用法学习: 1. 报业没落: The underestimation of the internet revolution was summed up by comments from a prominent newspaper editor in the mid-1990s who emphatically ( emphatically [emˈfætɪkli] I. If you say something emphatically, you say it in a forceful way which shows that you feel very strongly about what you are saying. 'No fast food', she said emphatically. Mr Davies has emphatically denied the charges. II. You use emphatically to emphasize the statement you are making. Making people feel foolish is emphatically not my strategy. Politics is most emphatically back on the agenda. ) told me the internet was a "fad" and scoffed at suggestions that consumers would switch to little-known digital start-ups who brazenly sought to cut the grass of ( cut someone's grass ) traditional publishers. Over the past 20 years, since newspaper proprietors ( proprietor [prəˈpraɪətər] someone who owns a business. The proprietor of a hotel, shop, newspaper, or other business is the person who owns it. ...the proprietor of a local restaurant. a hotel proprietor. He was the sole proprietor with total management control. sole proprietor someone who is the exclusive owner of a business. My friend is the sole proprietor of a hotel. ) began seeing the threat of the internet materialise, metropolitan print editions have gradually shrunk to the size of suburban and regional papers in line with the demise of traditional print advertising that had been taken for granted. 2. self-righteous 自以为道德高尚的, 自以为正义的, 正义化身似的 showing that you are too proud of your own moral behavior or beliefs, especially in a way that annoys other people. If you describe someone as self-righteous, you disapprove of them because they are convinced that they are right in their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviour and that other people are wrong. He is critical of the monks, whom he considers narrow-minded and self-righteous. ...self-righteous reformers. ...her smug self-righteousness. Can I bum a cigarette? scrounge [skraundʒ] [informal, disapproval] If you say that someone scrounges something such as food or money, you disapprove of them because they get it by asking for it, rather than by buying it or earning it. Williams had to scrounge enough money to get his car out of the car park. The government did not give them money, forcing them to scrounge for food. They are just scroungers. bludge [blʌdʒ] Australian informal to get things from other people without paying for them. freeload 蹭吃, 蹭喝, 蹭住 to impose upon another's generosity or hospitality without sharing in the cost or responsibility involved. After college, he freeloaded off his parents for several years before finally moving out. The OC: Dawn: I want you out of my house. I want you out! Ryan: (desperate) But Mom…where am I going to go? A.J.: You heard your mother, man. Get your stuff and get out. Ryan: Hey, this isn't your house, man. A.J: Oh, you're a tough guy now? Dawn: A.J., don't. Ryan, just get out. Ryan: Why don't you worry about your own kids, A.J? Instead of freeloading off my mom? fat check 丰厚的收入, 丰厚的薪水 a large sum of income. Damn son, that's a fat check. Why don't you accept that job? It's a fat check, isn't it? anti-Semitic = antisemitic [ˌænti səˈmɪtɪk] anti-Semitic people, opinions, writings, etc. show hatred or prejudice toward Jewish people. Semitic [səˈmɪtɪk] I. someone who is Semitic belongs to the group of people originally from the Middle East that includes Jews and Arabs. II. relating to the language or culture of Semitic people. flair (flɛə) I. A natural talent or aptitude; a knack. If you have a flair for a particular thing, you have a natural ability to do it well. ...a friend who has a flair for languages. a flair for interior decorating. II. Instinctive discernment; keenness: a flair for the exotica. III. Distinctive elegance or style: served us with flair 从容地, 优雅地, 不慌不忙的. If you have flair 优雅的, you do things in an original, interesting, and stylish way. Their work has all the usual punch 威力, panache [pəˈnæʃ] 娴熟, 游刃有余 and flair 优雅, 从容 you'd expect. I hear the beta crew had a good run. Everybody pulled their weight 各尽其职. 12 shills, hundred-count each. Almost 40 grand. Go out with a flair 闲庭信步似的 从容地, 优雅地, 不慌不忙的. have a flair for something to have a talent for doing something; to have a special ability in some area. Alice has quite a flair for designing. I have a flair for fixing clocks. punch verb. I. If you punch someone or something, you hit them hard with your fist. After
punching him on the chin she wound up hitting him over the head. He
punched the wall angrily, then spun round to face her. He was hurting
Johansson with body punches in the fourth round. ...the awesome range of blows which have confirmed him as boxing's hardest puncher 重击手. In American English, punch out means the same as punch. 'I
almost lost my job today.'—'What happened?'—'Oh, I punched out this
guy.'. In the past, many kids would settle disputes by punching each
other out. II. If you punch the air 振臂欢呼, 高举欢呼, 举拳欢呼 you put one or both of your fists forcefully above your shoulders as a gesture of delight or victory. At the end, Graf punched the air in delight, a huge grin on her face. III. If you punch something such as the buttons on a keyboard,
you touch them in order to store information on a machine such as a
computer or to give the machine a command to do something. Mrs. Baylor strode to the elevator and punched the button 击键. IV. If you punch holes in something, you make holes in it by pushing or pressing it with something sharp. I took a ballpoint pen and punched a hole in the carton. noun. I. A punch is a tool that you use for making holes in something. Make two holes with a hole punch 穿孔机. II. If you say that something has punch, you mean that it has force or effectiveness. My nervousness made me deliver the vital points of my address without sufficient punch 缺少力度. Hurricane Andrew may be slowly losing its punch 冲击力, 威力, but its winds are still around 100 miles an hour. III. Punch is a drink made from wine or spirits mixed with things such as sugar, lemons, and spices. prowess [praʊɪs] Someone's prowess is their great skill at doing something. He's
always bragging about his prowess as a cricketer. The best and the
brightest pupils competed to demonstrate their intellectual prowess. panache [pəˈnæʃ] 娴熟, 游刃有余 an impressive way of doing something that shows great skill and confidence. The first few songs are played with typical panache. If you do something with panache, you do it in a confident, stylish, and elegant way. The BBC Symphony Orchestra played with great panache. Her panache at dealing with the world's media is quite astonishing. 3. An employee stock option (ESO) 员工认股权 is a label that refers to compensation contracts between an employer and an employee that carries some characteristics of financial options. Employee stock options are commonly viewed as a complex call option on the common stock of a company, granted by the company to an employee as part of the employee's remuneration package. Regulators and economists have since specified that ESOs are compensation contracts. These nonstandard contracts exist between employee and employer, whereby the employer has the liability of delivering a certain number of shares 股份 of the employer stock, when and if the employee stock options are exercised by the employee. The contract length varies, and often carries terms that may change depending on the employer and the current employment status of the employee. In the United States, the terms are detailed within an employer's "Stock Option Agreement for Incentive Equity Plan ( equity [ˈekwəti] I. uncountable formal a fair and reasonable way of behaving toward people, so that everyone is treated in the same way. a political campaign for pay equity. Equity is the quality of being fair and reasonable in a way that gives equal treatment to everyone. We base this call on grounds of social justice and equity. a. legal a branch of law that developed alongside the common law and that is used to obtain a fair result when common law does not provide a solution. There are numerous unwritten rules pertaining to the principles of equity. II. 净资产. uncountable business the value of a property after you have taken away the amount left to pay on the mortgage (=money borrowed to buy it). In finance, your equity is the sum of your assets, for example the value of your house, once your debts have been subtracted from it. To capture his equity, Murphy must either sell or refinance. ...a Personal Equity Plan. a. the value of a company's shares. equities plural business company shares that can be bought and sold on a stock market. negative equity 负资产 If someone who has borrowed money to buy a house or flat has negative equity, the amount of money they owe is greater than the present value of their home. gear to prepare something or make it suitable for a particular situation, group, or use. gear toward: The museum is geared toward children. gear something to do/doing something: The committee is not geared to carrying out regular school inspections. gear for: We were geared for the visit and are disappointed that it was canceled. gear up to prepare yourself, or to prepare something for an activity or event. The town is gearing up for the carnival this weekend. gear yourself up: Most banks have geared themselves up for an electronic future. The tobacco companies are gearing up to fight the new tax. gearing = capital gearing (US leverage) accounting, British the ratio of a company's debt capital to its equity capital. In finance, leverage, referred to as gearing in the United Kingdom and Australia, is any technique involving the use of debt (borrowed funds) rather than fresh equity in the purchase of an asset, with the expectation that the after-tax profit to equity holders from the transaction will exceed the borrowing cost, frequently by several multiples — hence the provenance of the word from the effect of a lever in physics, a simple machine which amplifies the application of a comparatively small input force into a correspondingly greater output force. Normally, the lender (finance provider) will set a limit on how much risk it is prepared to take and will set a limit on how much leverage it will permit, and would require the acquired asset to be provided as collateral security for the loan. For example, for a residential property the finance provider may lend up to, say, 80% of the property's market value, for a commercial property it may be 70%, while on shares it may lend up to, say, 60% or none at all on certain volatile shares. equity 股权, 股份 VS stock options 认股权: The term Equity can mean stock or shares. It is often used to refer to stock options as well. Stock options give you the right to buy a certain number of shares at a certain price after a certain amount of time. They do not represent ownership unless your right to buy them has vested.)". Essentially, this is an agreement which grants the employee eligibility to purchase a limited amount of stock at a predetermined price. The resulting shares that are granted are typically restricted stock. There is no obligation for the employee to exercise the option, in which case the option will lapse. 4. have your limits 有底线 spoken to have a set of rules about what is reasonable behaviour, and to not accept behaviour that does not follow these rules. I have my limits. You will not use that kind of nasty language in class. know your limits 知道自己深浅 informal to know what you are good at doing and what you are not good at. I know my limits. I'm not an administrator. keep/hold your end up to continue to deal with difficulties bravely and successfully. perform well in a difficult or competitive situation. "Michael had to keep his end up against attacks". at one's limit 到极限了: [well-being] I'm at my limit. I'm very tired and I think I can't go on without taking a vacation. I need a break. [self-control] I'm at my limit. If this guy comes here again and provoke me, I'll punch him. I can't stand it anymore. [money] I'm at my limit. I can't spend any more money. If I do, I'll get into debt. [drinking alcoholic beverages] No more man, I'm at my limit. [watching stupid television shows] That show is so stupid. I'm at my limit. 4. multitude [mʌltɪtjuːd , US -tuːd] I. A multitude of things or people is a very large number of them. There are a multitude of small quiet roads to cycle along. Being inactive can lead to a multitude of health problems. II. You can refer to a very large number of people as a multitude. ...surrounded by a noisy multitude. A cheering multitude greeted the team. ...the multitudes that throng around the Pope. Victoria Police said the search and rescue unit was grateful for the multitude 数量级 of community volunteers who had joined the search effort. III. You can refer to the great majority of people in a particular country or situation as the multitude or the multitudes. the ordinary people who have no power or influence. 普通民众. 大众. 老百姓. The hideous truth was hidden from the multitude 大多数人, 公众. It is our task to convince the multitudes that we are pursuing a lawful hobby in a lawful way. Can you imagine what effect that will have on the multitude? a multitude of 大量的 a very large number of people or things. The city's museums offer a multitude of cultural possibilities. cover/hide a multitude of sins to hide a lot of faults or problems. This carpet hides a multitude of sin. severity [sɪˈverəti] ( severe [sɪˈvɪr] ) I. the seriousness of something bad or unpleasant. severity of: The severity of the storm was less than expected. II. the degree to which something is strict or extreme. severity of: She was surprised by the severity of the sentence he was given. III. an unfriendly attitude and a lack of humor. The tone of Helen's voice approached severity. IV. the degree to which something is plain and not attractive in its style. gravity I. Gravity is the force which causes things to drop to the ground. Arrows would continue to fly forward forever were it not for gravity, which brings them down to earth. II. The gravity 严重性, 严重程度 of a situation or event is its extreme importance or seriousness. I‘m sure you can appreciate the gravity of the situation. Offenders should be punished in proportion to the gravity of their offenses. They deserve punishment which matches the gravity of their crime. Not all acts of vengeance are of equal gravity. III. The gravity 严肃近 of someone's behaviour or speech is the extremely serious way in which they behave or speak. There was an appealing gravity to everything she said. a serious attitude. He was criticized for his lack of gravity. magnitude [ˈmæɡnəˌtud] I. uncountable great size, importance, or effect. If you talk about the magnitude of something, you are talking about its great size, scale, or importance. An operation of this magnitude is going to be difficult. These are issues of great magnitude. No one seems to realise the magnitude of this problem. We hadn't grasped the magnitude 级别, 量级 of the task we were facing. We were up against a world crisis of considerable magnitude. 'I don't think anyone can kind of comprehend the magnitude of what's happened,' she said. a. size, either great or small. II. countable 地震级别. the strength of an earthquake, measured with numbers from 1 to 10, where 10 is the most powerful. III. countable astronomy the brightness of a star, shown as a number. order of magnitude 几个量级, 级别 I. a level in a system for measuring things, in which each level is ten times higher than the one before. You can use order of magnitude when you are giving an approximate idea of the amount or importance of something. America and Russia do not face a problem of the same order of magnitude as Japan. Processing speeds exceed those of five years ago by several orders of magnitude. a. used to refer to the amount or degree of something. Next year's profits are expected to be of the same order of magnitude as last year's. grave [ɡreɪv] noun. I. the place where a dead body is buried in a deep hole in the ground. A tomb is a structure above the ground that contains a dead body. He's never even visited his mother's grave. II. the grave literary death His secret will go with me to the grave (=I will die without telling anyone). beyond the grave: It seemed like he heard a voice from beyond the grave (=the voice of a dead person). (as) silent/quiet as the grave completely silent As soon as the boss entered, the room was as silent as the grave. an early grave death before the natural age that you would expect She's drinking herself into an early grave. grave adj. I. 严重的. so serious that you feel worried. A grave event or situation is very serious, important, and worrying. He said that the situation in his country is very grave. I have grave doubts that the documents tell the whole story. The situation is very grave and appears to be deteriorating. a. used for emphasizing how serious something is. They had gravely 极大地 impaired the credibility of the government. The report expressed grave concerns 严重关切 about the safety of meat production. I have grave doubts that he'll ever become a doctor. in grave danger (of): The peace process is in grave danger of collapsing. II. looking very serious and worried. A grave person is quiet and serious in their appearance or behaviour. William was up on the roof for some time and when he came down he looked grave. Anxiously, she examined his unusually grave face. 'I think I've covered that business more than adequately,' he said gravely. a grave 严肃的表情 expression/face. 5. conjecture [kənˈdʒektʃər] uncountable the development of a theory or guess based on information that is not complete. A conjecture is a conclusion that is based on information that is not certain or complete. That was a conjecture, not a fact. There are several conjectures. The future of the province remains a matter of conjecture. purely conjecture (=a guess): The cause of the crash is purely conjecture at this point. a. countable a theory or guess based on information that is not complete. If his conjecture was correct, the mixture should explode in a few moments. verb. When you conjecture, you form an opinion or reach a conclusion on the basis of information that is not certain or complete. He conjectured that some individuals may be able to detect major calamities. This may be true or partly true; we are all conjecturing here. don't resist 别拒捕, 别抵抗, 别抗拒. resist: I. to oppose or fight against someone or something. The judge resisted pressure to lengthen the sentence. The ANC had previously resisted calls for such a meeting. resist arrest: One protester was injured while resisting arrest 抗拒被捕, 挣扎. Antibodies help us resist infection. If you resist someone or resist an attack by them, you fight back against them. The man was shot outside his house as he tried to resist arrest. When she had attempted to cut his nails he resisted. II. intransitive/ transitive often in negatives to stop yourself from doing something that you would very much like to do. It's difficult to resist a challenge like that. resist doing something: She couldn't resist asking him about his date. resist (the) temptation 抵住诱惑: He was unable to resist the temptation of taking the wallet. If you resist doing something, or resist the temptation to do it, you stop yourself from doing it although you would like to do it. Students should resist the temptation to focus on exams alone. She cannot resist giving him advice. III. transitive to not be affected or harmed by something. If someone or something resists damage of some kind, they are not damaged....bodies trained and toughened to resist the cold. Chemicals form a protective layer that resists both oil and water-based stains. The bomb shelters are designed to resist heat 抵抗毒气 and toxic fumes. IV. If you resist something such as a change, you refuse to accept it and try to prevent it. The Chancellor warned employers to resist demands for high pay increases. They resisted our attempts to modernize the distribution of books.
seasoning 调料 (包括盐和other spices) (falvour): Seasoning is salt, pepper, or other spices that are added to food to improve its flavour. salt, pepper, or other spices that you add to food to improve the taste. Taste the sauce and adjust the seasoning. Mix the meat with the onion, carrot, and some seasoning. ...seasonings such as coriander, chives and ginger. condiment (烹制后加入的) 调味品 A condiment is a substance such as salt, pepper, or mustard that you add to food when you eat it in order to improve the flavour. spice I. a substance made from plants and added to food to give it a particular flavor. a blend of spices such as coriander and cumin. a spice jar. A spice is a part of a plant, or a powder made from that part, which you put in food to give it flavour. Cinnamon, ginger, and paprika are spices. ...herbs and spices. ...a row of spice jars. II. extra interest or excitement. She needed something to put the spice back into her marriage. III. artificial cannabis What we can say for definitive is that spice is a significant problem in a number of prisons and it is rising. IV. If you spice something that you say or do, you add excitement or interest to it. They spiced their conversations and discussions with intrigue. ...a boring film spiced with the occasional funny moment. Her publisher wants her to spice up her stories with sex. ...a discovery which spiced the conversation up quite a bit. IV. Spice is something which makes life more exciting. Variety is the spice of life! To add spice to the debate, they disagreed about method and ideology. herbs VS spices: Herbs come from the leafy and green part of the plant. Spices are parts of the plant other than the leafy bit such as the root, stem, bulb, bark or seeds. Examples of herbs include basil, oregano, thyme, rosemary, parsley and mint. ... Spices are usually dried before being used to season foods. cumin [kʌmən, ˈkumən, ˈkju-] 孜然.
Pickling, Brining, Marinating, and Curing? Before there were CBD seltzers and cauliflower pizza
crusts and tie-dye Frappuccinos and zoodles, and even before things like
refrigerators and chest freezers and even ice boxes, humans had to eat.
And surrounded by meats and fish and fruits and vegetables and other
delicious stuff that gets decidedly un-delicious after a short time in
the hot sun, our ancestors had to get creative. They had to figure out
how to preserve it: to keep it fresher for longer, to make it taste good
even after hanging out for days or weeks or months or years. They
started pickling, brining, marinating, and curing — methods that we still use today, even if we don‘t actually understand the differences between them. But before we start stocking our pantries, we need to talk about salt and acid.
Salt and acid are the two major mediums in which food can be preserved;
they’re the things that keep it from spoiling, and in many cases, the
things that transform the food into something wholly new. When
we talk about preserving (and/or flavoring) with salt, we're talking
about brining; when we talk about preserving (and/or flavoring) with
acid, we’re talking about marinating. A classic brine is a mixture made of
salt and water, and it can be used to preserve and/or flavor pretty much
anything: vegetables, fruits, meats, fish. (You may also see foods "dry-brined 干腌制, 腌渍,"
which means they’re covered in salt, not immersed in salt water.) Brining meat for a few hours or days before cooking it makes for a
juicier and more tender final product; the salt disrupts the structure
of the muscle filaments, allowing the meat to absorb more liquid (and
therefore lose less moisture while cooking) and keeping the proteins
from coagulating as densely as they would naturally (and therefore
preventing the meat from getting too tough). Brining fish for a short
period of time has a similar effect, but you'll also see fish brined for
much longer; stuff like lox, anchovies, and salt cod are brined for
weeks or months. In those cases, the salt transforms the fish into
entirely new ingredients; the salt inhibits the bad bacteria from
proliferating and aids in the proliferation of new savory compounds,
creating more complex flavors and aromatics where there were none
before. A marinade,
on the other hand, relies on acid to do its job. Acids — such as
vinegar, wine, fruit juices, and buttermilk — are great at killing
microbes, making marination another great form of preservation.
Marinades, like brines, also provide flavor, and like their salty
cousins, they weaken a piece of fish or meat's muscle tissue and allow
it to retain more moisture when cooked. So where does pickling come into this? According to food scientist Harold McGee, a pickle is a food preserved through immersion in a brine (as in brining) or a strong acid (as in marinating). So: pickles can be brined, or marinated, or both! In order to be considered a pickle, however, the food must be preserved through either method, not just flavored;
a steak that's marinated just before grilling isn't really a pickle,
for example. Though you'll see it in other contexts, the term "pickling"
is most often used to refer to preserved vegetables and fruits: think
bread-and-butter pickles, olives, preserved lemons, kimchi, and
sauerkraut, just to name a few. But when it comes to pickling, salt and acid (usually
vinegar) have very different uses. Pickles that are brined, such as the
aforementioned sauerkraut, kimchi, and preserved lemons, are also fermented;
the salt encourages certain good microbes to flourish, while preventing
the growth of other microbes that cause the food to go bad. The
characteristics of the pickle depend on the salt concentration,
fermentation length, and temperature — as well as the actual thing being
pickled, of course. Pickles that are dunked in acid, on the other hand, are unfermented;
the vinegar stops the growth of the spoilage-causing microbes and helps
to flavor whatever is being pickled, without stimulating the microbe
growth that causes food to ferment. Pickling in acid is a lot faster and
gives you more control over the texture of the final product, but the
flavor that develops is a lot less complex. And what about curing? Curing refers to any way of preserving food and preventing spoilage: it can mean brining, pickling, or
marinating (as well as smoking, which isn't on today's lesson plan). If
you're doing something to food in order to make it last longer — short
of, like, hiding a package of Oreos in the back of your pantry so that
they're out of your line of sight — you're curing it. SO, to debrief: Brining = preserving and/or flavoring with salt. Marinating = preserving and/or flavoring with acid. Pickling = preserving with salt (fermented pickles) or preserving with acid (unfermented pickles). Curing = all of the above.
