用法学习: 1. osteoporosis [ˌostɪəupəˈrəusɪs] 骨质疏松症(osteo- 骨. pore- hole) a medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D. where there's smoke, there's fire 事出必有因, 不是空穴来风, 无风不起浪. (Britain, US, Australia, Canada, New Zealand) If there is telltale evidence of some event, the event is probably occurring. if it looks like something is wrong, something probably is wrong People like to think where there's smoke, there's fire, so they will always believe you were involved even if you weren't. no smoke without fire Gossip or accusations are often substantiated by fact. where there's a will there's a way 总会有办法的, 有志者事竟成. 2. 女单汉: She experienced the ultimate heartbreak last year when Blake Garvey suddenly dumped her after a televised proposal on The Bachelor. And while Sam Frost has mustered the courage to put herself out there to find love once again on The Bachelorette, it seems she may be in for more undesired rejection 拒绝 and heartbreak. According to NW magazine, the 26-year-old brunette is left feeling shattered 心碎了 when one of her favourite men on the Channel Ten reality show walks away from the set(walks out on her), and a chance of spending a future with Sam. 'She didn't see it coming and it knocked her so badly we had to stop filming for days,' a source told the publication. 'It felt like Blake all over again.' The source says the gent wasn't happy with Sam kissing other men, and unwilling to do all the chasing. While the other contestants tried to convince him that the romantic moves need to be mutual, it seems he had already had enough. 'There was a stalemate between them and he left,' the source revealed, adding, Sam 'was left gutted... Absolutely heartbroken'. While the insider hasn't divulged 透露 which contestant makes the dramatic exit from the show, they've hinted it's one of Sam's favourites who she was keen to pursue. Sparks have certainly flown between 火花四溅 Sam and Sasha, with the 30-year-old construction manager making Sam extremely shy and tongue-tied 舌头打结 during their first meeting. He impressed the Melbourne beauty from the word go ( = from the get-go 从一开始 From the very beginning; from the outset; immediately upon starting. I watched him closely from the word go because I did not trust him. ) as he crafted 手工制作 a red rose from a piece of paper outside the Bachelorette mansion. The ice-breaker seemed to work, and Sam couldn't hide her delight for the tradie, who calls NSW home. 'Thank you so much,' she blushed, before later adding: 'I'm actually nervous.' 'Now we're talking,' she told the camera crew lurking in the bushes as Sasha walks away. Professional footballer Michael sits casually in a chair as he affectionately 溺爱的 pats the head 拍拍脑袋 of an American Cocker Spaniel dog showing off the results of his very physically demanding career. The goal keeper then goes on to reveal he is interested in grabbing Sam's attention, saying: 'I want Sam to see me for who I am.' The clip then continues to show a steamy clinch between Sam and front runner Sasha Mielczarek as they get close during a steamy tango performance on what appears to be a single date.
建筑结构: 1. A pergola, hot tub and 12-seater cinema will also be installed in a converted greenhouse on the site of the Grade II listed property, while builders are also erecting 10 CCTV cameras along the mansion's perimeter. Each new camera will be housed in a protective vandal-resistant dome ( Vandal resistant switches (also referred to as vandal proof switches) are electrical switches designed to be installed in a location (or device) and application where they may be subject to vandalism, as in the case of pedestrian crossing switches. ) and could be tilted or panned to face in any direction, allowing the celebrity couple to keep watch all around their property. New boundary fencing is also being added around the riverside estate while new solid gates are being fitted for added privacy and security. Eye and Dunsden Parish Council initially objected to the camera plans, claiming they would represent a 'potential infringement of the privacy of neighbouring properties.' The council also suggested that the poles would be a 'visual intrusion' into the village's conservation area, adding: 'A more appropriate security stem could be achieved by a greater number of inward-facing low-level cameras.' Planning bosses rubber-stamped 批准, 认可, 同意, 盖章 the amended plans, saying they 'would not be detrimental to the special architectural and historic interest of the listed building or its setting.' The council's decision notice, which was published in August, added that the work must be carried out within three years of the date of consent. The countryside bolthole ( 世外桃源. a place where you can hide or where you can go in order to be alone. A hole in an animal's den, or through a wall or fence, used for escape or emergency exit; i.e. a hole the animal may bolt through. ) sits on a four acre stretch of land straddling the Berkshire and Oxfordshire border in the picturesque 美丽如画的, 风景如画的 quietude ( a very quiet or peaceful state. ) of the River Thames. 2. A pergola ( pergoda是塔. 通道两边及顶上搭的木质结构, 经常会有植物攀爬其上, 形成一个凉爽的遮荫的通道. 不过一个简单的木质结构的方形凉亭也可以叫做pergola. 与gree/tree tunnel不同的是, 后者是自然形成的, 有路两边的路在顶部交叠而成, trellis是花架, 蔬菜架子, 用的木头显然要细的多. ), arbor, or arbour is a garden feature forming a shaded walkway, passageway, or sitting area of vertical posts or pillars that usually support cross-beams and a sturdy open lattice, often upon which woody vines are trained. As a type of gazebo, it may also be an extension of a building or serve as protection for an open terrace or a link between pavilions. They are different from green tunnels. 3. A tree tunnel (green tunnel) is a road, lane or track where the trees on each side form a more or less continuous canopy overhead, giving the effect of a tunnel. The effect may be achieved in a formal avenue lined with trees or in a more rural setting with randomly placed trees on each side of the route. It can create a beautiful setting. 4. A trellis (treillage) is an architectural structure, usually made from an open framework or lattice 木片交织的结构 of interwoven or intersecting pieces of wood, bamboo or metal that is normally made to support and display climbing plants, especially shrubs. There are many types of trellis for different places and for different plants, from agricultural types, especially in viticulture, which are covered at vine training systems, to garden uses for climbers such as grapevines, clematis, ivy, and climbing roses or other support based growing plants. The rose trellis 玫瑰花架 is especially common in Europe and other rose-growing areas, and many climbing rose varieties require a trellis to reach their potential as garden plants. Some plants will climb and wrap themselves round a trellis without much artificial help being needed while others need training by passing the growing shoots through the trellis and/or tying them to the framework. Trellis can also be referred to as panels, usually made from interwoven wood pieces, attached to fences or the roof or exterior walls of a building. A pergola usually refers to trellis-work that is laid horizontally above head height to provide a partial "roof" in a garden (pergolas are also used in agricultural settings). While metal trellises are typically very ornate, they may not be the best choice for many climbing plants 攀爬型植物. As the sun heats the metal, it gets very hot, and actually stunts the growth of many vines. For tender plants such as sweet peas, beans, and morning glories, wood or string are the preferred choices. 5. A gazebo 亭子 is a pavilion structure, sometimes octagonal 八角亭 or turret-shaped, often built in a park, garden or spacious public area. 6. A marquee is most commonly a structure placed over the entrance to a hotel or theatre. It has signage stating either the name of the establishment or, in the case of theatres, the play or movie and the artist(s) appearing at that venue. The marquee is often identifiable by a surrounding cache of light bulbs, usually yellow or white, that flash intermittently or as chasing lights. 7. 网上把那些塑料质的大型帐篷叫做 pop-up (即装即拆型的) gazebo marquee. 但其实论样子倒是更像pergola. 比如搭个小帐篷用来摆摊位的那个帐篷就经常叫做pop-up marquee, 或gazebo marquee, 或者叫shade, 遮荫, 遮阳用的. 游牧民族: 1. Pastoral ['pɑ:stərəl] farming (also known in some regions as livestock farming 畜牧业, 游牧业 or grazing) is farming aimed at producing livestock, rather than growing crops. Examples include dairy farming, raising beef cattle, and raising sheep for wool. In contrast, mixed farming is growing of both crops and livestock on the same farm. Pastoral farmers 牧民 are also known as graziers and in some cases pastoralists. Some pastoral farmers grow crops purely as fodder 马料, 草料(cannon fodder炮灰) for their livestock; some crop farmers 农场主 grow fodder and sell it to pastoral farmers牧场主. Pastoral farming is a non-nomadic 非游牧民族的 form of pastoralism in which the livestock farmer has some form of ownership of the land used, giving the farmer more economic incentive to improve the land. Possible improvements include drainage (in wet regions), stock tanks (in dry regions) ( A stock tank 蓄水池 is used to provide drinking water for animals such as cattle or horses. Stock tanks can range in size from 30 to over 1500 gallons and typically are made of galvanized steel. These tanks are filled either by a pump, windmill, creek, spring, or even rely on runoff water from rain or melting snow.
There are thousands of water ponds in Texas rangelands that locals call
a 'tank'. When the weather is hot some people use them for swimming. runoff:
I. 地表水. something that drains or flows off, as rain water. Rainfall not
absorbed by soil. The overflow of fluid from a container. II. 季后赛. a
final contest held to break a tie or eliminate semifinalists. III.
Eliminated waste products from manufacturing processes.), irrigation and sowing clover(clover ['kləuvə] n. I. 三叶草,苜蓿. II. 生活舒适而富裕, 生活优裕. Since
winning the lottery, they've been living in clover. He inherited his
father’s fortune and has lived like a pig in clover ever since. in clover 养
尊处优；生活优裕. to be in a very pleasant situation, especially because you
have a lot of money. having good fortune; in a very good situation,
especially financially. If I get this contract,
I'll be in clover for the rest of my life. I have very little money
saved, so when I retire I won't exactly be in clover. With the income from the family estate, she's in clover. Since winning the lottery, they've been living in clover.). 2. A nomad ['nəumæd] 游牧民族(I. A member of a group of people who have no fixed home and move according to the seasons from place to place in search of food, water, and grazing land. II. A person with no fixed residence who roams about; a wanderer. nomadic life.), commonly known as an itinerant ( itinerant 民工 [i'tinərənt ai-]
adj working for a short time in various places, esp as a casual
labourer. Traveling from place to place, especially to perform work or a
duty: an itinerant judge; itinerant labor. itinerate [ai'tinə,reit i-] To travel from place to place. ) in modern-day contexts, is a member of a community of people who move from one place to another, rather than settling定居 permanently in one location. There are an estimated 30–40 million nomads in the world. Many cultures have traditionally been nomadic 游牧民族的, but traditional nomadic behavior is increasingly rare in industrialized countries. Nomadic cultures are discussed in three categories according to economic specialization: hunter-gatherers ( 猎户. 以打猎为生的人 one
of a group of people who live by killing wild animals and finding food
and do not keep any animals or grow any crops. Many groups of 'nomadic'
hunter-gatherers (also known as foragers) ( forage [ˈfɔrɪdʒ] I. 觅食. to search in a wide area for something, especially food. They spend their days foraging for food around the city. II. to use your hands to search inside something, for example a pocket or a bag. ) moved from campsite to campsite不断迁移, following game and wild fruits and vegetables. Hunting and gathering was the ancestral 先祖的 subsistence mode
of Homo, and all modern humans were hunter-gatherers until around
10,000 years ago. Following the development of agriculture,
hunter-gatherers were either displaced or converted to farming or pastoralist groups
in most parts of the world. Only a few contemporary societies are
classified as hunter-gatherers, and many supplement, sometimes
extensively, their foraging activity with farming and/or keeping
animals. ), pastoral nomads, and "peripatetic nomads". Nomadic hunting and gathering, following seasonally available wild plants and game, is by far the oldest human subsistence method 人类生存方式, 人类存活方式. Pastoralists(游牧民族) raise herds, driving them or moving with them, in patterns that normally avoid depleting pastures 过度放牧, 毁灭性放牧 beyond their ability to recover. Peripatetic( 巡回的, 巡游的, 游学的. peripatetic [,pɛripə'tɛtik] adj I. itinerant. Walking about or from place to place; traveling on foot. II. (Social Science / Education) Brit employed in two or more educational establishments and travelling from one to another a peripatetic football coach. III. Peripatetic
Of or relating to the philosophy or teaching methods of Aristotle, who
conducted discussions while walking about in the Lyceum of ancient
Athens. ) nomads, who offer the skills of a craft or trade to those with whom they travel, are most common in industrialized nations. 3. Pastoralism is the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock牲畜. It is animal husbandry( I. (Life Sciences & Allied Applications / Agriculture)
农业. farming, esp when regarded as a science, skill, or art. II. 资源管理.
management of affairs and resources. Careful management or conservation
of resources; economy.): the care, tending and use of animals such as camels, goats, cattle, yaks, llamas, and sheep. "Pastoralism" generally has a mobile aspect, moving the herds in search of fresh pasture and water (in contrast to pastoral farming, in which non-nomadic farmers grow crops and improve pastures for their livestock). Pastoralism is a successful strategy to support a population on less productive land, and adapts well to the environment. For example, in savannas, pastoralists and their animals gather when rain water is abundant and the pasture牧场(ranch) is rich, then scatter during the drying of the savanna. Pastoralists often use their herds to affect their environment. Grazing herds on savannas (savanna, savannah [səˈvænə] 草原. A flat grassland of tropical or subtropical regions. ) can ensure the biodiversity of the savannas and prevent them from evolving into scrubland. Pastoralists may also use fire to make ecosystems more suitable for their food animals. For instance, the Turkana people of northwest Kenya use fire to prevent the invasion of the savanna by woody plant species. Biomass of the domesticated and wild animals was increased by a higher quality of grass. Pastoralism is found in many variations throughout the world.
Composition of herds, management practices, social organization and all
other aspects of pastoralism vary between areas and between social
groups. Many traditional practices have also had to adapt to the changing circumstance of the modern world, including climatic conditions effecting the availability of grasses. Ranches of the United States and sheep stations and cattle stations of Australia are seen by some as modern variations. 4. bohemian [bəuˈhi:miən] living or behaving in an informal way that is considered typical of artists and writers. a bohemian lifestyle. Temple Bar is Dublin's lively bohemian quarter. A traditional yurt [jɜrt] 帐篷, 蒙古包 (from Turkic) or ger (Mongolian) is a portable, round tent covered with skins or felt ( thick soft cloth made from wool, hair, or fur fibers that have been rolled and pressed flat. a felt hat. make your presence felt to have a powerful effect or influence on other people or on a situation. The new man in the Russian government already appears to be making his presence felt. feel up to something to feel that you are strong or healthy enough to do something. I don't feel up to eating anything. feel up to touch someone sexually without them wanting you to. ) used as a dwelling by nomads in the steppes ( the steppes [steps] an area of hot dry land covered in grass that covers wide areas of Russia and Asia. grassland 草原. ) of Central Asia. The structure comprises an angled assembly or latticework ( 木质或竹质屏风常见的纵横交错形成那种网格状的门, 窗户的装饰方式. 埃菲尔铁塔的底座就是铁质的latticwork. 附带一提的是trellis是那种室外的架子. A trellis (treillage) 花架, 黄瓜架
is an architectural structure, usually made from an open framework or
lattice of interwoven or intersecting pieces of wood, bamboo or metal
that is normally made to support and display climbing plants, especially
shrubs. Trellis can also be referred to as panels, usually made from
interwoven wood pieces, attached to fences or the roof or exterior walls
of a building. A pergola usually refers to trellis-work that is laid
horizontally above head height to provide a partial "roof" in a garden
(pergolas are also used in agricultural settings). Latticework is an openwork framework consisting of a criss-crossed 纵横交错的 pattern of strips of building material, typically wood or metal. The design is created by crossing the strips to form a network. Latticework can be purely ornamental, or can be used as a truss structure such as a lattice girder bridge. ) of pieces of wood or bamboo for walls, a door frame, ribs (poles, rafters), and a wheel (crown, compression ring) possibly steam bent( Steam bending 熏蒸以弯曲木片的技术
is a woodworking technique where strips of wood are steam heated using a
steam box. The applied heat and moisture makes the wood pliable enough
to easily bend around a mould to create a specific shape. The moulding
process is usually done by clamping the strips of wood to a positive
form, with the strips of wood often reinforced on the outside with a
metal band to prevent blowout. ). The roof structure is often self supporting but large yurts may have interior posts supporting the crown. The top of the wall of self supporting yurts is prevented from spreading by means of a tension band which opposes 抵消力量 the force of the roof ribs. Modern yurts may be permanently built on a wooden platform
and use modern materials such as steam bent wooden framing or metal
framing, canvas or tarpaulin, Plexiglas dome, wire rope, or radiant
insulation. A tipi (also tepee or teepee) is a conical tent, traditionally made of animal skins upon wooden poles. A tipi is distinguished from other conical tents by the smoke flaps at the top of the structure.
Historically, the tipi was designed and largely used by Indigenous
people of the Plains in the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies of what
is now North America. Tipi lodges are still in use by these peoples,
though now primarily for ceremonial purposes. Tipis are stereotypically and incorrectly associated with Native Americans
in the United States and Aboriginal people in Canada, despite their
usage being unique to the peoples of the Plains. Native American tribes
and First Nation band governments from other regions have used other
types of dwellings. The tipi is durable, provides warmth and comfort in winter, is cool in the heat of summer 炎炎夏日, 烈日, 夏日炎热, and is dry during heavy rains. Tipis can be disassembled and packed away quickly
when people need to relocate and can be reconstructed quickly upon
settling in a new area. Historically, this portability was important to
Plains Indians with their at times nomadic 游牧民族的 lifestyle.
Modern tipi covers are usually made of canvas. Today, users of tipis
include Native American families attending powwows or encampments who
wish to preserve and pass on a part of their heritage and tradition. The design has also been imitated by historical reenactors, back-to-the-land devotees, and hippies.
英式美式欧式早餐: Chefs have in-built clocks 自带闹钟 in their heads, but there is an easy way of telling when fish is perfectly cooked that everybody can use. Quite simply, put a knife into the fish. If there's resistance it's still undercooked. The knife will sink straight into the flesh if it's cooked. Of course, if you're cooking tuna or salmon that you want to serve medium or rare,
then you are looking for that resistance. A perfectly cooked fish will
still be just a little pink at the bone. And there you have it, the easy
way to tell if your fish is cooked properly or to your liking. continental I. forming a continent, and not including any islands off its coast. the continental United States. II. 欧洲本土的. 欧洲大陆的. British relating to or belonging to Europe, especially Western Europe, not including the U.K. or Ireland. continental currencies/cooking. Are you having it continental or cooked. II. a. typical of the warmer countries in central and southern Europe. The café has a relaxed continental feel about it. European cuisine, or alternatively Western cuisine,
is a generalised term collectively referring to the cuisines of Europe
and other Western countries, including (depending on the definition)
that of Russia, as well as non-indigenous cuisines of Australasia, Latin
America, North America, and Oceania, which derive substantial influence from European settlers in those regions. The term is used by East Asians to contrast with Asian styles of cooking. (This is analogous to
([əˈnæləɡəs] 等同于. 类同于. 就相当于. similar to another situation, process etc
so that the same things are true of or relevant to both. analogous to: Remote voting via the Internet is analogous to absentee voting and will have the same kinds of problems.) Westerners' referring collectively to the cuisines of East Asian countries as Asian cuisine.) When used by Westerners, the term may sometimes refer more specifically to cuisine in Europe; in this context, a synonym is Continental cuisine, especially in British English. Derivatively, the adjective continental refers to the social practices or fashion of continental Europe as opposed to those of Britain. Examples include breakfast, topless sunbathing and, historically, long-range driving (before Britain had motorways) often known as Grand Touring. Continental Europe, when compared to Britain, has numerous defined differences both cultural and tangible. The use of civil law rather than common law,
different electrical plugs, different time zones for the most part, a
different currency, driving on the right, and using the metric system
exclusively are a small selection. A continental breakfast 欧式早餐(针对英式早餐) normally consists of slices of cheese and cold meat, cereal, fruit and drinks like coffee, tea or fruit juices. Although this is the traditional breakfast in parts of continental Europe, elsewhere these breakfasts are common only in the hospitality sector 住宿业, 宾馆业 (particularly in economy and limited service hotels
with no restaurant, as they require little preparation). Hotel
continental breakfasts may also feature several other things including starchy foods such as pastries, croissants, yogurts, cereals as well as the general bread/toast with butter/jam/marmalade. In the United Kingdom, the classic breakfast 典型英式早餐 has been the "full breakfast", which involves fried egg, scrambled egg or poached egg with bacon and sausages, usually with mushrooms, tomatoes, baked beans, fried bread, Black pudding or white pudding and toast. A healthy and nutritious version
consists of grilling the protein and using poached, rather than fried,
eggs, and variations based on one egg, one protein and toast abound. The
"full Scottish breakfast" tends to omit pork sausages and have beef
sausages instead. At its most extensive 最多的时候
it consists of eggs, square sausage, fried dumpling, potato scone,
tomato, mushrooms, bacon beef links and fried bread. Originating in the
British isles during the Victorian era, the full breakfast is among the
most internationally recognised British dishes. Another traditional
British breakfast consists of porridge, which has been consumed in Scotland as a staple food since the Middle Ages. Before the arrival of American-style breakfast cereals in the early 20th century, dried bread soaked in hot milk or tea and porridge (boiled oats) was the common daily breakfast, while leftover vegetables (often, cabbage) and potatoes that hadn't been eaten the night before were often served re-fried;
which became 'bubble-and-squeak'; in Ireland the dish is known as
colcannon. Traditionally, breakfast would be served with a small amount
of fruit, such as a slice of orange, believed to prevent the onset of scurvy ( scurvy[ˈskɜː(r)vi] 坏血病, 维C缺乏症
an illness caused by not eating enough foods that contain vitamin C (=a
natural substance found in fruit and vegetables). a disease caused by a
deficiency of vitamin C, characterized by swollen bleeding gums and the opening of previously healed wounds, which particularly affected poorly nourished sailors until the end of the 18th century. ).
Also traditional, but now less popular breakfasts included fish in the
form of kippers (smoked herring) with poached egg and toast, and
kedgeree (a Scoto-Indian smoked haddock, egg and rice dish originating
in Colonial India). Most British breakfasts are consumed with tea,
coffee or fruit juice. A hotel breakfast (American breakfast 美式早餐)
that includes most or all of the following: two eggs (fried or
poached), sliced bacon or sausages, sliced bread or toast with
jam/jelly/butter, pancakes with syrup, cornflakes or other cereal,
coffee/tea, orange/grapefruit juice. Also called American style breakfast. continental breakfast: A hotel breakfast that may include sliced bread
with butter/jam/honey, cheese, meat, croissants, pastries, rolls, fruit
juice and various hot beverages. It is served commonly in the
continental Europe, North America, and elsewhere, as opposed to the
English breakfast served commonly in the UK. English breakfast: Traditional breakfast (also called full breakfast,
and served in inns or restaurants) may include cereals, porridge or
stewed prunes, melon, yogurt, boiled eggs or bacon and eggs, grilled
fish, sausages, grilled or fried mushrooms or tomatoes with fried bread,
followed by toasted bread and marmalade and tea or coffee. Modern
English breakfast (served in hotels or motels) may include cereals,
bacon and eggs, toasted bread and marmalade with tea or coffee.
