用法学习: 1. grouse adj. Austral and NZ slang excellent. Word heard mostly in Australia's 2nd largest city, Melbourne meaning something wonderful, amazing. "Kangaroos are grouse, mate!". gee whiz An interjection or exclamation of surprise. Used to express mild surprise, amazement, or enthusiasm. This little term derived in the USA as a euphemistic shorthand for
Jesus; in other words it is a minced oath. That original meaning is
largely forgotten by those who use it now, who are in any account fewer
than before, as it is now sounds rather old-fashioned. The further
shortening of simple gee is still widely used in the USA, although
neither version was ever common elsewhere. "Gee-wees!...I'll bet one hundred dollars on that hand!". holy moly: an expression of surprise, shock, awe, or of being impressed. If
you were looking for 50 cents in the couch, and you found 10 dollars,
you could exclaim "Holy moly! I didn't think I would find that much
money in there!" A term often used instead of and meaning "holy shit"
either by a young person in front of there parents to avoid getting an
ass whooping or by a young person in front of peers as a term of
surprise, shock. "Holy moly did you see the speed of that car?". 2. porn = porno. real kidder someone who makes jokes. Someone who lies to themself, especially about popularity or intelligence. You are such a kidder, you make me laugh hysterically! That dude is such a kidder. gosh. Oh my gosh. dosh A contempory slang term used for an amount of money. Currency, money, cash, moola. Man, u wanna catch that new movie? Nah, Im outta Dosh! Want to grab a beer? Can't man, got no dosh. "In like Flynn/flint" is a slang phrase meaning "having achieved a goal or gained access as desired". In addition to its general use, the phrase is sometimes used to describe success in sexual seduction, and its folk etymology often asserts the phrase has sexual origins. 3. shoot the breeze (idiomatic, US) To chat idly or generally waste time talking. We were just standing around shooting the breeze. chew the cud (idiomatic, of a person) to meditate or ponder before answering; to be deep in thought; to ruminate. chew the fat (idiomatic) To chat idly or generally waste time talking. We're not supposed to waste time chewing the fat with the customers. rabbit I. To talk incessantly and in a childish manner; to babble annoyingly. Stop your infernal rabbiting! Use proper words or nobody will listen to you! Commonly used in the form "to rabbit on". II. 长跑, 赛跑中的干扰战术者. A runner in a distance race whose goal is mainly to set the pace,
either to tire a specific rival so that a teammate can win or to help
another break a record; a pacesetter. 3. A chest of drawers衣橱, 五屉橱(美国叫bureau, 衣柜叫wardrobe, closet. lowboy, highboy是旧时的table类的带抽屉的衣橱, 一个高点, 一个低点. 梳妆台也可叫vanity, dresser. ), also called (especially in North American English) a bureau, is a piece of furniture that has multiple parallel, horizontal drawers stacked one above another. A chifforobe(衣柜加衣橱结合在一起的)(from chiffonier + wardrobe) is a combination of a wardrobe and a chest of drawers. A dresser(dresser 梳妆台 比如IKEA的解说: Extra roomy drawers. Smooth running drawers with pull-out stop.) is a piece of furniture that is usually waist high, has drawers and normally room for a mirror so that a person could "dress" in front of it. It should not be confused with a chest of drawers. Chests of drawers have traditionally been made and used for storing clothing, especially underwear, socks, and other items not normally hung in or otherwise stored in a closet. They are usually placed in a bedroom for this purpose, but can actually be used to store anything that will fit inside and can be placed anywhere in a house or another place. Various personal sundry items (sundry ['sʌndri] 各种各样的 Various; miscellaneous: a purse containing keys, wallet, and sundry items. all and sundry all the various people, individually and collectively. everyone; one and all. Cold drinks were served to all and sundry. ) are also often stored in a chest of drawers. It has a long history as one of the stand-bys of a carpenter's workshop. A typical chest is approximately rectangular in overall shape and often has short legs at the bottom corners for placement on the floor. Most chests of drawers fall into one of two types: those which are about waist-high or bench-high and those (usually with more drawers) which are about shoulder-high. Both types typically have a flat surface on top. Waist-high chests often have a mirror placed vertically on top, which is often bought with the piece. While a user is getting dressed or otherwise preparing their grooming, he or she can look at themselves in the mirror to check their appearance. Some users may keep lamps for lighting on top of either kind of dresser, and decorative items or photos are sometimes added for appearance. A lowboy is an American collectors term for a dressing table, or vanity. It is a small table with one or two rows of drawers, so called in contradistinction to the tallboy or highboy chest of drawers. The lowboy was most frequently used as a dressing-table, but sometimes as a side-table. Another term for a dressing table equipped with mirrors is vanity(自负, 自大) and is used to applying makeup or fashion accessories. 4. back-office the administrative and support staff of a financial institution or other business. back-office operations. wiki: A back office is a part of most corporations大多数公司的一部分 where tasks dedicated to running the company itself take place. The term "back office" comes from the building layout布局, 建筑格局 of early companies where the front office would contain the sales and other customer-facing staff面向客户的 and the back office would be those manufacturing or developing the products or involved in administration but without being seen by customers. Although the operations of a back office are seldom prominent, they are a major contributor to a business. Back offices may be located somewhere other than company headquarters. Many are in areas and countries with cheaper rent and lower labor costs. Some office parks such as MetroTech Center provide back offices for tenants whose front offices are in more expensive neighborhoods. Back office functions can be outsourced外包 to consultants and contractors, including ones in other countries. 5. gear I. 器具. 装备. 器械. Equipment, such as tools or clothing, used for a particular activity: fishing gear. II. a. Informal Clothing and accessories.up-to-date clothes and accessories, esp those bought by young people: the latest gear for teenagers. b. Personal belongings, including clothing: keeps her gear in a trunk. 用例: US Military Scrapping 废弃, 抛弃 Billions Worth of Gear(装备) in Afghanistan. We have 25 staff now, about four and a half million dollars' worth of gear. 6. 导航软件公司的描述: We do things like small roads, subdivisions, supplying storm water drainage systems. We do all the kerbs and gutters, asphalts [‘æsfælt]沥青. Our industry is very competitive. It comes down to分胜负, 最后归结于 1 or 2 per cent margin difference. On a million dollar job, it may be 1% - it wins or loses you the job. If we can fine-tune every area that we're quarrying [kwori]采石, then we can be a lot more competitive in the industry. Our customers have challenges around ensuring their drivers are safe, compliant requirement with speeding and sort of you know managing their driver fatigue, but also the rising cost of fuel and carbon emissions means that it's a really complicated environment to be in. Navman wireless is part of the mobility partner program. We've got container management, asset tracking, our loan worker, field services – so we're quite involved in the space. We know that your organisation is unique, so you can customise the Navman Wireless GPS Fleet Management and Tracking solution taking the guess work out of knowing the location of your vehicles, job dispatching工单下派 and job scheduling by having real-time intelligence. Have full visibility of your resources with near real-time information, allowing staff to redirect or dispatch指派 the closest driver to service jobs or deliveries. Monitor individual performance on a daily, weekly or monthly basis. Dispatch messages下发消息 to one or all members of a fleet in a single click. Simplify communication in one simple operation. Improve allocation工作分派, 分配 of planned and reactive jobs. Improve reaction time with the ability to dispatch the nearest vehicle to a job. Reduce misunderstandings caused by human error人为错误. Reduce fuel and maintenance costs through reducing unnecessary mileage跑冤枉路 and vehicle wear and tear. Provide accurate delivery/arrival times to customers or proactively inform提前通知 them of delays. Provide proof of delivery or service. Quickly resolve billing disputes with verifiable可验证的 GPS reports. 7. cash grab 捞钱的东西(power grab, land grab). A new cash grab on visas was also revealed with the government to rake $542.5 million from increased application charges. Nintendo already has another portable system in the works, set for release by March 2011, and most portable game makers have transitioned to the iPhone and Droid platforms, revealing the XL as a cash-grab product with no guaranteed, long-term support. This whole movie is a cash-grab action movie, so it shouldn't surprise anyone that they're trying to trick un-informed customers into paying $5 more. This movie won't win any oscars, no need to scrutinize it like we have high expectations. 8. pester 使烦恼; 缠住不放, 纠缠不休, 烦忧, 吵闹不休. trouble or annoy (someone) with frequent or persistent requests or interruptions: She constantly pestered him with telephone calls. Don't pester me while I'm busy! The little girl pestered the travellers for money. Be pestered with midges不胜其烦. We were pestered with flies. SYNONYM: annoy, badger, bait, besiege, bother, harass,harry, hassle, molest, nag,plague, torment, trouble, worry. pester sb. with/for/to do sth. pesterous ['pestərəs] adj 纠缠不休的, 讨厌的. pester power 儿童消费力, 儿童吵着父母亲购买东西的能力. the ability of children to nag adults, especially to influence their parents to make certain purchases. Advertisers encourage the use of pester power, especially at Christmas. Pester power is a child's ability to affect their parents' marketing decisions, often through the use of nagging, or pestering. The ability possessed by a child to nag a parent relentlessly不厌其烦的, 无休无止的 until the parent succumbs and agrees to the child's request. fester ['fɛstə] vb I. (Medicine) to form or cause to form pus. 流脓, 化脓. To become septic; to become rotten. suppurate: I developed a tropical sore that festered badly. Wounds immedicable无药可医的. Rankle, and fester, and gangrene. a festering流脓的 wound. II. (intr) to become rotten; decay. (of food or garbage) become rotten and offensive to the senses: a gully full of garbage that festered in the shade. III. 恶化. 持续发酵, 变坏, 变糟糕. to become or cause to become bitter, irritated, etc., esp over a long period of time. To worsen, especially due to lack of attention. (of a negative feeling or a problem) become worse or more intense, esp. through long-term neglect or indifference: anger which festers and grows in his heart. Deal with the problem immediately; do not let it fester. The desire for revenge festered in her heart. Envy festering the spirit. Resentment festered his imagination. 另一个解释: a. To be or become an increasing source of irritation or poisoning; rankle: bitterness that festered and grew. A dirty wound will probably fester. b. To be subject to or exist in a condition of decline: Jealousy festered his mind. allowed the once beautiful park to fester. IV. (intr) Informal to be idle or inactive. (of a person) undergo physical and mental deterioration in isolated inactivity: I might be festering in jail now. PNG抗议澳政府所谓的PNG soultion难民计划: "Why can't they send in a bulldozer and backhoe(向后挖的那种挖掘机) and get rid of this festering mess," Manus MP Ron Knight told News Corp Australia. "We've never had a black fly plague like this before. Locals burn and bury their rubbish. "This is the fault of a badly run camp." A persistent resentment, a festering sore, and a little snake are all coiled together in the history of the word rankle. rankle ['ræŋkəl] vb. (intr) (使)痛苦不已; (使)怨恨不已, 愤愤不平. 忿忿不平. to cause severe and continuous irritation, anger, or bitterness; fester. To cause irritation or deep bitterness. (of a comment, event, or fact) cause annoyance or resentment that persists: His failure to win still rankles. The insult rankled in his mind使心里难受. The noise that trunks and ambulances made in the street rankles me every day. The casual manner of his dismissal still rankles. Lisa was rankled by his assertion. This would have left a rankling wound in the hearts of the people. if an action rankles or rankles you, it continues to annoy or upset you 愤愤不平, 愤恨不已 for a long time after it has happened. The document has rankled many party members. Obama meeting with Dalai Lama rankles China. in a move that could rankle already tense relations between the U.S. and China. President Barack Obama is hosting the Dalai Lama at the White House over the stern objection 严厉抗议 of China, which warned the meeting would "inflict grave damages" on the U.S. relationship with the Asian powerhouse. wiki: Gangrene['gæŋgri:n] 肌肉坏死, 坏疽(ju)( localized death and decomposition of body tissue, resulting from either obstructed circulation血液循环不通 or bacterial infection细菌感染. The bullet wound gangrened and had to be operated. The wound was not properly disinfected消毒 and gangrene set in.) is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that arises when a considerable mass of body tissue dies (necrosis). This may occur after an injury or infection, or in people suffering from any chronic health problem affecting blood circulation血液流通. The prime cause of gangrene is reduced blood supply to the affected tissues, which results in cell death. Diabetes and long-term smoking increase the risk of suffering from gangrene. backhoe: A backhoe, also called a rear actor or back actor, is a piece of excavating equipment or digger consisting of a digging bucket on the end of a two-part articulated arm. They are typically mounted on the back of a tractor or front loader. The section of the arm closest to the vehicle is known as the boom长臂, and the section which carries the bucket is known as the dipper or dipper-stick (the terms "boom" and "dipper" having been used previously on steam shovels). The boom is attached to the vehicle through a pivot known as the king-post, which allows the arm to slew left and right左右倾斜, usually through a total of around 200 degrees. Modern backhoes are powered by hydraulics. 8. 1 Timothy 6:10 For the love of money is the root of all evil钱是万恶之源: which while some coveted after, they have erred from the faith, and pierced themselves through with many sorrows. NIV: For the love of money is a root of all kinds of evil. Some people, eager for money, have wandered from the faith and pierced themselves with many griefs. favourable adj. I. 赞许的, 赞同的. 持赞同意见的. We found that most people are favourable to the idea. II. 有利的, 顺利的. 优惠的. The company will lend you money on very favourable terms. a favourable wind (= following wind) 顺风. favourable comments好评. She gained a highly favourable impression of the company. His proposals met with反响很好 a broadly favourable response. Conditions are now favourable for skiing现在的天气条件正适合滑雪. The court's judgement was favourable to their client.法庭判决对他们的当事人有利. a favo(u)rable situation有利的形势, a favo(u)rable balance of trade贸易顺差, a favo(u)rable opportunity 好机会, a favo(u)rable wind 顺风, be favo(u)rable to a plan 赞成计划, a favo(u)rable answer 满意的回答, make a favo(u)rable impression on sb. 给某人以好的印象. favo(u)rable climate for growing apples. The publication of my first book was an auspicious有吉兆的 beginning of my career. The company will lend you money on very unfavourable terms. 10. A subcontractor is a person who is hired by a general contractor (or prime contractor, or main contractor主承包商) to perform a specific task as part of the overall project and is normally paid for services provided to the project by the originating general contractor. Sub-contractors are appointed by main contractors to carry out part of the works on their behalf. As construction has become more complicated and more specialist construction techniques have been developed, it has become increasingly common 越来越普遍, 越来越常见 for contractors to sub-contract others rather than employing a large workforce themselves. The use of sub-contractors enables the main contractor to undertake more complex projects whilst not unacceptably increasing their risk, however, concerns have been expressed about the prevalence 太普遍, 普及性 of sub-contractors because of a perception that the main contractor has less control over the skills and training of sub-contractor employees and so there may be a negative impact on quality and health and safety on site. A nominated sub-contractor指定供货商 is is one that is selected by the client to carry out an element of the works. Nominated sub-contractors are imposed upon the main contractor after the main contractor has been appointed. The mechanism for nominating is an instruction in relation to a prime cost sum to which a main contractor is entitled to add its mark up and attendance costs. It allows the client to have direct separate negotiations with major suppliers of goods or services and feed their appointment and design input into the contract after works by the main contractor have commenced. Domestic subcontractor: A subcontractor who contracts with the main contractor to supply or fix any materials or goods or execute work forming part of the main contract. Essentially this contractor is employed by the main contractor. Named subcontractors: Effectively the same as a domestic subcontractor - A subcontractor who contracts with the main contractor to supply or fix any materials or goods or execute work forming part of the main contract. Essentially this contractor is employed by the main contractor. 11.bugger all = fuck all: little or nothing at all. Nothing. Nothing at all or very little. "I asked for a raise and they gave me bugger-all"; Our action will achieve sweet fuck all. You may not like paying taxes, but there's bugger all you can do about it. I'm dead tired累死了, 累惨了(US) = I'm buggered(AU)/knackered(UK). "I'll be buggered" is an expression of disbelief.
Who invented swag( swagger v. I. To walk with a swaying motion; hence, to walk and act in a pompous, consequential manner. II. To boast or brag noisily; to be ostentatiously proud or vainglorious; to bluster; to bully. n. I. confidence, pride. II. A bold, or arrogant strut. III. A prideful boasting or bragging. swaggeringly 有气势的, 有气场的 In a swaggering way. urbandic: someone's appearance, style and the way someone presents him/herself. How one presents him or her self to the world. Swagger is shown from how the person handles a situation. It can also be shown in the person's walk. Ryan: "Denzel Washington has swagger in all his movie rolls". Phil: "You can't forget about Al Pacino! He had swagger all over in Scarface!!!"): In Justin Bieber's new single "Boyfriend" he brags that he's gonna "swag, swag, swag on you." This is just the latest high-profile appearance of the hip-hop slang term—which, as you may remember, Jay-Z has claimed credit for. Probably. As when we looked into Jay's bizarre boast that he could plank on a million dollars, Jay's facts seem to check out ( check out I. to pay what you owe for having stayed at a hotel. The Gardners checked out early this morning and left for Europe. II. 符合. 相符. 吻合. 一致. 说得一样. to seem to be true or in agreement with other facts. [for someone or something] to prove to be correctly represented. Everything you told me checks out with what other witnesses said. Her statement checks out with most of the reports from other people who saw the accident. check out somebody/something 查看, 检查 to discover the facts about someone or something. Not one of the places I checked out seemed right for the wedding. We checked out his story, and his boss says he really was at work that day. Usage notes: often used in the phrase check it out: She said it was a good movie so we thought we'd check it out ourselves. check up (on someone or something) to determine the state of someone or something. to try to discover what someone is doing, esp. secretly. I think he stops by my office to check up on me, to make sure I'm actually working. Please don't check up on me. I can be trusted. I see no need to check up. A fact checker核实的人, 事实核准的人 is the person who checks factual assertions in non-fictional text, usually intended for publication in a periodical, to determine their veracity and correctness. The job requires general knowledge and the ability to conduct quick and accurate research. The resources and time needed for fact-checking means that this work is not done at most newspapers, where reporters' timely ability to correct and verify 核实their own data and information is chief among their qualifications. Publications issued on weekly, monthly, or infrequent bases are more likely to employ fact-checkers. Fact-checking, known as "research" at many publications, is most critical for those publishing material written by authors who are not trained reporters — such writers being more likely to make professional, ethical, or mere factual mistakes. Fact-checking methods vary; some publications have neither the staff nor the budget needed for verifying every claim in a given article. Others will attempt just that, going so far as最对也不过是 communicating with the authors' sources to review the content of quotations.). While he was not the first rapper to brag about his "swagger"—as he seems to imply when he samples his "I guess I got my swagger back" line from The Blueprint (2001)—he does appear to have originated "swag." The first usage第一次使用 of "swag" we could find among thousands of different tracks came not on The Blueprint but two years later on The Black Album. Of course swagger has been used as a noun to mean "braggadocio( braggadocio 吹嘘, 吹牛皮, 吹大话. [,brægə'dəuʃi,əu] n. I. vain empty boasting. II. a person who boasts; braggart. Braggadocio is a type of rapping where the MC is "bragging and boasting" and can include subjects such as physicality, fighting ability, financial wealth, sexual prowess, or coolness. It is often heavily used in battle rapping, and braggadocio lyrics can range from simply stating how skillful one is to employing complex literary techniques. MCs such as Murs, Guerilla Black, and Esoteric also suggest reasons in How to Rap for why braggadocio is so common in rapping, ranging from competitiveness in the old school hip-hop ethic, to the struggles of "young, black males in America". MCs also feel that braggadocio is an important aspect of hip-hop and rapping and that it can also be mixed with other topics to good effect. Rap's braggadocio—unlike other bragging by young men about sex, wealth, and physical strength—can also be about the rapper's artistic or poetic ability.)" since long before Hov, and ""it has been a term of art( A term whose use or meaning is specific to a particular field of endeavor. ) in rap since at least the early '90s. Sadat X of Brand Nubian used the word on "Slow Down" from One for All (1990)—albeit referring, more traditionally, to a strut—and later described a "kid with mouth swagger" on the hit "Punks Jump Up to Get Beat Down" from In God We Trust (1993). Jay-Z started bringing the "swag" in 2003, but it wasn't until 2007 that the word started to catch on (with sb.)开始风靡起来, 开始流行起来. Up-and-comer Soulja Boy, just 17 at the time, was the first rapper to really fall for swag. Swag really caught fire火起来, 大火 in 2008. That year T.I. and (once again) Jay-Z released the monster hit "Swagga Like Us," based on a sample from M.I.A.'s "Paper Planes" ("no one on the corner has swagger like us") from 2007. The song featured not just Jay-Z but Lil Wayne and T.I. bragging about "swag." The following year, Soulja Boy had a hit with "Turn My Swag On," a phrase that soon caught on with everyone from Gucci Mane to Willow Smith (who swagger-jacked the phrase—or perhaps just it used as an homage—in "Whip My Hair"). Between 2010 and 2011, "swag" became a major hip-hop phenomenon. Weirdo rapper Lil B, who is also the originator of the Based God meme, became heavily associated with the term through tracks like "Wonton Soup." (Lil B may also be responsible for bringing "swag" to Justin Bieber—the two have expressed their mutual admiration互相仰慕, 互相欣赏, 互相钦佩.) Meanwhile Young Jeezy sampled(sample To reuse a portion of (an existing sound recording) in a new song.) Soulja Boy's "Pretty Boy Swag" on "Dope Boy Swag," and new group Cali Swag District made it big with "Teach Me How to Dougie." All Things Considered called swag "Hip-Hop's Word of the Year" in 2011, and in an article about Odd Future The New Yorker noted that swag had become "a noun, an adjective, a verb, and an all-purpose expression of agreement or endorsement." Journalists and music fans have been proclaiming正式宣布 the death of swagger for at least a couple years, usually whenever an article tries to explain the concept to a broader audience, but the word seems to be as prominent as ever. Does Jay-Z know that he offered the wrong "proof" in "Otis"? Surprisingly, the answer to that question is also yes. While searching for any earlier "swag" that might predate Jay-Z's, we heard of a bet the man himself made with Josh Eells, a contributing editor for Rolling Stone. Eells told us the story in an email: We were standing around a parking lot on a break during a video shoot. There were a couple of Porsches parked nearby. Jay was smoking a Cuban cigar. He started talking about how one of the songs on The Blueprint was the first time "swagger" was ever used in a hip-hop track. "I'm a hip-hop historian," he said. "It's a fact. It was the one that goes, 'My bucket is fitting incredible. Nike Airs check. Do-do-do...whatever those words were. I guess I got my swagger back.' With that line, 'swagger' was born in hip-hop. I challenge you to find one before that." I asked him what he'd give me if I found one. "One of those," he said, pointing to a Porsche. "Or one of these," he said, taking the Cuban out of his mouth. "You pick." I went home and did some digging 搜索了一番, 调查了一下, 研究了一番, and found that Brand Nubian song ["Slow Down"]. We were on the phone about a week later, and I asked him if he remembered the song. "Uh-huh..." he said. I quoted the line to him. "Oh shit!" he said. "Hahaha. You got me. Thank you. I won't be saying that to anyone else." Four months later, "Otis" came out.
软件开发中的需求: In product development and process optimization, a requirement is a singular documented physical and functional need that a particular design, product or process must be able to perform可实现的. It is most commonly used in a formal sense in systems engineering, software engineering, or enterprise engineering. It is a statement that identifies a necessary attribute, capability, characteristic, or quality of a system for it to have value and utility 有价值, 有可用性 to a customer, organisation, internal user, or other stakeholder利益攸关方. A specification (often abbreviated as spec) may refer to an explicit set of requirements to be satisfied by a material, design, product, or service. In the classical engineering approach, sets of requirements are used as inputs into the design stages of product development. Requirements are also an important input into the verification产品验证, 需求验证 process, since tests should trace back to specific requirements. Requirements show what elements and functions are necessary for the particular project. This is reflected in the waterfall model of the software life-cycle. However, when iterative methods of software development or agile methods are used, the system requirements are incrementally developed in parallel with design and implementation. Business requirements： High-level statements of the goals, objectives, or needs of an organisation. They usually describe opportunities that an organisation wants to be realised or problems that they want to be solved. Often stated in a business case. User (stakeholder) requirements用户需求: Mid-level statements of the needs of a particular stakeholder or group of stakeholders. They usually describe how someone wants to interact with the intended solution. Often acting as a mid-point中间点 between the high-level business requirements and more detailed solution requirements. Functional (solution) requirements功能需求: Usually detailed statements of the behaviour and information that the solution will need. Examples include formatting text, calculating a number, modulating a signal. They are also known as capabilities. Quality-of-service服务质量 (non-functional) requirements: Usually detailed statements of the conditions under which the solution must remain effective, qualities that the solution must have, or constraints限制条件 within which it must operate. Examples include: Reliability, Testability, maintainability, Availability. They are also known as characteristics, constraints or the 'ilities'. Implementation (transition) requirements: Usually detailed statements of capabilities or behaviour required only to enable transition from the current state of the enterprise to the desired future state, but that will thereafter no longer be required. Examples include: recruitment, role changes, education, migration of data from one system to another. All requirements should be verifiable. The most common method is by test. If this is not the case, another verification method should be used instead (e.g. analysis, demonstration or inspection or review of design). Certain requirements, by their very structure, are not verifiable. These include requirements that say the system must never or always exhibit a particular property. Proper testing of these requirements would require an infinite testing cycle. Such requirements must be rewritten to be verifiable. As stated above all requirements must be verifiable. Non-functional requirements, which are unverifiable at the software level, must still be kept as a documentation of customer intent客户意图. However, they may be traced to process requirements that are determined to be a practical way of meeting them. For example, a non-functional requirement to be free from backdoors may be satisfied by replacing it with a process requirement to use pair programming. Other non-functional requirements will trace to other system components and be verified at that level. For example system reliability is often verified by analysis at the system level. Requirements analysis需求分析 or requirements engineering is the set of activities that lead to the derivation of the system or software requirements. Requirements engineering may involve a feasibility study or a conceptual analysis phase of the project and requirements elicitation(诱发, 启发, 引导, 诱导)(stimulation that calls up (draws forth) a particular class of behaviors; "the elicitation of his testimony was not easy") (gathering, understanding, reviewing, and articulating the needs of the stakeholders) and requirements analysis, analysis (checking for consistency and completeness), specification (documenting the requirements) and validation (making sure the specified requirements are correct). Requirements are prone to issues 容易出现问题 of ambiguity, incompleteness不完整, 不完善, and inconsistency不一致, 不连贯. Techniques such as rigorous inspection严格审查 have been shown to help deal with these issues. Ambiguities, incompleteness, and inconsistencies that can be resolved in the requirements phase typically cost orders of magnitude ( 数量级. 不同数量级的. An order of magnitude is the class of scale or magnitude of any amount, where each class contains values of a fixed ratio to the class preceding it. In its most common usage, the amount being scaled is 10 and the scale is the (base 10) exponent being applied to this amount (therefore, to be an order of magnitude greater is to be 10 times as large). Such differences in order of magnitude can be measured on the logarithmic scale in "decades" (i.e. factors of ten). The order of magnitude of a physical quantity is its magnitude in powers of ten when that physical quantity is expressed in powers of ten with one digit to the left of decimal.) less to correct than when these same issues are found in later stages of product development. Requirements analysis strives to致力于 address these issues( strive after something to try very hard to obtain something. I am always striving after perfection. Ted was striving after a promotion and finally got it. strive against something to work against something. He worked hard, striving against failure at every turn. Things were difficult. I had to strive against quitting almost every day. strive for something to try to obtain or bring about something. I am striving for the best possible result. Mary strives for perfection in everything she does. strive to do something to try hard to do something. She strove very hard to do what she had set out to do. Please strive to do it as best you can. strive toward something to work toward a goal. DI always strive toward perfection. Mary strove toward doing her best at all times. ). There is an engineering trade off to consider between requirements which are too vague, and those which are so detailed that they take a long time to produce - sometimes to the point of being obsolete once completed完成也过时了; limit the implementation options available; are costly to produce. Agile approaches evolved as a way of overcoming these problems, by baselining基线 requirements at a high-level, and elaborating detail on a just-in-time or last responsible moment最后一刻 basis. In requirements engineering, requirements elicitation需求调查, 需求调研 is the practice of collecting the requirements of a system from users, customers and other stakeholders. The practice is also sometimes referred to as requirements gathering. The term elicitation is used in books and research to raise the fact that good requirements can not just be collected from the customer, as would be indicated by the name requirements gathering. Requirements elicitation is non-trivial不是小事的( I. Not trivial; of some importance. (computing) Needing significant computing power to solve; intractable. II. Mathematics Of, relating to, or being an expression in which at least one variable is not equal to zero. Non-Trivial is sometimes used by engineers / scientist to describe the extremely difficult problems that they are faced with. Some Non-Trivial problems. wiki: Nontrivial is the opposite of trivial. In contexts where trivial has a formal meaning, nontrivial is its antonym. It is a term common among communities of engineers and mathematicians, to indicate a statement or theorem that is not obvious or easy to prove.) because you can never be sure you get all requirements from the user and customer by just asking them what the system should do. Requirements elicitation practices include interviews, questionnaires, user observation, workshops, brainstorming, use cases, role playing and prototyping. Before requirements can be analyzed, modeled, or specified they must be gathered through an elicitation process. Requirements elicitation is a part of the requirements engineering process, usually followed by analysis and specification of the requirements. Commonly used elicitation processes are the stakeholder meetings or interviews. For example, an important first meeting could be between software engineers and customers where they discuss their perspective of the requirements.
