you. enemies who have an old score to settle.

可怜, 悲惨: 1. 好可怜. I feel so bad so you. I feel so sorry for him. Poor you. You poor thing. 2. miserable [ˈmɪz(ə)rəb(ə)l] I. extremely unhappy or uncomfortable. If you are miserable, you are very unhappy. I took a series of badly paid secretarial jobs which made me really miserable. She went to bed, miserable and depressed. He looked miserably down at his plate. He looked cold and miserable in the rain. Their evening together had been a miserable failure. A miserable life is a life without happiness and a life without anything to look forward to. When you have a miserable life, you would rather just sleep life away, a dream world is better than reality. No fun, loneliness, jealousy and frustration. a. a miserable situation or period is one that makes you feel very unhappy. If you describe a place or situation as miserable, you mean that it makes you feel unhappy or depressed. There was nothing at all in this miserable place to distract him. The weather was miserable 天气悲惨, 天气阴郁. b. a miserable person is always complaining or in a bad mood. If you describe someone as miserable, you mean that you do not like them because they are bad-tempered or unfriendly. He always was a miserable man. He never spoke to me nor anybody else. Why should I argue with miserable people like him. II. 少的可怜的. a miserable amount of something, especially money, is very small and not enough. You can describe a quantity or quality as miserable when you think that it is much smaller or worse than it ought to be. Our speed over the ground was a miserable 2.2 knots. ...the miserably inadequate supply of books now provided for schools. All I had left was a miserable 50 cents. III. If you describe the weather as miserable, you mean that it makes you feel depressed, because it is raining or dull. It was a grey, wet, miserable day 悲惨的天气. It was very cold, damp and miserable. IV. A miserable failure is a very great one. The film was a miserable commercial failure both in Italy and in the United States. Some manage it. Some fail miserably. 3. miserly [ˈmaɪzərli] adj. I. 小气的. 吝啬的. unwilling to spend any money. If you describe someone as miserly, you disapprove of them because they seem to hate spending money, and to spend as little as possible. He is miserly with both his time and his money. II. a miserly amount is very small and not enough. If you describe an amount of something as miserly, you are critical of it because it is very small. Being a student today with miserly grants and limited career prospects is difficult. Their miserly 少得可怜的 offer is unlikely to be accepted. 4. deplorable I. 值得同情的, 可憎的. 令人厌恶的. Deserving strong condemnation; shockingly bad, wretched. Poor children suffer permanent damage due to deplorable 可怜可叹的, 凄惨的 living conditions and deplorable treatment by law enforcement. Poor children are often accused of having deplorable manners, when they are, in fact, simply responding to society in ways that mirror how society treats them. II. 可惜的. 可悲的. Lamentable, to be felt sorrow for, worthy of compassion. We were all saddened by the deplorable death of his son. Many of them live under deplorable conditions. The Chief Constable said that sexual harassment was deplorable. The reporters behaved deplorably. "Basket of deplorables 一堆可怜人 " is a phrase from a 2016 presidential election campaign speech delivered by Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton on September 9, 2016, at a campaign fundraising event, which Clinton used to describe half of the supporters of her general election opponent, Republican nominee Donald Trump. Clinton later said that she "regrets saying half [of Trump's supporters]", and the Trump campaign repeatedly used the phrase against her during and after the 2016 presidential election. Many Trump supporters adopted the "Deplorable" moniker for themselves. After Clinton's loss, some journalists and political analysts questioned whether the speech played a role in the election's outcome; Clinton herself wrote in her book What Happened that it was one of the factors for her loss. deplore I. (transitive) 可悲, 可叹. To bewail; to weep bitterly over; to feel sorrow for. I deplore my neighbour for having lost his job. The UNHCR deplores the recent events in Sudan. I deplore not having listened to your advice. II. (transitive) To condemn; to express strong disapproval of. I deplore how you treated him at the party. Many people deplore the actions of a corrupt government. 5. pile on the agony 装出一副可怜相, 博取同情 (British & Australian informal) UK informal to enjoy emphasizing how bad a situation is. to try to get sympathy from other people by making your problems seem worse than they really are (usually in continuous tenses). 两方面的含义: a. to make a bad situation much worse for someone. b. to enjoy making a situation seem much worse than it is.  Okay, I'll give you some money - just stop piling on the agony. He was really piling on the agony, saying he was heart-broken and hadn't got anything left to live for. 6. Poor, heartbroken, girl-next-door Jen, however, was the Goldilocks of female stereotypes. Not too sexy. Not too chaste ( [tʃeɪst] I. If you describe a person or their behaviour as chaste, you mean that they do not have sex with anyone, or they only have sex with their husband or wife. [old-fashioned] He remained chaste. II. Something that is chaste is very simple in style, without very much decoration. ...chaste clothes.). Not too outspoken. Just right. America's sweetheart became America's charity case 值得同情的, 被可怜的对象, 可怜的人, 人见人怜的, ( I. a person or group regarded as needing help or financial support. "she was sent as a charity case to a Catholic boarding school". a person or group regarded as needing help or financial support. "she was sent as a charity case to a Catholic boarding school". II. a person for whom one performs an action purely to be a nice person. I'm going to his formal dance, but he's just a charity case. ) overnight. 7. snivel 抽鼻子, 哭鼻子, 哭哭啼啼的, 装可怜的, 可怜楚楚的 to cry or to complain, especially in a way that seems weak or annoying. Just a snivelling little MP back then, trying to join in the big boys' game. If someone is snivelling, they are crying or sniffing in a way that irritates you. Billy started to snivel. His mother smacked his hand. ...a journalist snivelling with the flu. Carol managed a few proper snivels for the sake of appearance. 8. What a bleak life 悲惨男孩, 悲惨命运. bleak I. 黯淡无光的. Without color; pale; pallid. II. Desolate and exposed; swept by cold winds. III. 悲惨的. unhappy; miserable. Downtown Albany felt bleak that February after the divorce. A bleak future is in store for you. 9. calamitous [kəˈlæmɪtəs] 悲剧的 adj. causing serious damage, or causing a lot of people to suffer. causing serious damage, or causing a lot of people to suffer. If you describe an event or situation as calamitous, you mean it is very unfortunate or serious. 灾难的, 悲惨的. the calamitous state 惨状 of the country. 10. come to no good 结局悲惨, 结局不好, 不得善终 to end up badly; to come to a bad end. The street gang leaders came to no good in the end. come good 变好, 好转 (informal) to recover and perform well after a bad start or setback. (informal) to recover and perform well after a bad start or setback. After all the little failures and small disappointments, perhaps now, near the end, Dad's luck would finally come good. Despite initial hiccups and poor management of resources by the civic administration, the relief operations have come good. Because as I said to the guys we just can't sit there thinking we'll come good. OK, Jett's been going through a difficult patch in creative terms, but he would have come good again, with or without Moira. good things come to those who wait I. A patient seeker will be satisfied in due time; patience is a virtue. good things come in small packages said to emphasize that something does not need to be big in order to be good. A patient seeker will be satisfied in due time; patience is a virtue. 11. wretched [ˈretʃəd] 悲惨的 I. You describe someone as wretched 不幸的 when you feel sorry for them because they are in an unpleasant situation or have suffered unpleasant experiences. These wretched people had seen their homes going up in flames. The country's 37 million people are wretchedly poor. ...prisoners living in wretchedly overcrowded conditions. He does deserve some good luck after so much wretchedness. very unpleasant, or in very bad condition. The whole family lived in one wretched room. II. You use wretched to describe someone or something that you dislike or feel angry with. Of course this wretched woman was unforgivably irresponsible. Reality started to hit about four months after we had bought the wretched place. III. Someone who feels wretched feels very unhappy. I feel really confused and wretched. The wretched look on the little girl's face made him sorry. His marriage was wretchedly unhappy. 'I made it all up,' she said wretchedly. ...their shared wretchedness at Werner's death. IV. If you describe something as wretched, you are emphasizing that it is very bad or of very poor quality. What a wretched excuse. The pay has always been wretched. V. You describe someone as wretched 凄惨的, 不幸的 when you feel sorry for them because they are in an unpleasant situation or have suffered unpleasant experiences. You have built up a huge property empire by buying from wretched people who had to sell or starve. wretch [retʃ] I. someone who is in a difficult situation and who you feel sorry for. The poor wretch lay crying by the side of the road. II. ​humorous someone who you do not like or who annoys you. Why did you marry that wretch? a. ​literary a bad person. 12. A puppy face or a puppy dog face 可怜兮兮的, 可怜巴巴的 is a facial expression that humans make that is based on canine expressions. In dogs and other animals, the look is expressed when the head is tilted down and the eyes are looking up. Usually, the animal looks like it is about to cry. This gesture is sometimes performed by children in order to persuade their parents to do something special for them. Humans often open their eyes a little wide, pinch and/or raise the eyebrows, and stick the bottom lip out, while tilting their entire head a little downward and looking upwards at the person to whom they have aimed the gesture. Often, the head is also tilted a little sideways. It can be a lighthearted expression for begging or an attempt to persuade someone. Verbal approximations include: "Aw, come on!", "Please?", and "But why not?", among others. Finish your homework right now! Don't give me those puppy-dog 小哈巴狗似的 eyes. They don't work on me! B: Fine. It looks like I'll be up late again. A: My parents spoil my daughter way too much, they always give her anything she wants! B: Of course! Children are good at making puppy-dog eyes at their grandparents.

 凹进去, 凹陷 (dent/indent, recess, dip, sunken, hollow, impression): Your cheekbones 颧骨 are the structure of your face underneath your skin, particularly the malar bones. If your malar bones are located in close proximity to your eyes, you're considered to have high cheekbones 颧骨高. Lower cheekbones 颧骨低 refer to malar bones that rest closer to the bottom of your nose. Typically, having high cheekbones means that the widest part of the face is just beneath the eyes, causing the cheek ( sunken cheeks, hollow cheeks ) to dip in 塌进去, 深陷进去 slightly beneath the bone. 1. alcove [ˈælˌkoʊv] 墙的凹陷处 (recess) a small space in a room, formed by one part of a wall being further back than the parts on each side. a small area in a room that is created by building part of one wall further back than the rest of the wall. In the alcoves on either side of the fire were bookshelves. We've put some bookshelves in the alcove. 2. sunken place 深渊 When one is in a perpetual place of slumber, regarding systematic and idiosyncratic injustice and oppression in regards to race, i.e. the antithesis ( antithesis 大相反, 正相反 [ænˈtɪθəsɪs] the exact opposite of something. The little black dress is the antithesis of fussy dressing. If there is an antithesis between two things, there is a contrast between them. ...the antithesis between instinct and reason. ) of being woke ( alert to social and political injustice. stay woke: Woke as a political term of African-American origin refers to a perceived awareness of issues concerning social justice and racial justice. It is derived from the African-American Vernacular English expression "stay woke", whose grammatical aspect refers to a continuing awareness of these issues. ). Especially when a person of color can't or refuses to see it. Tod: Morgan Freeman told Don Lemon that black folks should pull themselves up from their bootstraps, even when they ain't got no boots. Marcus: You know Morgan has been in the sunken place. sunken [ˈsʌŋkən] I. 沉底的. 沉没的. lying at the bottom of the ocean. sunken treasure. sunken ships. II. lower than the level of the surrounding land or floor. a sunken bath/garden. III. 凹陷的. 塌陷的. sunken eyes 眼窝深 or cheeks 凹进去的脸颊 curve inward, often showing that someone is sick or old. 3. A dimple 酒窝 (also known as a gelasin) is a small natural indentation 凹陷 in the flesh on a part of the human body, most notably in the cheek or on the chin. indented 崎岖不平的, 曲曲折折的, 弯弯曲曲的 adjective If something is indented, its edge or surface is uneven because parts of it have been worn away or cut away. ...a voyage down Chile's indented coastline. dent noun. a place where a surface has been pushed or knocked inward 陷进去, 塌进去. verb. I. to make a dent in a surface. The impact had dented the car's front bumper. II. to have a bad effect on something Their confidence had been badly dented by the defeat. 4. hollow I. 中空的. empty inside. The tree trunk was completely hollow. hollow chocolate eggs. II. a hollow sound空洞的, 空空的 is a low sound like something empty being hit. III. hollow promises or threats 空洞的, 做做样子的 are not sincere, or are about things that will not really happen. The government's election promises now seem increasingly hollow. a. 空虚的. 做做样子的. 虚假的. 虚情假意的. with no real meaning. a hollow display of friendship. We had won, but it was a hollow victory. IV. hollow eyes or cheeks 窝进去的, 深窝的, 内陷的, 凹陷的, 塌陷的 seem to have sunk into your head, for example because you are tired, thin, or ill. have a hollow ring or ring hollow to not seem sincere or real. a hollow laugh 空洞的笑, 虚伪的笑, 假笑 a laugh that sounds sad rather than happy or sincere. hollow out [transitive] I. 掏空. to make a hole in something by removing what is inside it. II. to make or build something by making a hole in something. The amphitheatre had been hollowed out of the steep hillside. 5. recess [rɪˈsɛs,ˈriːsɛs] I. 凹进去, 嵌进去 attach (a fitment) by setting it back into the wall or surface to which it is fixed. "recessed ceiling lights". the screen will be recessed into a stainless control box. II. (of formal proceedings) be temporarily suspended 休会. "the talks recessed at 2.15". When formal meetings or court cases recess, they stop temporarily. The hearings have now recessed for dinner. Before the trial recessed today, the lawyer read her opening statement. noun. I. a short time between periods of work in an official organization, especially a court or parliament. The conference broke for a recess. Some in Congress are concerned the war option could be adopted in November when Congress is in recess. Parliament returns to work today after its summer recess. Parliament returns from its summer recess next week. II. 课间休息 (BrE break). a period between school lessons when students can eat, rest, or play. The British word is break. III. 凹进去的墙面 (alclove). a space in a room where part of a wall is further back than the rest of it. ...a discreet recess next to a fireplace. the recesses of something I. the parts of something that you cannot see easily because they are hidden or dark. The recesses of something or somewhere are the parts of it which are hard to see because light does not reach them or they are hidden from view. He emerged from the dark recesses of the garage 深处. From the recesses of his coat Richard produced a bottle of champagne. She reached into the darkest recesses of her handbag. II. 内心深处. the parts of your mind or feelings that you keep hidden from other people. the inner hidden parts of something. the deep recesses of the cave. fears hidden away in the darker recesses of her mind. If you refer to the recesses of someone's mind or soul, you are referring to thoughts or feelings they have which are hidden or difficult to describe. ...the inner recesses of the soul. There was something in the darker recesses of his unconscious that was troubling him. recession a period when trade and industry are not successful and there is a lot of unemployment. A recession is a period when the economy of a country is doing badly, for example because industry is producing less and more people are becoming unemployed. The recession caused sales to drop off. We should concentrate on sharply reducing interest rates to pull the economy out of recession. The oil price increases sent Europe into deep recession. The economy was in recession. the recession in the construction industry. As the recession deepened, the group folded. 6. impression I. the opinion that other people have about you because of the way that you look, speak, or behave. create/make an impression on someone: As a serious candidate, you want to make a good impression on everyone you meet. give the impression (that): He gives the impression that he really doesn't care. a. an opinion or feeling that you have about someone or something you have seen but do not know very well. have/get the impression (that): I have the impression that she's very good at her job. first impressions (=opinions that you form immediately, before thinking thoroughly): The report seems to be based entirely on first impressions. b. used about something that you believe because of what you have seen or experienced, often something that is not true. false impression: The headline gave a false impression of what the article was about. be under the impression (that): I was under the impression you had been here before. II. a performance in which someone copies the way another person speaks or behaves in order to make people laugh. do an impression of someone 模仿秀: He does impressions of famous singers. ( impersonate 冒充 [ɪmˈpəːs(ə)neɪt] pretend to be (another person) for entertainment or fraud. it's a very serious offence to impersonate a police officer"). III. 凹痕 a mark that is made when an object is pressed onto a surface. IV. a single occasion when a number of copies of a book are printed. 7. dip verb. I. If you dip something in a liquid, you put it into the liquid for a short time, so that only part of it is covered, and take it out again. They dip the food into the sauce. Quickly dip the base in and out of cold water. One dip into the bottle should do an entire nail. II. If you dip your hand into a container or dip into the container 手伸进去, 手探进去, you put your hand into it in order to take something out of it. She dipped a hand into the jar of sweets and pulled one out. Watch your fingers as you dip into the pot. Ask the children to guess what's in each container by dipping their hands in. III. If something dips, it makes a downward movement, usually quite quickly. Blake jumped in expertly; the boat dipped 下沉 slightly under his weight. The sun dipped 沉入, 沉进 below the horizon. I noticed little things, a dip of the head, a twitch in the shoulder. IV. If an area of land, a road, or a path dips, it goes down quite suddenly to a lower level. The road dipped and rose again. ...a path which suddenly dips down into a tunnel. Where the road makes a dip, turn right. V. When farmers dip sheep or other farm animals, they put them into a container of liquid with chemicals in it, in order to kill harmful insects which live on the animals' bodies. Their father was helping to dip the sheep. He digs potatoes and helps with the sheep dipping. Dip is a liquid with chemicals in it which animals or objects can be dipped in to disinfect or clean them. ...sheep dip. VI. If the amount or level of something dips, it becomes smaller or lower, usually only for a short period of time. Unemployment dipped 受挫, 下行 to 6.9 per cent last month.  The president became more cautious as his popularity dipped. ...the current dip in farm spending. VII. If you are driving a car and dip the headlights (美国用dim), you operate a switch that makes them shine downwards, so that they do not shine directly into the eyes of other drivers. He dipped his headlights as they came up behind a slow-moving van. This picture shows the view from a car using normal dipped lights. VIII. If you dip into a book, you have a brief look at it without reading or studying it seriously. ...a chance to dip into a wide selection of books on Buddhism. IX. If you dip into a sum of money that you had intended to save, you use some of it to buy something or pay for something. Just when she was ready to dip into her savings, Greg hastened to her rescue. dip noun. I. A dip is a thick creamy sauce. You dip pieces of raw vegetable or biscuits into the sauce and then eat them. Maybe we could just buy some dips. ...prawns with avocado dip. II. If you have or take a dip, you go for a quick swim in the sea, a river, or a swimming pool. She flicked through a romantic paperback between occasional dips in the pool. lucky dip = grab bag a lucky dip is a game in which you take a prize out of a container full of hidden prizes and then find out what you have chosen. to dip your toes 涉足 If you dip your toes into something or dip your toes into the waters of something, you start doing that thing slowly and carefully, because you are not sure whether it will be successful or whether you will like it. This may encourage gold traders to dip their toes back into the markets. Universities are dipping their toes in the waters of management education.

intuition VS instinct

用法学习: 1. meander [miˈændər] I. If a river or road meanders, it has a lot of bends, rather than going in a straight line from one place to another. ...roads that meandered round the edges of the fields. A rural single railway track meanders through the valley. The small river meandered in lazy curves down the centre.  We crossed a small iron bridge over a meandering stream. II. If you meander somewhere, you move slowly and not in a straight line. to move slowly without a particular direction or purpose in mind. meander along/through/about 漫无目的的游走: Visitors can meander through 100,000 square feet of exhibit space. We meandered through a landscape of mountains, rivers, and vineyards. It's so restful to meander along Irish country roads. III. If a speech, account, or piece of writing meanders, it seems to move from one topic to another without any order or purpose. talk or write for a long time, changing subjects or ideas, so that people become bored or confused. His talk appears to meander but by the end focuses attention on the true state of affairs. ...a rich and meandering 话题跳跃的, 频繁转换话题的 novel. noun. A meander is a large bend in a river. institute to start something such as a system or an official process. If you institute a system, rule, or course of action, you start it. We will institute 颁布, 实施 a number of measures to better safeguard the public. Hormone replacement therapy is very important and should be instituted early. The company has instituted new security measures for its staff.

 intuition VS instinct (subconscious): intuition 第六感, 直觉 Your intuition or your intuitions are unexplained feelings you have that something is true even when you have no evidence or proof of it. Her intuition was telling her that something was wrong. You can't make a case on your intuitions, Phil. an ability to know or understand something through your feelings, instead of by considering facts or evidence. Archaeologists often use their intuition to decide where to dig. Sometimes you just have to rely on your intuitions. intuitive 直觉的 ​I. based on your feelings rather than on facts or evidence. If you have an intuitive idea or feeling about something, you feel that it is true although you have no evidence or proof of it. A positive pregnancy test soon confirmed her intuitive feelings. He seemed to know intuitively that I must be missing my mother. Some of the ideas are very intriguing and sound intuitively plausible. an intuitive guess/judgment/understanding. a. capable of basing decisions, actions etc on feelings rather than on facts or evidence. His temperament is more intuitive than scientific. II. an intuitive system, method, piece of software etc is easy to use because the process of operating it is very obvious. The new version has a more intuitive user interface. instinct 本能 noun. I. Instinct is the natural tendency that a person or animal has to behave or react in a particular way. I didn't have as strong a maternal instinct as some other mothers. The basis for training relies on the dog's natural instinct to hunt and retrieve. He always knew what time it was, as if by instinct. II. If you have an instinct for something, you are naturally good at it or able to do it. Farmers are increasingly losing touch with their instinct for managing the land. Irene is so incredibly musical and has a natural instinct to perform. III. If it is your instinct to do something, you feel that it is right to do it. I should've gone with my first instinct, which was not to do the interview. a natural ability to know what to do in a particular situation. My first instinct was to turn and run. Potential investors want to know that you’ve got strong entrepreneurial instincts. trust/follow your instincts: It's always best to trust your instincts. instinct tells/warns you: Instinct told me that it would be unwise to return home. IV. Instinct is a feeling that you have that something is the case, rather than an opinion or idea based on facts. There is scientific evidence to support our instinct that being surrounded by plants is good for health. He seems so honest and genuine and my every instinct says he's not. gut feeling​/​instinct a feeling that you are certain is right, although you can give no good reason why. Beverly had a gut feeling there was something seriously wrong. homing instinct 认家 if an animal or bird has a homing instinct, it is able to find its way home across long distances. killer instinct 杀手本性, 天生残酷, 生性残忍 the ability to be cruel and not worry about other people, in order to be successful. A counterintuitive 不符常识的, 不符逻辑的, 与常识有悖的 proposition is one that does not seem likely to be true when assessed using intuition, common sense, or gut feelings. contrary to an intuitive belief or to common-sense expectations. Something that is counter-intuitive does not happen in the way you would expect it to: Steering a sailboat is counter-intuitive - you push the tiller the opposite way to the way you want to go. intuitive I. based on your feelings instead of on facts or evidence. an intuitive guess/judgment/understanding. a. capable of basing decisions, actions, etc. on feelings instead of on facts or evidence. His temperament is more intuitive than scientific. II. an intuitive system, method, piece of software, etc. is easy to use because the process of operating it is very obvious. The new version has a more intuitive user interface.

stuck, stick 用法: be stuck on someone ​strongly attracted to someone. very attracted to someone, or in love with them. Mark's wife was stuck on him from the day they met. He says he's stuck on me. be stuck for something to be unable to think what to say or do. For once Anthony was stuck for words 一时语塞, 一时无语, 无言以对, 不知道怎么说才好, 无话可说 (=did not know what to say). stuck 陷住了, 过不去了, 被难住了 adj. something is too difficult: I'm really stuck - do you have any idea how to answer these questions? be stuck with sb/sth 摆脱不掉, 甩不掉, 丢不掉 to have to deal with someone or something unpleasant because you have no choice or because no one else wants to: We were stuck with him for the entire journey! stick something on someone 迁怒于人, 推卸责任, 嫁祸于人 to say that someone is responsible for something bad. Don't try and stick the blame for this mess on me! stick-on 粘上去的, 贴上去的 adj. used to refer to something that has glue on one side of it, so that it can stick to a surface: a stick-on label. I got some stick-on soles for my shoes, but they keep coming off. stick by someone to continue to support someone who is in a difficult situation. stick by something to do something that you promised or decided that you would do. The principal is sticking by his decision to retire next year. stick to something I. to do something that you promised or decided you would do, or that you believe you should do. We said we'd give her the cash, and we must stick to 说到做到 our agreement. II. to continue to do or use one particular thing and not change it or stop it for any period of time. I think we should stick to our original plan. stick rigidly/ resolutely to 严格遵守, 严格执行 something (=without changing or stopping): If you stick rigidly to your diet, you will lose weight. stick to the rules (= obey the rules): If everyone sticks to the rules, we shouldn't have any problems. a. to talk or write about one particular thing only. "Forget your opinions, just stick to the facts," said Mel impatiently. Try to stick to the point. stick to doing something: Writers should stick to writing about things they know about. III. 别走上岔路, 待在主路. to continue to follow a particular path, especially in order to avoid danger or to avoid getting lost. stick [close] to someone 紧跟, 贴紧 to stay very close to someone and follow them wherever they go. Moore stuck close to the race leader until the last lap. stick to your guns 坚守住, 坚守想法, 坚持住 ​informal to refuse to change what you are saying or doing despite the opposition or criticism of other people They tried to persuade me, but I stuck to my guns. stick to your story 不要改口, 嘴硬, 不改口 ​informal to refuse to change your account of an event or situation, especially when it is not true or when people doubt it. No one's to blame. Well, that's my story and I'm sticking to it. stick up I. intransitive to continue upward farther than the end of a surface or the main part of an object. You've got some hair sticking up 竖起来 in the back. The oil rig stuck up 耸立 out of the darkness. II. transitive ​informal to raise something upward, especially your arm or hand. Maggie stuck up her hand 举手 to answer the question. III. transitive ​very informal to steal money or goods from a person or place using a gun. an attempt to stick up a local bank. stick 'em up 举起手来​ spoken if someone with a gun tells you to stick 'em up, they are ordering you to raise your arms above your head, usually because they are going to steal money or goods from you. stick out I. intransitive to continue farther than the end of a surface or the main part of an object. stick out of: A magazine was sticking out of his coat pocket. stick out from: A pair of feet stuck out from under the blanket. stick out through: His bony elbows stuck out through the holes in his jacket. someone's ears/teeth stick out: The picture showed Eddie with very short hair and his ears sticking out. II. transitive to push or stretch something forward or away from you, especially a part of your body. He stuck his chest out proudly as he stepped onto the stage. Ben stuck out his tongue at the little girl (=as an insult). stick something out of something: She stuck her arm out of the car window and waved. stick something out from something: Alice stuck her head out from under the covers. III. intransitive to be easy to notice or remember because of being unusual or different. One face in particular stuck out 出挑, 鹤立鸡群 from the crowd. IV. transitive ​very informal to continue doing something difficult or unpleasant to the end. stick it out: It was a tough course, but we stuck it out 坚持下去, 坚持到底, 坚持到最后一刻 ( stick in there ). stick your neck out 冒风险, 不怕死​ ( go out on a limb 冒死, 冒着被骂的风险 If someone goes out on a limb, they do something they strongly believe in even though it is risky or extreme, and is likely to fail or be criticized by other people. They can see themselves going out on a limb, voting for a very controversial energy bill. ) informal to take a risk by saying or doing something that could be wrong or could make other people react angrily. I'll stick my neck out and say we'll have it done by Friday. stick at something = keep at something 坚持住, 坚持下来, 挺过来, 挺过去, 挺住 to continue doing something in a determined way in order to achieve something. You will find the diet hard at first, but stick at it 别退缩. Revising with your friends may help you stick at it. stick with someone I. to stay close to someone and go with them wherever they go, especially so that they can help or protect you. Stick with me 紧紧跟随, 盯紧, 跟着我, 跟紧 and you'll be all right. II. to continue to do or use something, and not change it. They're going to stick with the same team as last Saturday. stick with it: We had a tough time for a few years, but we stuck with it. stick with someone 忘不掉, 久久不能忘怀, 印象深刻 if something sticks with you, you continue to remember it clearly. It was a moment that has stuck with me for years. a stick to beat someone with 拿来说嘴, 抓住了把柄 a piece of information or an argument that can be used for criticizing or punishing someone. This report is being used as yet another stick to beat nurses with. stick at nothing 来者不拒 (to do something) informal to be willing to do anything, even if it is illegal, in order to achieve something. He will stick at nothing 什么也挡不住 to make money. revise [rɪˈvaɪz] I. transitive 更正, 修订, 修正 to change your opinion or judgment of someone or something. a. If you revise a price, amount, or estimate, you change it to make it more fair, realistic, or accurate. Some of their prices were higher than their competitors' so they revised their prices accordingly. It was right that estimates were revised when new information became available. b. to state a new amount after changing your opinion or judgment. These figures have now been revised. Cutbacks on investment have led to growth predictions being revised downward 调低, 调高. II. transitive to change, improve, or make additions to something such as a book, law, or piece of writing. When you revise an article, a book, a law, or a piece of music, you change it in order to improve it, make it more modern, or make it more suitable for a particular purpose. Three editors handled the work of revising 修订, 校阅, 修改 the articles for publication. The staff should work together to revise the school curriculum. The text has been revised and published in a new edition. a revised draft of the treaty. III. transitive to change the way that you do something. If you want my advice, you should revise your security arrangements. If you revise the way you think about something, you adjust your thoughts, usually in order to make them better or more suited to how things are. He soon came to revise his opinion 改变态度, 修正意见, 看法改观 of the profession. IV. (复习, 温习. US 用review) ​education ​British to review for a test. When you revise for an examination, you read things again and make notes in order to be prepared for the examination. I have to revise for maths. I'd better skip the party and stay at home to revise.

 Big Bang Theory: 1.  Penny: Look at you, talking sports. Leonard: This is fun, huh? We get to see our friend throw out the first pitch, have a hot dog, watch the game. Sheldon: Whoa. Nobody said anything about watching the game. Amy: Sheldon, what did you expect? Sheldon: I expected to see Howard throw the baseball, finish my hot dog, and hightail it 赶去, 着急着慌的, 急忙的, 急急忙忙的, 赶紧的, 赶紧跑过去 across the street ( hightail it To hurry or run; often, to flee. He started to hightail it out of there, but I stopped him at the door. The cat hightailed it out of the bushes. To depart very quickly. The phrase refers to the way some animals raise their tails when fleeing. We hightailed it out of the party when we heard police sirens approaching. I hightailed it to the store for cleaning supplies when I heard that my mother-in-law was coming to town. ) to Disneyland just in time for Mickey's Soundsational Parade. Amy: I'll tell you what. If we stay, I'll buy you cotton candy 棉花糖 and a bobblehead ( A bobblehead 点头翁, also known as a nodder, Hannah, wobbler or bobble head, is a type of collectible doll. Its head is often oversized compared to its body. Instead of a solid connection, its head is connected to the body by a spring or hook in such a way that a light tap will cause the head to bobble, hence the name. ). Sheldon: Who's the bobblehead of? Amy: Does it matter? Sheldon: No, as long as it bobbles. 2. Stuart: Oh. I appreciate the offer, but actually your mother already gave me the money. Howard: What? Stuart: Yeah. I told her it was too much, but she said she was happy to help out her bubala ( sweet heart; dear; sweetie. Alternatively spelled "bubala" this is basically a diminutive form for the word "friend", though it is often used by older family members like grandmas to talk nicely to their grandchildren. ). Howard: Excuse me. Ma, you are cancelling that cheque, and Stuart is not your bubala, I'm your bubala. You can't have more than one bubala. 3. Howard: You admit Amy's a distraction? Sheldon: Oh, very much so. Listen to this. This is from two days ago. Hi. Hope you're having a good day. Who has time for this constant sexting? Leonard: Well, maybe we have lost our focus. Howard: It wouldn't kill us to get together and brainstorm ideas. Raj: Ooh, we could have one of those retreats. Leonard Like our own science retreat. Howard: My cousin has a cabin out in the woods( cabin I. 木屋 A cabin is a small wooden house, especially one in an area of forests or mountains. II. A cabin is one of the areas inside a plane. the part of an airplane where the passengers sit. He sat quietly in the First Class cabin, looking tired. III. A cabin is a small room in a ship or boat. He showed her to a small cabin. A log cabin is a small log house, especially a less finished or architecturally sophisticated structure. Log cabins have an ancient history in Europe, and in America are often associated with first generation home building by settlers. A cottage is, typically, a small house. It may carry the connotation of being an old or old-fashioned building. In modern usage, a cottage is usually a modest, often cosy dwelling, typically in a rural or semi-rural location. ). Sheldon: I'm not going to a cabin in the woods. Did you see the movie Cabin in the Woods? Leonard: Then we'll go to a hotel. Sheldon: A hotel? Did you see The Shining? 4. Howard: Hey. I didn't think you'd make it. Raj: Why not? Howard: Well, 'cause you have a steady girlfriend now, and we assumed you'd have to stay home to lower the food down to her in the pit. Raj: For your information, Emily is working tonight. Sheldon: Yeah, one would assume, on getting out of the pit. Leonard: Okay, let's focus. The girls are gone, we have 48 hours. There are no distractions. Let's change the world. Sheldon: Thinking caps on. Howard: Here we go. Raj: Ooh, this is exciting. We're innovating. I feel like we're in the Facebook movie. Howard: Oh. I never saw that. Sheldon: Really? Raj: Oh. It's wonderful, and I swear I'm not saying that because Justin Timberlake is in it. Sheldon: Yeah, I have it on Blu-ray. We should watch it. Raj: Cool. I'll make the popcorn. Leonard: Guys, in 30 seconds, we went from let's change the world to let's watch TV. Sheldon: I'm sorry. Is that a no? Howard: Okay. No. Leonard's right. We're here to focus. Didn't we used to have a list of all our ideas? Leonard: I, I think I still have it. Sheldon: I did not get a clear answer. I'm gonna set this down now. Leonard: Ah, here it is. Whoa. I haven't looked at these in years. Robot girlfriend. Howard: Mm, that was mine. Leonard: Robot prostitute. 5. Sheldon: I miss Stuart's place. All this loud music and exposed brick. What, is this a comic book store, or a rave at the third little pig's house? Howard: Yep, I wish Stuart would reopen. I hate this place, too. Leonard: Okay, I believe because he's an 80-year-old man in a 15-year-old's tee shirt. But you're just upset about Stuart and your mom and all their HBOs. Howard: Yes, I am. You know, I can't even watch Game of Thrones now without thinking of mother saying, Stuart, which one is Thrones? Raj: You know, he might not reopen. He didn't get a lot of money from the insurance company. Sheldon: Oh, boy, if there is one thing that gets my goat 惹恼 (get the shits, give me the shits)(irritate someone. to annoy someone. It really gets my goat – the way she keeps interrupting all the time.), it's those dad-gum ( = darn = god damn 见鬼的, 垃圾的 used to emphasize what you are saying, especially to express anger: "Kids don't learn a dadgum thing about voting in Florida schools," he said. I can't find a daggum picture online. ) insurance companies. Leonard: Why? Because they won't get off your lawn ( "You kids get off my lawn!" is an American expression of the late 20th century and early 21st century. Slight variations including "Get off my lawn!" and "You kids get out of my yard!" are common. This phrase presents the supposed reaction of a stereotypical elderly middle-class homeowner confronting boisterous children entering or crossing his or her property. Today, the phrase has been expanded to mock any sort of trivial or petty complaint, particularly those of older people regarding the young. )? Is Stuart trying to get a loan, or, or find investors? Howard: All I know is, he's got my mother buying four-ply toilet paper. I mean, four-ply. If his butt is so delicate, why doesn't he just use an angora rabbit 安卡拉长毛兔? Sheldon: For starters, they shed and bite. Leonard: Hey, here's a thought 一个想法, 一个建议. Why don't we put up the rest of the money ( put the money up (for something) 集资, 投钱, 投资, 提供资金 To provide the necessary funds for something, such as tuition, a business venture, a company, etc. It's a pretty radical idea, Wade, but who on earth is going to put up the money? I heard Mary's father-in-law is putting the money up for her start-up company. ) that Stuart needs? 6. Howard: We could snap a rubber band on our wrists every time we get sidetracked 岔开话题. Sheldon: Mmm, not bad. You know, in medieval times, idle chatter 闲聊的人 was punished with a device called the scold's bridle [ˈbraɪd(ə)] 马嚼子. It's an iron cage that's locked around the head and pierces the tongue. Leonard: If only we had one. Sheldon: Oh, I'll check Amazon. Leonard: Everyone stop. This was a stupid idea. Negative reinforcement ( Negative reinforcement 免受惩罚的鼓励, 通过免于惩罚来鼓励奖励 is a term described by B. F. Skinner in his theory of operant conditioning. In negative reinforcement, a response or behavior is strengthened by stopping, removing, or avoiding a negative outcome or aversive stimulus. In behavioral psychology, reinforcement is a consequence applied that will strengthen an organism's future behavior whenever that behavior is preceded by a specific antecedent stimulus. This strengthening effect may be measured as a higher frequency of behavior, longer duration, greater magnitude, or shorter latency. reinforcement I. the process of reinforcing something. II. reinforcements 增援, 援兵 plural extra soldiers or police officers who go to help an existing group of soldiers or police officers. The army brought in extra reinforcements to fight the rebels. reinforce [ˌriɪnˈfɔrs] I. to make an idea, belief, or feeling stronger. If something reinforces a feeling, situation, or process, it makes it stronger or more intense. A stronger European Parliament would, they fear, only reinforce the power of the larger countries. This sense of privilege tends to be reinforced by the outside world. These latest figures reinforce the view that economic growth is slowing. The message that you should not drink and drive needs to be constantly reinforced. a. to make a situation, process, or type of behavior stronger and more likely to continue. Feminists often argue that marriage reinforces the inequality between the sexes. b. If something reinforces an idea or point of view 强化, it provides more evidence or support for it. The delegation hopes to reinforce the idea that human rights are not purely internal matters. II. to make a building, structure, or object stronger. Eventually, they had to reinforce the walls with exterior beams. Its windows were made of reinforced glass 强化玻璃. Crews started work today to reinforce 加固 the seriously damaged bridge. III. 壮大力量. 增援. to make a group of soldiers, police, etc. stronger by adding more people or equipment to it. To reinforce an army or a police force means to make it stronger by increasing its size or providing it with more weapons. To reinforce a position or place means to make it stronger by sending more soldiers or weapons. Both sides have been reinforcing their positions after yesterday's fierce fighting. Troops and police have been reinforced in the city. ) isn't working. Sheldon: I think you mean positive punishment ( Positive punishment 威胁, 恐吓式 is the part of punishment, which also focuses on decreasing the rate of any specific undesired behavior from an individual. The concept works by presenting a certain negative consequence to the individual once an undesired behavior has been exhibited. Negative punishment is the part of punishment, which also focuses on decreasing the rate of any specific undesired behavior from an individual. The concept works by removing a certain favorite or desired item from the individual's life.). Negative reinforcement is the removal of a positive stimulus. It's a common mistake. Howard: Negative reinforcement is really wrong? Sheldon: Oh, it's used incorrectly all the time. Even Bill Murray makes that mistake in the first scene of Ghostbusters. Raj: No way. Not Bill Murray. Shortly afterwards. Bill Murray (on screen): I'm studying the effect of negative reinforcement on ESP ability. Raj: Huh. Bill Murray did get it wrong. Howard: Jump ahead to 快进到 the Stay Puft Marshmallow Man. Leonard: No. Sheldon: Leonard's right. We can't just jump ahead. We have to watch the whole movie. 7. Raj: Huh. All this time 这么多年 I never knew there were steam tunnels down here. Amy: Most universities have them. When I was an undergrad 本科生, I spent three days in one pledging a sorority( In some fraternities, pledging is a process with multiple stages that can take up to a year and a half. In other fraternities, pledging takes place over a matter of weeks. A big part of pledging is becoming familiar with the fraternity: learning about every single member, bonding with pledges, and learning about the founding members, the history of the fraternity and the Greek system as a whole. The other big part of pledging is proving oneself worthy of being made a brother. Will the pledge uphold the ideals of the fraternity? Will he be someone they're proud to call a brother? ). Raj: Did you get in? Amy: No. They forgot I was there. But it really opened up my pores. 8. Howard: Talk about wasted money. What about the late fees 迟付惩罚金 on our credit card because somebody didn't pay the bill on time? Bernadette: Well, maybe I would have paid it if I wasn't also doing everything else around here. Howard: Oh, you're saying I don't do anything around here. Look at my chore chart. Leonard: She made him a chore chart. Penny: I see it. Howard: Do the dishes. There's a star right there. Bernadette: That was a pity star. Putting water in the roasting pan and leaving it in the sink is not doing the dishes. Howard: That pan had to soak 需要泡一下 and you know it. Bernadette: Well, don't come crying to me when you don't get your allowance. Howard: It's not an allowance. It's a stipend [ˈstaɪˌpend] ( I. money paid regularly to someone, especially a priest. A stipend is a sum of money that is paid regularly, especially to a magistrate or a member of the clergy, as a salary or for their living expenses. II. 零用钱. 生活费. 零花钱. spending money. A stipend is a sum of money that is paid to a student for their living expenses. ), and we said we weren't gonna call it an allowance in front of my friends. 9. Amy (on walkie-talkie): You guys doing okay down there? Sheldon: Please keep this channel clear 通道畅通 for emergencies. Thank you. Amy: I'm going to the vending machine. Do you want anything? Sheldon: This is a simulation. We have to survive on the supplies we brought. Amy: Okay, just checking. Raj: We should have asked her to get some Funyuns. Sheldon: You're not going to have Funyuns when we're a mile below the surface of the Earth. Raj: What if we brought them down with us? Sheldon: We'll take 我们要 some Funyuns. Amy: Anything else? Sheldon: Some York Peppermint Patties, a couple of Dr. Peppers, and run to Best Buy and see if they have a portable DVD player and season one of a show called Hannah Montana. Rajj: Have her get season two. Season one, it was still finding itself 没找到方向, 找不到方向( I. To learn, or attempt to learn, what kind of person one is and what one wants in life. When he was in his early twenties, he backpacked around Europe to find himself.  To discover and pursue one's true and inherent character, passion, skill, or vocation. I know you're unhappy in your job, so I think you should take some time off to really find yourself 认清自己. Many students leave college and realize that they still have yet to find themselves. II. To unexpectedly or unintentionally begin to do or experience something. As you enter the cafe, you find yourself wondering why they decided to paint the entire room blue. When news of his wife's murder spread around the media, he found himself in front of a press conference explaining his actions. III. to realize and accept one's real character; discover one's true vocation. IV. To be in a particular state of mind. How do you find yourself this morning? V. (literally) To find (something) for oneself. I need to find myself a boat. VI. (literally) To discover oneself to be in a particular place. I got drunk and woke to find myself in the neighbour’s garden the next morning. ). 10. Bernadette: Sorry you guys had to see that. Penny: Oh, don't apologize. Leonard: Yeah. It just makes it a lot harder to pretend it never happened. Bernadette: Money's a sensitive subject for Howie because of the difference in our income. Penny: It really bothers him? Bernadette: Well, sure. There's still a lot of pressure on guys to be providers 养家糊口的人. So even though he's happy for me, it's just a little tough on him. Penny: Uh-oh. Leonard: What? Penny: Well, if I do well in sales, I could end up making a lot more money than you. Leonard: Not a problem. I grew up with a mother who emasculated my father financially and in every other aspect of his life, so really, it's what I think love looks like. Bernadette: I'll be right back. I'm gonna go check on him. Penny: Maybe it's a good thing we came here. It's like a lesson in what not to do. Leonard: Yeah I don't want something dumb like money to come between us. Penny: It won't. Let's just promise to figure this kind of stuff out before we get married. 11. Raj: Oh, this heat is brutal. Sheldon: As someone from the tropical subcontinent of India, you should know that fanning yourself in a humid environment only raises your body temperature. Rajj: Huh. That does explain why the servants used to look so hot while they were fanning me. Let's get our minds off how uncomfortable we are. We could take some more simulated instrument readings. Sheldon: My major focus at the moment is keeping my claustrophobia at bay. Raj: How's that going? Sheldon: You tell me. I feel like I can't breathe, and I am tempted to crack you open and suck the air right out of your lungs. Raj: Sheldon, if this is too much, we can stop. Sheldon: We're not stopping. Raj: You don't have to bite my head off. Sheldon: I apologize. I just, I'm plagued by 深受...之苦, 深受困扰 an internal struggle. Raj: If you would just use the bucket, you'd be so much more comfortable. Sheldon: My struggle is emotional. Raj: Oh. Is it Amy? Sheldon: It's dark matter. When I entered the field of string theory, I was a prodigy. I rose to a position of respect, and I assumed my career would continue on that upward trajectory. Now here I am in my 30s, I'm back at square one. And, frankly, it's frightening. Raj: Sheldon, you know what I think of when I'm scared? Voyager. Sheldon: Voyager the space probe or Voyager the Star Trek TV show? Raj: The space probe. Sheldon: Good. Because I am too hot and tired to go on about how much I hate Voyager the TV show. Raj: By the time I was born, Voyager 1's mission was supposed to be over. It had seen Jupiter and Saturn and all their moons, but it kept going. When I left India for America, I was never more scared in my life. I had no idea what lay ahead. Whenever I feel that way, I think about how Voyager is still out there somewhere beyond our solar system, going further than anyone ever thought it could. Don't leave. You can do this. 12. Amy: Do you really need me to transcribe ( I. 原样照写. to write, type, or record something exactly as it was said. I was transcribing their testimony for the court records. If you transcribe a speech or text, you write it out in a different form from the one in which it exists, for example by writing it out in full from notes or from a tape recording. She is transcribing, from his dictation, the diaries of Simon Forman. Every telephone conversation will be recorded and transcribed. II. ​music to change music so that a different instrument can play it. III. ​music to copy or record music. IV. to write something written in the alphabet of one language using the alphabet of another language. ) this? Sheldon: You're not doing it for me. You're doing it for future generations who will benefit from my struggle. (Voice on recorder) Sheldon's Mine Simulation Log, entry four. My Kit Kat has melted. All is lost. Raj: You call yourself a friend? I was trying to help you, and at the first sign of trouble you ran away, leaving me to fend off a family of rats. You're a completely selfish human being and a, and a physical and a moral coward. Sheldon: His statements of the obvious continue to annoy. 13. Raj: So, as Hannah Montana, Miley was a world-famous pop star. But then she would take off her wig and go to school like a normal girl. Which, I don't have to tell you, at that age, is its own headache. Sheldon: That's preposterous. How would she go unrecognized just by wearing a wig? Raj: But you're okay with Superman concealing his identity 掩饰身份 with a pair of glasses? Sheldon: He doesn't just put on a pair of glasses. He combs back his curlicue and affects a mild-mannered personality. 14. Leonard: Thanks again for having us. Howard: Oh, of course. What did you guys want to talk about? Penny: Well, you know, now that we're engaged, we had some questions about how you handle money as a couple. Bernadette: I told you they weren't gonna ask us to swing with them. Howard: I didn't think they were going to. I just wanted to have a way to say no without hurting Leonard's feelings. Leonard: Well, nailed it. Howard: So what did you want to know? Penny: Well, do you guys ever fight over money? Bernadette: Sure, sometimes. I mean, it can be a little awkward since I make so much more money than Howie. Howard: You didn't have to say so much more. Bernadette: Well, I didn't have to, but for the sake of accuracy I felt that I should. Howard: I brought a lot of significant assets into the relationship, too. Bernadette: Like what? Your incomplete set of Star Trek collector plates? Howard: For your information, I just bought the last one I needed on eBay. Bernadette: Without asking me? Howard: There were only three minutes left in the auction and it was a mint condition Scotty from a smoke-free home. Bernadette: How much, Howie? Howard: Not a lot. Bernadette: How much? Howard: Let's not talk about this in front of our friends. Bernadette: Was it more or less than falconry school ( Falconry schools 鹰猎学校 teach individuals how to care for, handle, and fly birds of prey for the purpose of falconry. They often offer courses, experience days, and one-on-one tuition, sometimes even allowing visitors to observe birds of prey in action. Many schools focus on best practices for raptor care and training, with some specializing in specific types of raptors like hawks, falcons, and owls. Falconry 鹰猎 is the hunting of wild animals in their natural state and habitat by means of a trained bird of prey. Small animals are hunted; squirrels and rabbits often fall prey to these birds. Two traditional terms are used to describe a person involved in falconry: a "falconer" flies a falcon 鹰隼; an "austringer" (Old French origin) keeps Eurasian goshawks and uses accipiters for hunting. In modern falconry, the red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), Harris's hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus), and the peregrine falcon (Falco perigrinus) are some of the more commonly used birds of prey 猎鸟 ( predatory birds, (although not the same as) raptors ) ( raptor: I. a bird, such as an eagle or a hawk, that kills and eats small birds and animals. Raptors are birds of prey, such as eagles and hawks. Raptors have no natural predators, other than man. II. a type of small dinosaur of the genus Velociraptor that stood on two legs. Eagles are larger, stronger, and tend to hunt bigger prey. Hawks are smaller, quicker, and more agile, hunting smaller animals. ). The practice of hunting with a conditioned 培训过的 falconry bird is also called "hawking" or "gamehawking", although the words hawking and hawker have become used so much to refer to petty traveling traders, that the terms "falconer" and "falconry" now apply to most use of trained birds of prey to catch game. However, many contemporary practitioners still use these words in their original meaning. In early English falconry literature, the word "falcon" referred to a female peregrine falcon only, while the word "hawk" or "hawke" referred to a female hawk. A male hawk or falcon was referred to as a "tiercel" (sometimes spelled "tercel"), as it was roughly one-third less than the female in size. This traditional Arabian sport grew throughout Europe. Falconry is also an icon of Arabian culture. The saker falcon used by Arabs for falconry is called by Arabs "Hur" i.e. Free-bird,[citation needed] and it has been used in falconry in the Arabian Peninsula since ancient times. Saker falcons are the national bird of the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman and Yemen and have been integral to Arab heritage and culture for over 9,000 years. They are the national emblem of many Arab countries.? Howard: For the tenth time, that was a Groupon. Leonard: Like I would swing with him ( swing with (someone or something) I. 同意, 支持. To understand, agree with, or support someone or something. OK, I can swing with most of the rules you've laid out, but some of them are just silly. A: "I was thinking we could paint this room green." B: "Yeah, I can swing with that!" to appreciate someone or something. Man, I can really swing with that color. Glorious! I can really swing with John. He and I are real close. II. To be able to compete or contend with someone or something. Don't worry, I think I'll be able to swing with 干一场, 竞争, 同场竞技 some dusty old professor in a debate. They may be a small company, but they've proved they can swing with the biggest and best in the industry. III. slang To engage in sex with someone outside of one's marriage or committed relationship. We've been swinging with couples from all over town for the past 10 years, and it has only ever made our own marriage stronger. He said that he and his wife wanted to swing with me, but I told them I wasn't into that sort of thing.).

after doing something VS after having done something;

用法学习: 1. compromise [ˈkɒmprəmaɪz] I. INTRANSITIVE to solve a problem or end an argument by accepting that you cannot have everything that you want. If you compromise with someone, you reach an agreement (come to an agreement) with them in which you both give up something that you originally wanted. You can also say that two people or groups compromise. The government has compromised with its critics over monetary policies. 'Nine,' said I. 'Nine thirty,' tried he. We compromised on 9.15. Israel had originally wanted $1 billion in aid, but compromised on the $650 million. Her refusal to compromise infuriated her colleagues. II. TRANSITIVE to risk harming or losing something important. We cannot compromise the safety of our workers. III. TRANSITIVE to behave in a way that is not honest by doing things that do not agree with what you previously believed in or tried to achieve. If someone compromises themselves or compromises their beliefs, they do something which damages their reputation for honesty, loyalty, or high moral principles. He compromised himself 陷自己于不利之地 by accepting a bribe. He would rather shoot himself than compromise his principles 违背自己的准则. Traditional supporters are accusing the party of compromising its principles. compromise yourself/your position to do something to make people think that they cannot trust you. noun. a way of solving a problem or ending an argument in which both people or groups accept that they cannot have everything they want. A compromise is a situation in which people accept something slightly different from what they really want, because of circumstances or because they are considering the wishes of other people. Encourage your child to reach a compromise between what he wants and what you want. Be ready and willing to make compromises between your needs and those of your partner. The government's policy of compromise is not universally popular. compromise between: This deal is the ideal compromise between your needs and their demands. reach/arrive at/come to a compromise: Both sides have agreed to meet, in the hope of reaching a compromise. make a compromise: Neither of them is willing to make compromises. strike a compromise: Debates raged for months, then a compromise was struck. a. ​ONLY BEFORE NOUN involving a compromise. a compromise solution/agreement/settlement. agreement I. an arrangement or decision about what to do, made by two or more people, groups, or organizations. Our agreement was that you would pay by the first of the month. Check the terms of your tenancy agreement. agreement between: an agreement between political parties. agreement with: a licence agreement with the software company. agreement on: an agreement on military cooperation. an agreement to do something: The twenty-six countries signed an agreement to cut air pollution. reach an agreement: Management announced that it had reached an agreement with the unions. come to an agreement (=make a decision after a lot of discussion): We finally came to an agreement: I would cook and Ann would clean. II. uncountable the situation when people have the same opinion or have made the same decision about something. agreement about/on: After a long discussion, there was still no agreement about what to do next. reach agreement: The committee finally reached agreement on two important issues. there is general/wide agreement that (=most people agree that) 公认, 一般认为: There is wide agreement that the forest damage is the result of atmospheric pollution. gentleman's agreement 口头协议, 口头约定, 口头协定, 口头说好了 a business agreement in which people trust each other without a written contract. be in agreement I. to have the same opinion, or to have made the same decision. We are all in agreement that Mr Ross should resign. II. ​formal to agree with a policy or decision. be in agreement with: The council is in agreement with government policy. III. if a set of facts is in agreement with another, they both show or prove the same thing. be in agreement with 不冲突, 一致, 一样的: These findings are in agreement with our previous conclusions. 2. pious [ˈpʌɪəs] devoutly religious. "a deeply pious woman". devout [dɪˈvaʊt] 虔诚的 I. very religious. A devout person has deep religious beliefs. She was a devout Christian. His devout Catholicism appeals to ordinary people. The devout are people who are devout. ...priests instructing the devout. devout Muslims. II. very enthusiastic in your support for something. a devout capitalist. If you describe someone as a devout supporter or a devout opponent of something, you mean that they support it enthusiastically or oppose it strongly. ...devout Marxists. staunch [stɔntʃ] adj. 坚定的, 坚定不移的, 矢志不移的 loyal, and showing strong belief in something or strong support for something. A staunch supporter or believer is very loyal to a person, organization, or set of beliefs, and supports them strongly. He's a staunch supporter of controls on government spending. He was staunchly opposed to a public confession. a staunch critic/opponent/supporter. staunch [stɔntʃ] verb. I. To staunch the flow of something means to stop it. The government claims this is the only way to staunch the flow of illegal drugs into the country. Efforts to staunch the spill of crude oil from a tanker off the north coast of Scotland are being held up by gale force winds. II. To staunch a wound 止血, or to staunch the blood from a wound, means to stop the wound from bleeding. Tom tried to staunch the blood with his handkerchief. 3. 几个短语句子: A person who is under stress is said to be wound up ( [ˌwaʊnd] nervous and worried. I was too wound up to relax. ) and they need time to unwind. A person whose life is coming apart at the seams( come​/​fall apart at the seams 崩坏 I. to stop being useful or effective. The healthcare system is coming apart at the seams. II. to be unable to deal with ordinary situations. bursting at the seams 崩开, 崩坏, 憋坏, 憋崩, 人满为患( packed, jammed, chock-a-block ) ( chock-a-block crammed full of people or things. "the manual is chock-a-block with information". If a place is chock-a-block, it is very full of people or things: The streets were chock-a-block (with cars). awash I. covered with a liquid, especially water: By the time I discovered the problem, the floor was awash. II. having an amount of something that is very large or larger than necessary or wanted: The city is awash with 到处都是 drugs and the police are powerless to do anything about it. teeming 人满为患 If a place is teeming, it is full of people: the teeming metropolis. heavy with sth 充满了, 满是 If something is heavy with something else, it has a lot of it or is full of it: The trees were heavy with fruit. The atmosphere was heavy with menace. riddled with holes 布满, 到处都是 I. full of holes: He wore an old jacket riddled with holes. No one was fatally injured, despite the car being riddled with bullets. II. containing a lot of things that are bad or not wanted. riddled with: If a plan or system, etc. is riddled with bad features, such as mistakes, it is full of them: This article is riddled with errors. The organization was riddled with spies. The team produced another disappointing performance riddled with errors. packed/squashed like sardines 沙丁鱼罐头似的, 拥挤, 紧紧挤在一起, 挤得满满的, 挤满 If people are packed or squashed like sardines, they are positioned very close together so that they cannot move: We were squashed like sardines in the rush-hour train. rife If something unpleasant is rife, it is very common or happens a lot: Dysentery [ˈdɪsəntri] 痢疾 and malaria 疟疾 are rife in the refugee camps. rife with sth full of something unpleasant: The office was rife with rumours. alive with sth full of things that are living and moving: The pond was alive with frogs. ) informal If a place is bursting at the seams, it has a very large number of people or things in it: Now that they have six children, their little house is bursting at the seams. If a place is very full, you can say that it is bursting at the seams. The hotels of Warsaw, Prague and Budapest were bursting at the seams. ) or whose life is falling apart (has lost control) needs to pull himself together 重振旗鼓, 振作起来. Someone faced with a sudden shock may need to get a grip on himself. If the stress has continued to build, and you can't take it anymore, you may need to let off some steam or decompress(解压. 调适心情, 缓解一下, 调节一下. 释放压力. [ˌdikəmˈpres] I. to reduce the pressure on something, especially air pressure. a. to relieve (a substance) of pressure or (of a substance) to be relieved of pressure. b. to return (a diver, caisson worker, etc) to a condition of normal atmospheric pressure gradually from a condition of increased pressure or (of a diver, etc) to be returned to such a condition. c. to relax after stressful activity. II. ​computing to change a compressed computer file back to its full size. ). Or you might want to come up for air 换换空气, 暂停一下, 叫停(I. Fig. to stop what one is doing for a different activity or rest. Whenever you get off the phone and come up for air, I have a question for you. I want you to go to the store for me when you come up for air. II. Fig. to stop kissing for a moment and breathe. Don't those kids ever come up for air? When are you two going to come up for air?). The simplest thing to say after experiencing something stressful or shocking is I need to take a timeout or simply I need a break. 4. spitball verb 抛砖引玉. throw out (a suggestion) for discussion. to throw out new ideas in the hope that some of them will be good ones. I'm just spitballing here. Sometimes when we're spitballing ideas, we now stop and wonder what would happen if it came true. "I'm just spitballing a few ideas". spitball ​adj unfair, or dishonest. spitball politics/journalism. noun. I. a very small ball of paper that a child puts in their mouth to make it soft and wet and then throws at another child. II. an illegal baseball throw done with a wet ball so that it curves a lot. diligent [ˈdɪlɪdʒənt] someone who is diligent works very hard and very carefully. Someone who is diligent works hard in a careful and thorough way. Meyers is a diligent and prolific worker. The historical research was impressively diligent. The police are pursuing their inquiries with great diligence. The two sides are now working diligently to resolve their differences. I'm not mad at all, actually if anything, I'm glad the police are doing that, that means they are being diligent 尽忠职守, 尽职尽责. methodical [məˈθɒd.ɪ.kəl] I. Methodical people do things in a very ordered, careful way: Tom is a very methodical person and writes lists for everything. II. done in a very ordered, careful way: methodical work. a methodical approach. If you describe someone as methodical, you mean that they do things carefully, thoroughly, and in order. Da Vinci was methodical in his research, carefully recording his observations and theories. It seemed a sensible and methodical way of proceeding.

 基督教denominations的划分: Western: Catholic, Protestant (Protestantism) 新教 ( Adventist, Anabaptist, Anglican, Baptist, Calvinist, Evangelical, Holiness, Lutheran, Methodist, Pentecostal). Eastern (Assyrian, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox). Nontrinitarian ( Jehovah's Witness, Latter Day Saint, Oneness Pentecostal). Nontrinitarianism is a form of Christianity that rejects the mainstream Christian doctrine of the Trinity—the teaching that God is three distinct hypostases or persons who are coeternal, coequal, and indivisibly united in one being, or essence (from the Greek ousia). Certain religious groups that emerged during the Protestant Reformation have historically been known as antitrinitarian, but are not considered Protestant in popular discourse due to their nontrinitarian nature.

 Big bang theory: 1. Raj: Thanks for skipping the movie. I couldn't sit in that theatre for two hours wondering about Emily and that guy. Sheldon: Oh, quite all right. After my forehead melanoma scare 惊吓, 虚惊一场 I've learned not to sweat the small stuff 计较小事. Well, sorry, I don't have all the ingredients to make chai tea. Raj: You don't have to make me anything. Sheldon: No, I do. You're upset about Emily and you're Indian. I need to make you chai tea. Now, I have all the ingredients except cardamom seeds. Do you happen to have any on you? Raj: Sorry, I left them in my turban (burqa). Sheldon: Oh, I'll make English breakfast tea. They destroyed your culture. That's close enough. You know, I'm curious, why are you so upset about seeing Emily with another man? Raj: Wouldn't you be upset if you saw Amy out with someone else? Sheldon: Can't happen 不会的. We have an ironclad 滴水不漏的, 没有漏洞的, 铁桶一块的 (rock solid alibi ) relationship agreement which precludes ( preclude 禁止, 杜绝 if one thing precludes another, the first thing prevents the second one from happening. This policy precludes the routine use of pesticides. Tercek's interviewing style precluded any long-winded answers. If something precludes an event or action, it prevents the event or action from happening. At 84, John feels his age precludes too much travel. He would rebuff enquiries in such a way as to preclude any further discussion. If something precludes you from doing something or going somewhere, it prevents you from doing it or going there. A constitutional amendment precludes any president from serving more than two terms. In some cases poor English precluded them from ever finding a job. ) her from physical contact with anyone other than me. Raj: But you don't have sex with her, either. Sheldon: Slick 狡猾, 狡诈, huh? Raj: To be truthful, Emily and I haven't dated that long, and we never agreed to be exclusive to each other. Sheldon: Have you had intercourse? Raj: No. Sheldon: Well, stick to your guns. There will be a lot of pressure. 2. Leonard: That's a rude thing to say, out loud. Sheldon: It's an outrage. Honestly, I'm tempted to leave the university. Howard: You know, if you're really serious about that, I hear there are some exciting opportunities in home care for the old and fat. Leonard: Whatever you do, just don't make any rash decisions. Sheldon: I don't know. I am really aggravated 激怒了, 气坏了. Raj: When I'm feeling low, I have sex with a girl. But that's just me. 3. Amy: Hi, is Sheldon here? Leonard: No, I thought he was with you. Amy: He was, but he stormed off and now he isn't answering his phone. Leonard: What happened? Amy: He was really angry that you suggested he move out. Leonard: Oh. Amy: I also mentioned that he and I could live together but he was too mad at you to realize what a great idea that is. Leonard: Well, he's been having a couple of tough days. I'm sure he's fine. He probably just needs a little alone time 独处时间 to decompress( 解压. 缓解一下, 调节一下. 释放压力. [ˌdikəmˈpres] I. to reduce the pressure on something, especially air pressure. a. to relieve (a substance) of pressure or (of a substance) to be relieved of pressure. b. to return (a diver, caisson worker, etc) to a condition of normal atmospheric pressure gradually from a condition of increased pressure or (of a diver, etc) to be returned to such a condition. c. to relax after stressful activity. II. ​computing to change a compressed computer file back to its full size. ). Amy: You're probably right. So, what are you guys doing? Penny: Well, Leonard cooked for me and now we're just having a nice dinner, you know, as a newly engaged couple. Amy: That's nice. Leonard: Anyway, as I was saying, Sheldon probably just needs a little alone time. 'Cause that's important. Not just for him, but for most anybody, really. Amy: Don't I know it ( I know; I am very familiar with it (some stated fact). I know that very well or am fully aware of it (due to my particular circumstances). A: "Wow, I guess you guys still have a lot to get done before the baby comes." B: "Yeah, don't I know it." ) 还用你说, 我自然知道, 我当然知道啊, 我能不知道吗, 你当我不知道啊, 你当我不明白啊. What is that, polenta ( [pəˈlentə] a soft Italian food made from corn, eaten with meat or vegetables. )? Penny: Amy, get out. 4. Sheldon: At the hot dog stand in the Denver train station, Heinz ketchup. At the hot dog stand in the Salt Lake City train station, Heinz ketchup. At the hot dog stand in the Indianapolis train station? Leonard: I don't care. Sheldon: Wrong. Hunt's. Hey, Amy, what do you say? You ready to move on to the mustard round? Amy: Have you not noticed that I've been sitting back here quietly stewing 生闷气 ( stew noun. A stew is a meal which you make by cooking meat and vegetables in liquid at a low temperature. She served him a bowl of lamb stew. They made a stew. verb. I. When you stew meat, vegetables, or fruit, you cook them slowly in liquid in a closed dish. Stew the apple and blackberries to make a thick pulp. ...stewed prunes. II. To cook (food) by slowly boiling or simmering. I'm going to stew some meat for the casserole. The meat is stewing nicely. To cook (food) by slowly boiling or simmering. I'm going to stew 慢炖 some meat for the casserole. The meat is stewing nicely. III. To suffer under uncomfortably hot conditions. IV. (intransitive, figuratively) 生闷气 To be in a state of elevated anxiety or anger. in a stew If you are in a stew, you feel very worried. He's been in a stew since early this morning. Highly charged emotions have you in a stew. let someone stew/leave someone to stew (in their own juice) 让...着着急 If you let a person stew or if you leave them to stew, you deliberately allow them to worry about something for a while, rather than telling them something which would make them feel better. I'd rather let him stew. Leave them to stew in their own juice. to deliberately leave someone to worry about something that they have done wrong. a taste/dose of (one's) own medicine An experience of the same harmful or unpleasant thing that one has inflicted on others; an attack in the same manner in which one attacks others. an unpleasant experience in retaliation for and by similar methods to an unkind or aggressive act. Doug is a bully—of course he won't like it when his victims fight back and give him a taste of his own medicine. This team likes to play rough, so let's go out there and give them a taste of their own medicine!) for the past two hours? Sheldon: I just thought you were bad at the game. Amy: I'm mad at you. How could you just go away like that without even saying good-bye, and then call Leonard for help instead of me? Sheldon: Amy, may I please have a moment of privacy to speak with my roommate? Amy: We're in a moving car. What do you expect me to do? Stick my fingers in my ears? Sheldon: Well, I was thinking put your head out the window like a dog, but that'll work. Please? This'll be quick 很快就好, 一下下就好. Leonard? As soon as we get home, I want to have coitus with Amy. Okay, she can't hear. The reason I called you is because I didn't want Amy to know I couldn't make it on my own. Leonard: What's the big deal? Sheldon: Oh, of course it's no big deal to you. You idolize me, and nothing could ever knock me off that pedestal [ˈpedɪst(ə)l] you put me on. Leonard: Well, yeah, it's true. You, you are a god to me. 5. Bernadette (on skype): Hey. Amy: Hey, what's going on? Bernadette: Not much. You want to get a drink later? Just the two of us? Amy: No Penny? Bernadette: Not tonight. I'm a little frustrated with her. Amy: Because you got her the job and you think she should be working harder to prepare for it? Bernadette: So it's not just me. You see it, too. Amy: I do, I see it. Bernadette: It's driving me crazy. Just this afternoon, I saw on Instagram that instead of studying, she went out to lunch and got a manicure. Amy: That's outrageous. Bernadette: I know. Amy: If she doesn't do well, this could reflect poorly on you 让我显得不好, 显得我不好. Bernadette: Exactly. Does she not realize it or does she not care? Amy: I don't know. The important thing is I am here for you so we can mutually disparage 贬低, 贬斥 ( [dɪˈsperɪdʒ] to say unpleasant things about someone or something that show you have no respect for them. If you disparage someone or something, you speak about them in a way which shows that you do not have a good opinion of them. Many people will disparage what you are trying to achieve. The tax cut is widely disparaged by senators from both parties as a budget gimmick. ) this unpleasing third party. 6. Amy: So, after drinks with Bernadette, I get home, and Penny calls to complain about her. And then while I'm talking to Penny, I get a text from Bernadette. Sheldon: I am trying to prepare my lesson plan for Howard. Why are you telling me this? Amy: Because it's taken 15 years, but high school is finally awesome. I love them both, but I'm in the centre now, and I love that even more. Sheldon: Amy, please. I am trying to figure out a way to intellectually emasculate a dear friend of mine. Amy: But I'm just… Sheldon: Not now. Amy: You better watch that attitude, buddy. You're dating the popular girl now. 7. Leonard: Hmm. You're up late 还没睡. Sheldon: Oh, I'm working on my lesson plan for Wolowitz. He is going to be so lost. Look at this section over here. Even I don't really understand it. Leonard: Sheldon, why are you doing this? Sheldon: I'm a teacher, Leonard. It's my job. Leonard: No, I mean, why are you going to so much trouble to prove that you're smarter than Wolowitz? Sheldon: Oh, it's no trouble, its actually a pleasure. Leonard: You want to know what I think? I think the idea that someone could be as smart as you, or even smarter, scares the pants off you, and you can't deal with it 受不了. Sheldon: Interesting point. You're suggesting that I have emotional issues below my consciousness 潜意识里 which drive 驱使我的行为 my behaviour, thus causing me to lash out at anything or anyone that threatens my intellectual superiority. Leonard: Might be something to think about. Sheldon: Leonard? Leonard: Yeah. Sheldon: Howard's allergic to peanuts. How can I use that against him? Howard: Hey. Sheldon: Okay, now that everyone's here, we can begin. Howard: Before we do, I just talked to Leonard. And if you're gonna spend all your time trying to belittle 贬低, 蔑视 me by making this class unnecessarily hard, then I'm out. But if you're interested in making a sincere effort to be a good teacher, then I'm willing to give this a shot. Sheldon: I suppose that's a fair request 请求, 要求. There's no reason we both can't benefit from this experience. Howard: Okay. Sheldon: Okay. Well, then, uh, first things first. Um, are you familiar with the Brachistochrone problem? Howard: I am. Sheldon: Good. And how it relates to the calculus of variations? Howard: It's an inverted cycloid. Sheldon: Wonderful. Now, what about Euler-Lagrange theorems? Howard: That's where I'm a little fuzzy 稀里糊涂的, 不是太明白的. Sheldon: Ha! I knew it. All right. We have a lot of information to cover before your first test. Which, by the way, is in eight minutes. The good news is I'm grading on a curve, so you're pretty much guaranteed a C. 8. Amy: Close enough. Um, I was just calling to see what you were up tonight. Thought maybe we could hit up Color Me Mine, maybe sneak in some Pinot Greej. Whatevs. Penny: Uh, thanks, but I think I'm gonna stay in and go over the stuff Bernadette gave me. Amy: Oh. Oh, I hear you. Try and get that nag 唠叨鬼, 烦人精 off your back, right? I mean, you're not a bicycle, why's she riding you like that? Penny: No, I think she was just trying to help. Plus, I really want to do well at this job. So… Amy: Okay, good luck. And call me later, you know, if you decide she's a bitch or something. Hey, girlfriend. Bernadette: Hey, Amy. Amy: Tonight. You, me, Color Me Mine. Maybe we sneak in some Pinot, make it Color Me Wine. Bernadette: That sounds fun, but I promised Penny I'd come by and help her study. Amy: Oh. Well, good luck getting her to do that. She's probably off getting another manicure. You remember when she did that? You remember? Bernadette: I was probably being too hard 太严厉, 太严格 on her. We talked 我们聊了一下, we're good. 9. Sheldon: It is true that many of my heroes have taken students under their wings. Feynman, Einstein, Professor X. Humorously, in the case of Professor X, some of his students actually had wings. That's rich. I'll use that one to lighten the mood 缓解情绪, 轻松, 调节气氛 after my entire class fails the midterm. after doing something VS after having done something (一般不跟完成时) VS after someone does (did) something. after后边跟从句和介词短在主语一致的情况下是一样的 : I've checked my English grammar book "Oxford press". the right sentences in written English are: 1) DOING the shopping, we went back home. 2) HAVING DONE the shopping, we went back home. 3) AFTER DOING shopping, we went back home. it is NOT right "after having done shopping". RULES: a) 两个连续的短动作. When there are 2 short actions, one straight after the other, we can use an -ing form for the first action. Opening the bottle, Mark poured the drinks (= he opened the bottle and then poured the drinks). But we can use the perfect -ing form as well. Having opened the bottle, Mark poured the drinks (= after opening the bottle, Mark poured the drinks). b) 一个动作是长的. IF EITHER OF THE ACTIONS IS LONG, WE MUST USE THE PERFECT. HAVING PHOTOCOPIED all the papers, she put them back in the file. The structures "1", "2", "3" are typical of written English. In SPOKEN ENGLISH , to talk about one action after another we use a sentence like this: I opened the bottle and then poured the drinks. 使用例子: She got back at 4.30 and went to see Emilie after (= after she got back). Three months after they moved out, the house was still empty. Soon/shortly after we set off, the car started to make a strange noise. I went to the post office straight/immediately after I left you. After what she did to me, I'll never trust her again. I can't believe she'd do that, not after all I've done for her. After having spent whole mornings on the river, I always go home with an empty bag 这个句子存疑. Past perfect  tenses 过去完成时 (Present perfect 现在完成) are tough, and most English speakers don't even get them right. However, as you probably know, "after" puts you into a prepositional 介词 phrase. Perfect gerunds ("having finished") generally have no place in prepositional phrases. Past perfect gerunds also are very formal, and archaic in most forms of English. Only use them if you want to indicate you're educated, never in general conversation. gerund  [ˈdʒerənd] 动名词 a noun formed by adding '-ing' to a verb, that describes an action, such as 'running' or 'believing'. 不要使用after having: 用once. Once having done the shopping, we went back home. Or leave "after" out all together. After doing the shopping ..., Having done the shopping ... (no after), After having done ...? That seems redundant.