用法学习： 1. yellow belly I. 鱼名, 又叫Golden perch, an Australian fish, also called callop. II. 'Yellow belly' is also a term for 'coward'. 简称为yella. yellow-bellied 胆小如鼠的 (old-fashioned) a yellow-bellied person is not at all brave You're a load of yellow-bellied fools, too frightened to stand up for what you believe in! expendable I. Subject to use or consumption: an expendable source. II. 无太大价值的. 无利用价值的. 无足轻重的. 无所谓的, 无关紧要的. Not worth salvaging or reusing: expendable rocket boosters. expendable asset to us, to what cost? Apple may be building more iPhones, but at what cost? III. 可有可无的. Not strictly necessary; dispensable: an expendable budget item; expendable personnel. IV. 可牺牲的, 可失去的. 可放弃的. Open to sacrifice in the interests of gaining an objective, especially a military one: expendable civilian targets. expend I. To lay out; spend. disburse: expending tax revenues on government operations. II. To use up; consume: "Every effort seemed to expend her spirit's force". dispensable adj. I. 无足轻重的, 可丢弃的. Not essential; unimportant: dispensable items of personal property. II. Capable of being dispensed, administered, or distributed: dispensable drugs. III. Subject to dispensation, as a vow or church law. 2. A lectionary is a book or listing that contains a collection of scripture readings appointed for Christian or Judaic worship on a given day or occasion. Three year cycle: The lectionaries (both Catholic and RCL versions) are organized into three-year cycles of readings. The years are designated A, B, or C. Each yearly cycle begins on the first Sunday of Advent (the last Sunday of November or first Sunday of December). Year B follows year A, year C follows year B, then back again to A. Year A: Gospel of Matthew (November 2010 through 2011). Year B: Gospel of Mark (December 2011 through 2012). Year C: Gospel of Luke (December 2012 through 2013). The Gospel of John is read throughout Easter, and is used for other liturgical seasons including Advent, Christmas, and Lent where appropriate. 关于Tingha: The main industry nowadays is agriculture with some fossicking( fossick I. To search for gold, especially by reworking washings or waste piles. II. To rummage or search around, especially for a possible profit. ) in the area. Tin dredging and mining(dredge
n. Any of various machines equipped with scooping or suction devices
and used to deepen harbors and waterways and in underwater mining. v. I.
To clean, deepen, or widen with a dredge. II. To bring up with a
dredge: dredged up the silt. III. To come up with; unearth: dredged up bitter memories. IV. To coat (food) by sprinkling with a powder, such as flour or sugar.) has continued on a scale that varies according to international price fluctuations. Tingha
has a hospital, pre-school, caravan park, modern sports and recreation
club, a First Aid post, hotels plus other shops and services to supply
daily needs. Tingha's 'Swimming Hole' is a large man made pool which was
once a mining excavation. One of the main attractions around Tingha
is "Green Valley Farm" Entertainment Park. 3. Fledge is the stage in a young bird's life when the feathers and wing muscles are sufficiently developed for flight. It also describes the act of a chick's parents raising it to a fully grown state. A young bird that has recently fledged but is still dependent upon parental care and feeding is called a fledgling. far-fledged: "far-flung" isn't the only thing that "far-fledged" can mean. In the following example, "distant" is a possible meaning, but I think the writer really meant something like "far-reaching". And finally, there are indeed a few examples of "far fledged" meaning "far fetched." by hook or by crook using any method possible. Templeton was recruited to obtain the formula by hook or by crook. far-fetched 牵强的, 勉强的. Not readily believable because of improbable elements therein. improbable; not naturally pertinent; forced; strained: a far-fetched excuse for being late. a far-fetched analogy; a far-fetched excuse. far-reaching 影响广的 adj. extensive in influence, effect, or range. Having a wide range, influence, or effect: the far-reaching implications of a major new epidemic. far-flung adj I. 分布广泛的. 范围大的. widely distributed. wide-ranging. II. 遥远的. far distant; remote. Personal care or toiletries 个人日常用品, 个人护理 is the industry which manufactures consumer products used in personal hygiene and for beautification. Subsectors of personal care include personal hygiene and cosmetics. There is some small distinction between personal hygienic items and cosmetics, which are luxury goods solely used for beautification, but in practice such sundries are most often intermixed in retail store aisles. 4. cold sweat n. A reaction to nervousness, fear, pain, or shock, characterized by simultaneous perspiration and chill and cold moist skin. in a cold sweat 出一身冷汗, 下一身冷汗 very frightened or worried I dreamed I'd lost our plane tickets and woke up in a cold sweat.
Hillsong Church is a Pentecostal megachurch affiliated with Australian Christian Churches (the Australian branch of the Assemblies of God) and located in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Hillsong Music has topped Australian charts, with albums having achieved gold and platinum sales status. Hillsong is well-known through its teaching, album sales and annual Hillsong Conference. While headquartered at its "Hills" location in Baulkham Hills' Norwest Business Park in the Hills District, Hillsong is a multi-site church with another congregation, designated the "City" location, located in Waterloo, near Sydney's central business district. Apart from the four main locations, Hillsong Church currently has 12 extension分支 services across Sydney. These extension services are based on either location or culture and rely on Hillsong Church for support and leadership. Hillsong Church's international offshoots分支 include Hillsong Church London, in the United Kingdom, Hillsong Church Kiev in Ukraine, Hillsong Church Cape Town and Hillsong Church Pretoria in South Africa, Hillsong Church Stockholm in Sweden and Hillsong NYC, in New York, USA. The church's beliefs are Evangelical and Pentecostal in that it holds the Bible as accurate and authoritative in matters of faith and that Jesus Christ reconciled humanity to God through his death and resurrection. The church believes that in order to live a fruitful Christian life a person should seek the baptism in the Holy Spirit and that the Holy Spirit enables the use of spiritual gifts, which include speaking in tongues(Glossolalia or speaking in tongues is the fluid vocalizing (or less commonly the writing) of speech-like syllables that lack any readily comprehended meaning, in some cases as part of religious practice. The significance of glossolalia has varied in context, with some minorities considering it as a part of a sacred language. It is most prominently practised within Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity but it is also practised in non-Christian religions. Glossolalia also sometimes refers to xenoglossy, the putative speaking of a natural language previously unknown to the speaker. Glossolalia [,glosə'leiliə] I. (Christianity / Ecclesiastical Terms) The ability or phenomenon to utter words or sounds of a language unknown to the speaker, especially as an expression of religious ecstasy. Also called glossolalia, speaking in tongues, gift in tougues. II. (Psychology) babbling in a nonexistent language. Fabricated and nonmeaningful speech, especially such speech associated with a trance state or certain schizophrenic syndromes. ). Hillsong's stand 立场 on many topical 有关时事的, 时下关注的 issues(I. of, relating to, or constituting current affairs. II. relating to a particular place; local. III. of or relating to a topic or topics. IV. (Medicine) (of a drug, ointment, etc.) for application to the body surface; local.) in contemporary Christianity is in keeping with mainstream Pentecostalism, teaching that homosexuality is unnatural, opposing embryonic stem cell research and abortion on the basis that human life commences at conception. Hillsong has also declared support for Creationism and Intelligent Design and believes this should be taught in schools. Hillsong Church has a well-recognised music ministry with songs such as "Power of Your Love" by Geoff Bullock and "Shout to the Lord" by Darlene Zschech sung in churches worldwide. Originally published as "Hillsongs", Hillsong Church now produces its music through its own label. Since the inception in 1992 of the annual live praise and worship albums, Hillsong has branched out and released other albums including the worship series Hillsong United, Hillsong Kids, Hillsong London, Christmas albums and compilation albums. Alleged vote stacking in Australian Idol: In 2007 Hillsong was alleged to have been involved in vote stacking Australian Idol, a claim the TV show rejected. However, some Hillsong members and former members indicated that some co-ordinated support of church members on Australian Idol has taken place. Criticism from a former member: Hillsong's attitude towards criticism was portrayed negatively by one former member Tanya Levin in her book People in Glass Houses: An Insider's Story of a Life In and Out of Hillsong. Specific criticisms covered authoritarian church governance, lack of financial accountability, resistance to free thought, strict fundamentalist teachings and lack of compassion. In an interview with Andrew Denton, Levin further discussed her experience of Hillsong, which she described as "toxic Christianity".
关于拉票(wiki的规定): In general, it is perfectly acceptable to notify other editors of ongoing discussions, provided that it is done with the intent to improve the quality of the discussion by broadening participation 扩大参与面 to more fully achieve consensus. However, canvassing拉票 — which is done with the intention of influencing the outcome of a discussion towards one side of a debate — is considered inappropriate. This is because it compromises危害 the normal consensus decision-making process, and therefore is generally considered disruptive behavior. Inappropriate notification is generally considered to be disruptive. Canvassing normally involves the posting of messages. However, it may also include other kinds of solicitation拉票, such as a custom signature to automatically append some promotional message to every signed post. The following behaviors are regarded as characteristic of inappropriate notification (and may be seen as disruptive): Spamming: Posting an excessive number of messages to individual users, or to users with no significant connection to the topic at hand. Campaigning: Posting a notification of discussion that presents the topic in a non-neutral manner. Vote-stacking: Posting messages to users selected based on their known opinions (which may be made known by a userbox, user category, or prior statement). Vote-banking involves recruiting editors perceived as having a common viewpoint for a group, similar to a political party, in the expectation that notifying the group of any discussion related to that viewpoint will result in a numerical advantage, much as a form of prearranged vote stacking. Stealth canvassing: Contacting users off-wiki (by e-mail or IRC, for example) to persuade them to join in discussions (unless there is a specific reason not to use talk pages). Soliciting拉赞助, 招募帮助 support other than by posting direct messages, such as using a custom signature with a message promoting a specific position on any issue being discussed. Spamming and excessive cross-posting: Indiscriminately 不加区别的, 一股脑的, 不加分别的 sending announcements to editors can be disruptive for any number of reasons. If the editors are uninvolved, the message has the function of "spam" and is disruptive to that user's experience. More importantly, recruiting too many editors to a WP:dispute resolution can often make resolving the dispute impossible. Remember the purpose of a notification is to improve the dispute resolution process, not to disrupt it. Campaigning: Campaigning is an attempt to sway the person reading the message, conveyed through the use of tone, wording, or intent. While this may be appropriate as part of a specific individual discussion, it is inappropriate to canvass with such messages. Votestacking: Votestacking is an attempt to sway consensus by selectively notifying editors who have or are thought to have a predetermined point of view or opinion (which may be determined, among other ways, from a userpage notice, such as a userbox, or from user categorization), and thus encouraging them to participate in the discussion. In the case of a re-consideration of a previous debate (such as a "no consensus" result on an AFD or CFD), it is similarly inappropriate to send an undue number of notifications specifically to those who expressed a particular viewpoint on the previous debate. For example, it would be votestacking to selectively notify a disproportionate number of "Keep" voters or a disproportionate number of "Delete" voters. Posting an appropriate notice on users' talk pages in order to inform editors on all "sides" of a debate (e.g., everyone who participated in a previous deletion debate on a given subject) may be appropriate under certain circumstances on a case-by-case 就事论事 basis. Stealth canvassing私自拉票, 私底下: Because it is less transparent than on-wiki notifications, the use of email or other off-wiki communication to notify editors is discouraged unless there is a significant reason for not using talk page notifications. Depending on the specific circumstances, sending a notification to a group of editors by email may be looked at more negatively than sending the same message to the same group of people on their talk pages. Other forms of inappropriate consensus-building: For other types of action which are inappropriate in the consensus-building process, see the policy on Consensus. Apart from canvassing, these include forum shopping (raising an issue on successive discussion pages until you get the result you want), sock puppetry 马甲 and meat puppetry(找你的朋友注册了来支持你) (bringing fictional or real outside participants into the discussion to create a false impression of support for your viewpoint), and tendentious editing. 题外话: This policy is frankly stupid since it is completely unenforceable不切实际的, 无法实施的, 难以实施的. How
exactly do you prevent people from sending email? Or using the phone for
that matter? Leaving slanted messages on various boards on the site is
also equally bad because it tends to provoke an immediate mindless
response不假思索的, 没有大脑的, 不加考虑的.
选举操纵(vote-rigging): 1. rig I. To provide with a harness or equipment; fit out. II. Nautical a. To equip (a ship) with sails, shrouds, and yards. b. To fit (sails or shrouds, for example) to masts and yards. III. Informal To dress, clothe, or adorn: The costumer rigged out the actors in peasant clothing. IV. To make or construct in haste or in a makeshift manner: rig up a tent for the night. V. 操纵. To manipulate dishonestly for personal gain: rig a prizefight; rig stock prices. Marty was described by judges as lazy, something which he himself acknowledged. He finished in 4th place, and was in the bottom appearance four times before being eliminated. Although not initially named by Today Tonight as vote-rigging, he was later named and subsequently became the 4th in a row named that was eliminated. On leaving, Marty Simpson stated that he had been approached by Sony BMG in relation to a recording contract. rig something up 拼凑, 勉强凑齐, 因陋就简的 to prepare something, perhaps on short notice or without the proper materials. We don't have what's needed to make the kind of circuit you have described, but I think we can rig something up anyway. We will rig up whatever you need. scrape together something 凑齐, 凑够, 凑钱, 凑足, 凑出 to gather something that is not easily available, esp. money. He managed to scrape together $20 for the train and came back home. Many immigrants have difficulty scraping enough money together for the application. Usage notes: also in the form scrape up something: Somehow these families managed to scrape up the tuition fee. scare up something to find or obtain something that is not easily available. At the very least, I'm sure he'll have some original ideas on how to scare up some cash. We discovered it was impossible to scare up an audience for the game. Electoral fraud 操纵选举, 选举作弊 is illegal interference with the process of an election. Acts of fraud affect vote counts to bring about an election result, whether by increasing the vote share of the favored candidate, depressing the vote share of the rival candidates, or both. What electoral fraud is under law varies from country to country. 2. Ballot stuffing is when one person submits multiple ballots during a vote in which only one ballot per person is permitted. The name originates from the earliest days of this practice in which people literally did stuff more than one ballot in a ballot box at the same time. Detecting ballot-stuffing depends a great deal on how good the record-keeping is. Most election systems match the number of persons showing up to vote with the number of ballots cast, and/or preparing the forms so that they are difficult to fake. A common method still used in small village elections throughout the USA uses two ballot boxes and a single sheet of paper for a ballot. After marking the ballot, the sheet is folded in half, then torn with each part dropped in the corresponding ballot box. The number of marked ballots in one box will equal the number of ballot sheet headers in the other ballot box, thus preventing ballot stuffing. In short, successful ballot-stuffing usually requires the misconduct of genuine registered voters and/or elections personnel. Ballot-stuffing can be accomplished in a number of ways. Often, a ballot-stuffer casts votes on the behalf of people who did not show up to the polls (known as telegraphing); sometimes, votes are even cast by those who are long dead or fictitious characters in TV shows, books, and movies (known as padding). Both practices are also referred to as personation. In earlier societies with little paperwork, dead people were kept "alive" on paper for the purpose of ballot-stuffing. The family of the deceased often helped along协同帮助, either to assist their party or for money. Ballot stuffing is possible with one version of the Sequoia touchscreen voting machine. It has a yellow button on the back side which when pressed allows repeated vote stuffing. By design, pressing the button triggers the emanation of two audible beeps. 3. A sockpuppet is an online identity used for purposes of deception. The term—a reference to the manipulation of a simple hand puppet made from a sock—originally referred to a false identity assumed by a member of an internet community who spoke to, or about, himself while pretending to be another person. The term now includes other misleading uses of online identities, such as those created to praise, defend or support a third party or organization, or to circumvent绕开 a suspension or ban from a website. A significant difference between the use of a pseudonym别名 and the creation of a sockpuppet is that the sockpuppet poses as an independent third-party unaffiliated with毫无关系的 the puppeteer. Many online communities have a policy of blocking sockpuppets. 4. The term "meatpuppet肉弹攻击" (or "meat puppet") is used as a pejorative description of various online behaviors. The term was current before the Internet. Editors of Wikipedia use the term to label contributions of new community members if suspected of having been recruited by an existing member to support their position. Such a recruited member is considered analogous [ə'næləgəs] to a sockpuppet even though he is actually a separate individual (i.e. "meat") rather than a fictitious creation. 5. Strawman sockpuppet(故意曲解制造混乱, 混淆视听的行为): A strawman sockpuppet is a false flag pseudonym created to make a particular point of view look foolish or unwholesome in order to generate negative sentiment against it. Strawman sockpuppets typically behave in an unintelligent, uninformed, or bigoted manner and advance "straw man" arguments that their puppeteers can easily refute. The intended effect is to discredit more rational arguments made for the same position. Such sockpuppets behave in a similar manner to internet trolls. 6. False flag (or black flag) 冒充身份攻击 describes covert military or paramilitary operations designed to deceive in such a way that the operations appear as though they are being carried out by other entities, groups or nations than those who actually planned and executed them. Operations carried during peace-time by civilian organisations, as well as covert government agencies, may by extension be called false flag operations if they seek to hide the real organisation behind an operation. The name "false flag" has its origins in naval warfare where the use of a flag other than the belligerent's true battle flag as a ruse de guerre, before engaging an enemy, has long been acceptable. Such operations are also acceptable in certain circumstances in land warfare, to deceive enemies in similar ways providing that the deception is not perfidious( perfidious [pə'fidiəs] adj. guilty, treacherous, or faithless; deceitful. ) and all such deceptions are discarded before opening fire upon the enemy. 7. A straw man or straw person, also known in the UK as an Aunt Sally, is a type of argument and is an informal fallacy based on misrepresentation of an opponent's position. To "attack a straw man偷换概念" is to create the illusion of having refuted a proposition by replacing it with a superficially similar yet unequivalent proposition (the "straw man"), and to refute it, without ever having actually refuted the original position. This technique has been used throughout history in polemical debate, particularly in arguments about highly charged, emotional issues. Sockpuppets may be created during an online poll to submit multiple votes in favor of the puppeteer. A related usage is creating multiple identities, each supporting the puppeteer's views in an argument, attempting to position the puppeteer as representing majority opinion and sideline opposition voices. In the abstract theory of social networks and reputation systems, this is known as a sybil attack(The Sybil attack in computer security is an attack wherein a reputation system is subverted by forging identities in peer-to-peer networks. It is named after the subject of the book Sybil, a case study of a woman diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder. The term "pseudospoofing" had previously been coined by L. Detweiler on the Cypherpunks mailing list and used in the literature on peer-to-peer systems for the same class of attacks prior to 2002, but this term did not gain as much influence as "Sybil attack".). A sockpuppet-like use of deceptive fake identities is used in stealth marketing. The stealth marketer creates one or more pseudonymous accounts, each one claiming to be owned by a different enthusiastic supporter of the sponsor's product or book or ideology. 8. Vote buying买票行为: The most famous episodes of vote buying came in 18th century England, when two or more rich aristocrats spent whatever money it took to win. Voters may be given money or other rewards for voting in a particular way, or not voting. In some jurisdictions, the offer or giving of other rewards is referred to as "electoral treating". Vote buying may also be done indirectly, for example by paying clergymen to tell their parishioners to vote for a particular party or candidate. Vote buying is generally avoided by not providing a "receipt" for the counted vote, even if it's technically possible to do so. Electoral treating remains legal in some jurisdictions, such as in the Seneca Nation of Indians. 9. Misuse of proxy votes: Proxy voting is particularly vulnerable to election fraud, due to the amount of trust placed in the person who casts the vote. In several countries there have been allegations of retirement home residents being asked to fill out 'absentee voter' forms. When the forms are signed and gathered, they are then secretly rewritten as applications for proxy votes, naming party activists or their friends and relatives as the proxies. These people, unknown to the voter, then cast the vote for the party of their choice. This trick relies on elderly care home residents typically being absent-minded, or suffering from dementia. In the United Kingdom, this is known as 'granny farming' and has been restricted in recent years by a change in the law which prevents a single voter acting as a proxy for more than two non-family members therefore requiring more people to be involved in any fraud.
芝麻酱: Tahini [tɑ:'hi:ni] (also tahina [tɑ:'hi:nə] is a paste made from ground, hulled sesame seeds used in North African, Greek, Turkish and Middle Eastern cuisine. East Asian sesame paste is typically made of unhulled seeds. Tahini is served as a dip 蘸酱, 蘸料 on its own or as a major component of hummus, baba ghanoush and halva. Plain, unprocessed sesame paste with no added ingredients is sometimes known as "raw tahini". Sesame paste is an ingredient in some Chinese, Korean, and Japanese dishes; it is used in some versions of the Szechuan dish Dan dan noodles. Sesame paste is also used in Indian cuisine. In the United States, sesame tahini, along with other raw nut butters, was available by 1940 in health food stores. Tahini is made from sesame seeds that are soaked in water 浸水, 泡水 and then crushed 压碎 to separate the bran from the kernels. The crushed seeds are soaked in salt water, causing the bran to sink沉降, 沉底. The floating kernels are skimmed off 撇出 the surface, toasted, and ground to produce an oily paste. Because of tahini's high oil content, many manufacturers recommend refrigeration to prevent spoilage. This is particularly true among makers of raw, organic tahini, who will often prepare their tahini at low temperatures and ship and store it in refrigerated cases to maximize quality and shelf life. 蘸料: A dip or dipping sauce is a common condiment for many types of food. Dips are used to add flavor or texture to a food, such as pita bread, dumplings, crackers, cut-up切丁的 raw vegetables, seafood, cubed pieces of meat and cheese, potato chips, tortilla chips, and falafel. Unlike other sauces, instead of applying the sauce to the food, the food is typically put, dipped, or added into the dipping sauce (hence the name). Dips are commonly used for finger foods, appetizers, and other easily held foods. Thick dips based on sour cream, crème fraiche, milk, yogurt, mayonnaise, soft cheese, or beans are a staple of American hors d'oeuvres and are thinner than spreads which can be thinned to make dips. Alton Brown suggests that a dip is defined based on its ability to "maintain contact with its transport mechanism over three feet of white carpet". Dip is a very widespread food. Forms of dip are eaten all over the world. 表示稀释的词: dilute(thin也可以用作动词) I. To make thinner or less concentrated by adding a liquid such as water. II. To lessen the force, strength, purity, or brilliance of, especially by admixture. III. To decrease the value of (shares of stock) by increasing the total number of shares. 淡化, 轻描淡写. 弱化 He diluted his story. water something down I. 稀释. to dilute something. Who watered the orange juice down? Jim watered down the orange juice. II. 好好浇灌. 好好冲洗. 好好冲刷. 刷洗. to water something thoroughly. Will you water the lawn down tonight? Water down the lawn this evening so it will grow tomorrow. III. Fig. to reduce the effectiveness or force of something. Please don't water my declaration down. The new laws watered down the power of the president.
Lasagne(单数是lasagna) 千层面 ([ləˈzænjə] or [ləˈzɑ:njə] or [ləˈsɑːnjə]) is a wide, flat pasta shape and possibly one of the oldest. As with most other types of pasta, the word is a plural form, lasagne meaning more than one piece of lasagna ribbon. The word also refers to a dish made with this type of pasta in several layers interspersed with layers of various ingredients and sauces( intersperse I. To distribute among other things at intervals: interspersed red and blue tiles on the walls; intersperse praise with constructive criticism. II. To supply or diversify with things distributed at intervals: interspersed lamp fixtures on the large ceiling; a newspaper section that was interspersed with advertisements. drivel ['drivəl] I. to allow (saliva) to flow from the mouth; dribble. To slobber; drool. To flow like spittle or saliva. II. (intr) to speak foolishly or childishly. To talk stupidly or childishly. n. foolish or senseless talk. sprinkle ['spriŋkəl] vb. I. 撒. 洒. to scatter (liquid, powder, etc.) in
tiny particles or droplets over (something). sprinkling water on the
flowers. sprinkled sugar on the cereal. II. 点缀. (tr) to distribute over
(something). To intersperse with something as if by scattering:
sprinkled his speech with quotations. the field was sprinkled with
flowers. to sprinkle a lawn. III. (intr) to drizzle slightly. sprinkle someone or something with something. to
lightly cover someone or something with something by scattering or
sprinkling. The storm sprinkled us with a few droplets of water and then
blew over. Larry sprinkled his grapefruit with powdered sugar. sprinkle something on(to) someone to
scatter or dribble( 运球, 细流, 滴下. 流口水) something onto someone or something. The minister
sprinkled the water onto the baby. The cook sprinkled on a dusting of
powdered sugar. sprinkler 喷水装置. 浇花园的喷水器: a device perforated with small holes that is attached to a garden hose or watering can and used to spray plants, lawns, etc., with water. sprinkler system 自动喷水灭火装置 n. A fire-extinguishing system consisting of a network of overhead pipes that release water automatically when a predetermined temperature has been reached. ), typically including ricotta cheese, tomato sauce, meat (e.g., ground beef or pork), and in some cases, spinach, that is then baked in the oven. Lasagne is typically flavoured with wine, garlic, onion, and oregano. Traditionally, the dough was prepared in Southern Italy with semolina and water and in the northern regions, where semolina was not available, with flour and eggs. Today in Italy, since the only type of wheat allowed for commercially sold pasta is durum wheat, commercial lasagne noodles are made of semolina (from durum wheat).
奶酪火锅: Fondue ( ['fondju:]) is a Swiss, French, and Italian dish of melted cheese served in a communal共有的, 公共的, 共享的 pot (caquelon) over a portable stove (réchaud), and eaten by dipping long-stemmed forks with bread into the cheese. It was promoted as a Swiss national dish by the Swiss Cheese Union in the 1930s but its origins stem from an area that covers Switzerland, France (Rhone Alps) and Italy (Piedmont and Aosta valley). Since the 1950s, the name "fondue" has been generalized to other dishes in which a food is dipped into a communal pot of hot liquid: chocolate fondue, in which pieces of fruit are dipped into a melted chocolate mixture, and fondue bourguignonne, in which pieces of meat are cooked in hot oil. Cheese fondue consists of a blend of cheeses, wine and seasoning. To prepare the caquelon锅 it is first rubbed with a cut garlic clove. White wine, cheese, and often kirsch( kirsch [kiəʃ]. A kirschwasser (['kiərʃvɑ:sər]) or kirsch is a clear, colorless fruit brandy(葡萄酒以外的水果酒, 见下边) traditionally made from double distillation of morello cherries, a dark-colored cultivar of the sour cherry. However, it is now also made from other kinds of cherries. The cherries are fermented complete (that is, including their stones). Unlike cherry liqueurs and so-called "cherry brandies", kirschwasser is not sweet. The best kirschwassers have a refined taste with subtle flavors 轻微的味道 of cherry and a slight bitter-almond taste that derives from the stones. Kirsch is sometimes used in Swiss fondue and in some cakes. It is also commonly used in the dessert cherries jubilee. Kirsch can also be used in the filling of chocolates. A typical kirsch chocolate consists of no more than one milliliter of kirsch, surrounded by milk or (more usually) dark chocolate with a film of hard sugar between the two parts. The hard sugar acts as an impermeable casing for the liquid content and also compensates for the lack of sweetness that is typical of kirsch. ) are added and stirred until melted. A small amount of cornstarch淀粉 or other starch is added to prevent separation. The mixture汤料, 混合汤料 is stirred continuously as it heats in the caquelon. When it is ready, diners dip cubes of bread speared on a fondue fork into the mixture. A cheese fondue mixture should be kept warm enough to keep the fondue smooth and liquid but not so hot that it burns. If this temperature is held until the fondue is finished there will be a thin crust of toasted (not burnt) cheese at the bottom of the caquelon. This is called la religieuse (French for the nun). It has the texture of a cracker and is almost always lifted out and eaten. Refrigerated fondue blends 汤料, 速冻汤料(stock) are sold in most Swiss supermarkets and need little more than melting in the caquelon. Individual portions 单人份的 heatable可以加热的 in a microwave oven are also sold. Fondue chinoise is a common French name for Hot pot, where meat and vegetables are cooked in a shared pot of broth( 锅底. 肉汤, 鱼汤, 原汁清汤等, 汤料. stock. ). Various sauces are provided on the side. Uniquely the meal is finished off when all the diners have finished cooking their ingredients by sharing out the broth分享汤底, 分食汤底, which now contains an amalgam of all of the flavors from the earlier ingredients. A tradition says that if a man loses his bread in the pot, he buys drinks all around( drink all around打一圈, 为大家买 ), and if a woman does, she must kiss her neighbors. Most writers recommend that each morsel be put in the pot only once (no double-dipping) and that the dipping fork be used only to transport the food from the pot to one's plate, not to eat. The choice of beverage to drink with fondue is specified in several conflicting traditions; some demand that white wine should be drunk, while others specify black tea as the beverage of choice. Some people drink a shot of spirits during or after the meal. However, a study published in 2010 showed that none of these beverages caused indigestion after eating fondue.
Fruit brandies are distilled from fruits other than grapes. Apples, peaches, apricots, plums, cherries, elderberries, raspberries, and blackberries are the most commonly used fruits. Fruit brandy usually contains 40% to 45% ABV (80 to 90 US proof). It is often colourless. Fruit brandy is customarily drunk chilled or over ice, but is occasionally mixed. For example, blackberry brandy and Coca-Cola are mixed to make a popular New England drink called "the blackbird". Apple cider vinegar, otherwise known as cider vinegar or ACV, is a type of vinegar made from cider or apple must and has a pale to medium amber琥珀色 color. Unpasteurized or organic ACV contains mother of vinegar, which has a cobweb-like appearance and can make the vinegar look slightly congealed. Vinegar (and other acidic liquids) have long been proposed as agents to enable weight loss, one proposed mechanism is that it prolongs the sensation of satiety after eating(satiety [sə'taiəti] 满足感, 饱感. The condition of being full or gratified beyond the point of satisfaction; surfeit. the state of being satiated. 饱了: I am satisfied, I am full, I had enough..). Cider or cyder (['saidər]) is a fermented alcoholic beverage made from fruit juice, most commonly and traditionally apple juice, but also the juice of peaches or other fruit. Cider varies in alcohol content from 2% ABV to 8.5% or more in traditional English ciders. In some regions, such as Germany and United States, cider may be called "apple wine". Must (from the Latin vinum mustum, "young wine") is freshly pressed fruit juice (usually grape juice) that contains the skins, seeds, and stems of the fruit. The solid portion of the must is called pomace; it typically makes up 7%–23% of the total weight of the must. Making must is the first step in winemaking. Because of its high glucose content, typically between 10 and 15%, must is also used as a sweetener in a variety of cuisines. Unlike commercially sold grape juice, which is filtered and pasteurized, must is thick with particulate matter, opaque, and comes in various shades of brown and/or purple. Apple cider (also called sweet cider or soft cider) is the name used in the United States and parts of Canada for an unfiltered, unsweetened, non-alcoholic beverage made from apples. Apple cider is easy and inexpensive to produce. It may be opaque due to fine apple particles in suspension and may be tangier ( tangy ['tæŋi] 味道浓烈的, 味道辛辣的. having a pungent, fresh, or briny flavour or aroma. a tangy sea breeze. ) than conventional filtered apple juice, depending on the apples used. pungent ['pʌndʒənt] I. 气味浓烈的. Affecting the organs of taste or smell with a sharp acrid sensation. II. a. Penetrating, biting, or caustic: pungent satire. b. To the point; sharp: pungent talks during which the major issues were confronted. III. Pointed: a pungent leaf. repugnant [ri'pʌgnənt] adj I. 让人恶心的.. 让人不舒服的. repellent to the senses; causing aversion. II. distasteful; offensive; disgusting. III. contradictory; inconsistent or incompatible. morally repugnant behavior.
