用法学习: 1. stickybeak ( snoop around) I. 好事的人. 爱打听的人. 好事者 (= nosey parker, busybody. ). (Australia, New Zealand, colloquial) An overly inquisitive person, a nosey parker. II. (Australia, New Zealand, colloquial) 爱看热闹的人. 爱凑热闹的人. 看客. An act of looking at or watching something, especially something which does not directly concern the one looking. "I think [the refundable $10,000 deposit] will be the difference between genuine buyers and sticky beakers." rubberneck 伸长脖子看热闹的人, 看热闹, 凑热闹的人, 看客 (rubbernecker, 吃瓜群众) [informal, disapproval] If someone is rubbernecking, they are staring at someone or something, especially in a rude or silly way. The accident was caused by people slowing down to rubber-neck. Pitt planted tall trees outside his home to block rubberneckers. a. to look at something, especially a car accident, as you are passing it. Passing drivers slowed down to rubberneck at the accident. II. to stand on one's toes in a crowd of ardent admirers to see a celebrity passing by. Surely he meant to say that "celebrity drivel and rubbernecking are what drive our site". 2. crowd in on someone If problems or thoughts crowd in on you, a lot of them happen to you or affect you at the same time, so that they occupy all your attention and make you feel unable to escape. of thoughts, memories, etc. : to come into someone's mind : to occupy someone's thinking —often + on. (of thoughts, questions, etc.) to fill your mind so that you can think of nothing else Too many uncomfortable thoughts were crowding in on her. Memories came crowding into her mind 扑面而来. When I smell a pie baking, memories of childhood holidays crowd in on me. Everything is crowding in on me. She tried to sleep, but thoughts crowded in and images flashed into her mind. crowd in 聚拢, 靠近, 围拢, 靠拢 (比如拍照: 围在一起, 围过来 拍集体照) to move as a group into a small space. to move in large numbers into a small space. We all crowded into her office to sing 'Happy Birthday'. A large number of us crowded onto the bus. Thousands of shoppers had crowded into the town centre. When we got to the elevator, everybody tried to crowd in. to put many people or things into a small space Guests were crowded into 塞进, 挤进 the few remaining rooms. They crowd people onto the trains. crowd out If one thing crowds out another 挤出去, it is so successful or common that the other thing does not have the opportunity to be successful or exist. My busy schedule crowded out nearly all time for reflection. crowd around/round 围着, 围起来, 凑过来 to form a tight group around (something or someone). to come together closely in a crowd around someone or something: As soon as he appeared, reporters crowded round. A small group of people crowded around the car. When one of the protesters began to speak, the people crowded around (him) to hear what he had to say. huddle
I. If you huddle somewhere, you sit, stand, or lie there holding your
arms and legs close to your body, usually because you are cold or
frightened. She huddled inside the porch as she rang the bell. Myrtle sat huddled on the side of the bed, weeping. II. If people huddle together or huddle round something, they stand, sit, or lie close to each other, usually because they all feel cold or frightened. Tired
and lost, we huddled together. ...strangers huddling together for
warmth. Hundreds of people huddled around a single radio listening to
the announcement. The survivors spent the night huddled around bonfires. III. If people huddle in a group, they gather together to discuss something quietly or secretly. The only people in the store were three young employees, huddled in the corner chatting.
The president has been huddling with his most senior aides. He was
huddled with his advisers in Ottawa yesterday to review strategy. noun.
A huddle is a small group of people or things that are standing very
close together or lying on top of each other, usually in a disorganized
way. We lay there: a huddle of bodies, gasping for air. Les kept seeing Eric and Tam in a huddle and he knew they were talking about him. ...the huddle of dark houses on the other side of the reservoir. congregate 聚在一起, 聚拢 When people congregate, they gather together and form a group. Youngsters love to congregate here in the evenings. Visitors congregated on Sunday afternoons to view public exhibitions. 3. a mountain of something/mountains of something 堆积如山, 小山似的多 a very large pile or amount of something. He was a mountain of muscle and power, and suspecting that one day his enormous cock was going to go into me, I stiffened yet further. I've got mountains of paperwork to deal with. Her husband went off with another woman and left her facing a mountain of debt 债务如山. a. a large amount of something: I've got a mountain of work to do. b. a large amount of food that is stored instead of being sold, so that prices for it do not fall: a grain mountain. The Rockies are a mountain chain/range 山脉 in the western United States. provenance [ˈprɑvənəns] I. uncountable formal 来源地. 发源地. 产地. 原点. the place where something first came from. The provenance of something is the place that it comes from or that it originally came from. Kato was fully aware of the provenance of these treasures. He had no idea of its provenance. II. countable art a list of the people who have owned a work of art, used for proving that it was really made by the artist that people claim it was made by. Those commitments have to be translated into action, and that needs financing, and the financing has to go to Congress and it has to be approved," she said. "There can be quite a lag time between the provenance and the delivery.". modality [moʊˈdæləti] 形式 countable formal the way in which something exists, is experienced or is done. a quality, attribute, or circumstance that denotes mode, mood, or manner. We call on this Congress to work out the modalities of the consumer boycott. "We've been insisting that if partners wish to talk to us, collectively, then they need to do it through the modalities of the Pacific [Islands] Forum," Fiame said. "When the Chinese were proposing something similar, we were giving them that message, but it didn't seem to filter through or they weren't willing to take that on board." filter through (something) To move or pass through some thing. to pass or seep through something. The water filtered through the coffee grounds and dripped into the pot. The clear water filtered through and left the sand behind. No, it won't be too dark in here—a good amount of light will still filter through these sheer curtains. filter into some place: If light or sound filters into a place, it comes in weakly or slowly, either through a partly covered opening, or from a long distance away. Light filtered into my kitchen through the soft, green shade of the cherry tree. filter through to people When news or information filters through to people, it gradually reaches them. It took months before the findings began to filter through to the politicians. News of the attack quickly filtered through 传遍 the college. ...as indications filter in from polling stations. ...the horror stories which were beginning to filter out of Germany. filter out To filter out something from a substance or from light means to remove it by passing the substance or light through something acting as a filter. Children should have glasses which filter out UV rays. Plants and trees filter carbon dioxide out of the air and produce oxygen. 4. Pungency ([ˈpʌndʒənsi])( pungent ['pʌndʒənt] 辣味 I. Something that is pungent has a strong, sharp smell or taste which is often so strong that it is unpleasant. The
more herbs you use, the more pungent the sauce will be. ...the pungent
smell of burning rubber. ...the spices that give Jamaican food its
pungency. Hydrochloric acid 盐酸, 氢氯酸, also known as muriatic acid, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride. It is a colorless solution with a distinctive pungent 刺鼻的气味 smell. It is classified as a strong acid 强酸. It is a component of the gastric acid in the digestive systems of most animal species, including humans. Hydrochloric acid is an important laboratory reagent and industrial chemical. II. [formal, approval] pungent comments or
remarks 扎心的, 鞭辟入里的, 一针见血的批评话 criticize something in a direct and effective way. If you
describe what someone has said or written as pungent, you approve of it
because it has a direct and powerful effect and often criticizes
something very cleverly. He enjoyed the play's shrewd and pungent social analysis. repugnant [rɪˈpʌɡnənt] 恶心的
adj. extremely unpleasant or offensive. If you think that something is
horrible and disgusting, you can say that it is repugnant. The odour is repugnant to insects. The Committee said his actions were improper and repugnant. She felt a deep sense of shame and repugnance. In the interview he said he voted Remain in the 2016 referendum, supported Corbyn as Prime Minister and called Trump "repugnant" and "repulsive". 关于"辣味"的用词: pungency 科学上指的是辣(单纯的辣, 口语里也指任何强烈的刺鼻的味道), hot 和 spicy 有别的含义所以引发歧义, spicy也指放了很多佐料(cinnamon, nutmeg, allspice, mace, and cloves)的. piquancy是指温和的辣, 微辣, 可口的辣. In colloquial speech, the term "pungency" can refer to any strong, sharp smell or flavor. However, in scientific speech, it refers specifically to the "hot" or "spicy" quality of chili peppers. It is the preferred term by scientists as it eliminates the potential ambiguity arising from use of "hot" and "spicy", which can also refer to temperature or the presence of spices, respectively. For instance, a pumpkin pie can be both hot (out of the oven) and spicy (due to the common inclusion of spices such as cinnamon, nutmeg, allspice, mace, and cloves), but it is not pungent. (A food critic may nevertheless use the word piquant to describe such a pie, especially if it is exceptionally well-seasoned.) Conversely, pure capsaicin is pungent, yet it is not naturally accompanied by a hot temperature or spices. As the Oxford, Collins, and Merriam-Webster dictionaries explain, "piquancy" can refer to mild pungency, that is, flavors and spices that are much less strong than chilli peppers, including, for example, the strong flavor of some tomatoes. In other words, pungency always refers to a very strong taste whereas piquancy refers to any spices and foods that are "agreeably stimulating to the palate", in other words to food that is spicy in the general sense of "well-spiced". Mildly pungent or sour foods may be referred to as tangy 微酸微辣的食物. tangy [ˈtaŋi]
having a strong, piquant flavour or smell. A tangy flavour is
pleasantly strong and sharp. A tangy flavour or smell is one that is
sharp, especially a flavour like that of lemon juice or a smell like
that of sea air: a deliciously tangy lemon tart. "a tangy salad". Tangy foods, like vinegar and lemon juice, have a sharp, acidic flavor. Your salad will taste better if you pour plenty of tangy salad dressing on it.
If you like tangy flavors, you'll probably enjoy lemonade that's not too sweet, as well as foods like blue cheese, lime-flavored Thai dishes, and plain yogurt. The adjective tangy comes from tang, "strong flavor or smell." The earliest definition of tang was "a serpent's stinging tongue," from a root meaning "to bite." piquant [ˈpikənt] 微辣的, 辣的可口的 I. food or drink that is piquant has a strong and pleasant flavor. a piquant sauce. Food that is piquant has a pleasantly spicy taste. ...a crisp mixed salad with an unusually piquant dressing. A little mustard is served on the side to add further piquancy. II. a quality or situation that is piquant is very exciting and
interesting. Something that is piquant is interesting and exciting. interesting and exciting, especially because of being mysterious: More piquant details of their private life were revealed. There
may well have been a piquant novelty about her books when they came
out. Piquancy was added to the situation because Dr Porter was then on
the point of marrying Hugh Miller. piquant wit. There may well have been a piquant novelty about her books when they came out. vocabulary: Feeling a little saucy? Perhaps a bit provocative — but in a good way? Then it's safe to say your personality is a little piquant. Coming to us from the French word piquer, which means "to prick," something that's piquant certainly piques your interest. Someone who's piquant engages you with charm and wit. A story that's filled with piquant details
has plenty of juicy, provocative points. And grandma's homemade gravy?
It's certainly zesty and piquant, even with all the lumps. ) refers to the taste of food commonly referred to as spiciness, hotness or heat, found in foods such as chili peppers. Highly pungent tastes may be experienced as unpleasant. The term piquancy ([piːkənsi]) is sometimes applied to foods with a lower degree of pungency that are "agreeably stimulating to the palate". Examples of piquant food include mustard and curry. 5. be (all) over bar the shouting 公开的秘密, 尽人皆知的秘密 If an activity is all over bar the shouting, the result of it is known, but it has not been officially finished or announced, so people can still say that a different result is possible: With practically all the results declared, the Nationalist Party has 68 percent of the vote, so it's all over bar the shouting. bar up To barricade, fit, or fortify with metal bars. Crime has gotten so bad in this area that we've had to bar up our windows. They finally barred up that old abandoned building last weekend. scintillate [ˈsɪntɪˌleɪt] I. to sparkle. to give off (sparks); sparkle; twinkle. The stars scintillate in the sky. Mainly done in sprawling long or short irregular horizontal strokes on white paper to depict the surface of the water scintillating with the light of the setting sun, the brushwork is thickened with blue pigments. II. to be animated or brilliant. scintillating [sɪntɪleɪtɪŋ] 火花四溅的, 活力四射的, 热力奔放的 A scintillating conversation or performance is very lively and interesting. very impressive, interesting, or clever. a scintillating conversation/performance. You can hardly expect scintillating conversation from a kid that age. My ass had been satisfied long ago, but I was addicted to the scintillating friction that was created between his pole and the walls of my rectum. I could feel every vein and every artery that lined his shaft, rubbing against the moist tissue inside me and exciting every nerve ending along the way. decadent [ˈdekədənt] 腐败堕落的, 腐朽的, 腐化的 [disapproval] I. involving a lot of pleasure that is considered immoral. the decadent Berlin of the Twenties and Thirties. II. allowing yourself, or providing, so much pleasure that it almost seems morally wrong. If you say that a person or society is decadent, you think that they have low moral standards and are interested mainly in pleasure. ...restrictions on the number of decadent western films that were allowed to be shown. ...the excesses and stresses of their decadent rock 'n' roll lifestyles. The empire had for years been falling into decadence. a deliciously decadent dessert. When he slid his big dick up my butt, I sighed with relief. His grip on my hips tightened, then he started to thrust and I felt my stress evaporate. I was in a carnal haze while he stroked my ass out with deep, decadent thrusts that touched all the right places inside me. When he bred me, I was delirious with sexual pleasure and floating on a cloud. 6. corrosion ( 化学过程an electro chemical process, 物质本质发生改变. 比如氧化) VS erosion (物理过程 a physical process, 源自风雨水等大自然的力量): The natural forces work as agents in erosion. It is a physical process. It carries the particles to another location. Natural agents are wind, ice, and water. Corrosion is a process in which the substance changes its composition during oxidation. It is an electrochemical process. The corrosion process occurs during oxidation. Corrosion means the destruction of materials through chemical reactions whereas erosion means the carrying away of the topsoil from the surface of the earth. 7. at (someone's or something's) hand(s) 在...手上, 在...手下, 在...手里 As a result of the actions of someone or something. At least her first loss came at such a formidable opponent's hands. The activist's death at the military's hand led to protests around the country. at hand I. Nearby; physically within one's reach. close or near at hand. Within easy reach, nearby, as in I like to keep my tools close at hand. Your mother will need you close at hand to help as she makes Thanksgiving dinner. I always keep a glass of water at hand 在身边 when I sleep, because I hate waking up thirsty. II. Currently in need of addressing. I know you all want to chat, but we need to focus on the matter at hand 手边上的, 手上的事情—planning next week's assembly. Stop dabbling in other projects and focus on the task at hand. III. Impending or imminent. After months of planning, I'm thrilled that the event is finally at hand! on hand I. = at hand Nearby in time, soon The day of judgment is at hand. A change of administration is on hand. II. In one's possession and at one's disposal. Quick, how much cash do you have on hand? The only thing she had on hand to sell were here antique rings that her grandmother had given her. III. Present and available. We have to make sure we have a third member of staff on hand in case we get really busy during the dinner rush. Thankfully law enforcement were on hand to apprehend the suspect before he was able to escape. in one's hands = in the hands of one 由...负责 In one's responsibility, charge, or care. if something is in someone's hands, they are responsible for it. The company is now in the hands of the bank. in good/safe hands: I knew that the dog was in safe hands with my parents. The disposition of the property is in his hands. Let's put this part of that project in Christine's hands. on one's hands I. for which one is responsible. used to indicate that someone is responsible for dealing with someone or something. "he has a difficult job on his hands". used to indicate that someone is to blame for something. "he has my son's blood on his hands". I've got too much on my hands 手头 to help. II. to spare. at someone's disposal. "since I retired I've had more time on my hands". time on my hands. in ones and twos 三三两两的 used for saying that people do things alone or in small groups People were arriving in ones and twos. sit on your hands to not take action when you should. Regulators sat on their hands and did nothing. It's not as if we've just been sitting on our hands. put your life in someone's hands to put yourself in a situation where someone else is responsible for what happens to you or for whether you live or die. place something in someone's hands to make someone responsible for dealing with something. Responsibility for the budget was placed in the hands of Congress. (like) putty in someone's hands 手中的泥, 随便捏 very easily influenced or persuaded by someone She can talk him around – he's putty in her hands. 8. double verb. I. When something doubles or when you double it, it becomes twice as great in number, amount, or size. The number of managers must double to 100 within 3 years. The program will double the amount of money available to help pay for child care. II. If a person or thing doubles as someone or something else, they have a second job or purpose as well as their main one. ...a farmer who doubles as a night nurse. Lots of homes in town double as businesses. Double up means the same as double. The lids of the casserole dishes are designed to double up as baking dishes. noun. If you refer to someone as a person's double, you mean that they look exactly like them. Your mother sees you as her double. at the double/on the double 立即, 迅速的 [informal] If you do something at the double or on the double, you do it very quickly or immediately. Two soldiers entered at the double and saluted. Come to my office, please, at the double. bend double When you bend double, you bend the top half of your body downwards a long way. There wasn't room to stand up and he had to bend double. see double 看重影 If you are seeing double, there is something wrong with your eyes, and you can see two images instead of one. I was dizzy, seeing double. in double figures 两位数 An amount or number that is in single figures is between zero and nine. An amount or number that is in double figures is between ten and ninety-nine. You can also say, for example, that an amount or number is in three figures when it is between one hundred and nine hundred and ninety-nine. Inflation, which has usually been in single figures, is running at more than 12%. Crawley, with 14, was the only other player to reach double figures. The thermometer nudged three figures yesterday in Rome.
Nocturnal leg cramps 夜间腿抽筋: cramp 抽筋 (convulsion, spasm 抽搐) noun. I. countable a sudden severe pain in a tired muscle that becomes very tight. Cramp is a sudden strong pain caused by a muscle suddenly contracting. You sometimes get cramp in a muscle after you have been making a physical effort over a long period of time. Hillsden was complaining of cramp in his calf muscles. ...muscle cramp. She started getting stomach cramps this morning. II. cramps 经期疼, 痛经 plural pains that a woman sometimes gets during her period. writer's cramp a pain in your hand or arm caused by writing for a long time. verb. to prevent something from developing as successfully as it could. Tight regulations will cramp fresh thinking in the financial services sector. cramp someone's style 表现规矩点, 表现老实点 to make someone feel that they cannot behave in the way they want. If someone or something cramps your style, their presence or existence restricts your behaviour in some way. People think having your dad on tour would cramp your style. Having his little sister at the party kind of cramped his style. Nocturnal leg cramps are involuntary muscle contractions that occur in the calves, soles of the feet, or other muscles in the body during the night or (less commonly) while resting. The duration 持续时长, 持续时间 of nocturnal leg cramps is variable, with cramps lasting anywhere from a few seconds to several minutes. Muscle soreness may remain after the cramp itself ends. These cramps are more common in older people. They happen quite frequently in teenagers and in some people while exercising at night. Besides being painful, a nocturnal leg cramp can cause much distress and anxiety. The precise cause of these cramps is unclear. Potential contributing factors include dehydration, low levels of certain minerals (magnesium, potassium, calcium, and sodium, although the evidence has been mixed), and reduced blood flow through muscles attendant in prolonged sitting or lying down. Nocturnal leg cramps (almost exclusively calf cramps) are considered "normal" during the late stages of pregnancy.They can, however, vary in intensity 轻重度, 严重程度 from mild to extremely painful. A lactic acid buildup 乳酸累积 around muscles can trigger cramps; however, they happen during anaerobic respiration when a person is exercising or engaging in an activity where the heartbeat rises. Medical conditions associated with leg cramps are cardiovascular disease, hemodialysis, cirrhosis, pregnancy, and lumbar canal stenosis. Differential diagnoses include restless legs syndrome, claudication, myositis, and peripheral neuropathy. All of them can be differentiated through careful history and physical examination. Gentle stretching and massage, putting some pressure on the affected leg by walking or standing, or taking a warm bath or shower may help to end the cramp. If the cramp is in the calf muscle 小腿肌肉, dorsiflexing [ˌdɔːsɪˈflɛkʃən ] 脚趾后扳 ( a movement of the foot towards the shin. With adults the biggest thing I’ve been pushing on to people is dorsiflexion of your foot and ankle. the bending back of a part, esp the hand or foot or their digits. plantarflexion 脚趾前扳 a movement of the foot towards the back of the leg (for example when standing on tiptoe) Plantarflexion is when you move your foot downwards, toward the floor, like a ballet dancer does when they are en pointe. ) the foot (lifting the toes back toward the shins 小腿前部) will stretch the muscle and provide almost immediate relief 症状立即缓解. There is limited evidence supporting the use of magnesium, calcium channel blockers, carisoprodol, and vitamin B12. Quinine is no longer recommended for treatment of nocturnal leg cramps due to potential fatal hypersensitivity reactions and thrombocytopenia. Arrhythmias, cinchonism, and hemolytic uremic syndrome can also occur at higher dosages. A charley horse is a painful involuntary cramp in the legs and/or foot, lasting anywhere from a few seconds to a day. The term formerly referred more commonly to bruising of the quadriceps 股四头肌 muscle of the anterior ( anterior [ænˈtɪriər] near the front of a part of your body. posterior [pɑˈstɪriər] 背面的, 后面的 adj. relating to the back part of something, especially the back part of your body. Posterior describes something that is situated at the back of something else. ...the posterior leg muscles. noun. Someone's bottom can be referred to as their posterior.) or lateral ( lateral [ˈlætərəl] 侧面的, 横行的, 横着走的 on the side of something, or moving sideway. Lateral means relating to the sides of something, or moving in a sideways direction. McKinnon estimated the lateral movement of the bridge to be between four and six inches. Shafts were sunk, with tunnels dug laterally. lateral thinking a way of solving a problem in which you use your imagination to try to think about it in a different or unusual way. ) thigh, or contusion ( contusion [kənˈtuʒ(ə)n] 淤斑, 淤青 a blue or purple mark on your skin where you have been hit. A bruise, also known as a contusion, is a type of hematoma of tissue, the most common cause being capillaries damaged by trauma, causing localized bleeding that extravasates into the surrounding interstitial tissues. Most bruises are not very deep under the skin so that the bleeding causes a visible discoloration. The bruise then remains visible until the blood is either absorbed by tissues or cleared by immune system action. ) of the femur [(ˈfiːmər]大腿骨 (thigh bone), that commonly results in a haematoma and sometimes several weeks of pain and disability. In this latter sense, such an injury is known as dead leg. Dead legs and charley horses are two different types of injuries: A charley horse ( muscle spasms, convulsion ) involves the muscles contracting without warning, and can last from a few seconds to a few days. A dead leg often occurs in contact sports, such as football when an athlete suffers a knee (blunt trauma) to the lateral quadriceps causing a haematoma or temporary paresis and antalgic gait as a result of pain. Colloquially, taking a hit in the thigh area (thigh contusion) can also be referred to as a charley horse or even simply a charley.
e VS æ VS ʌ VS a::
|
e front vowel |
æ front vowel |
ʌ central vowel. Short vowel sound |
a: in british (fast,are, car). Back vowel. Long vowel sound |
嘴型(jaw position) |
小嘴, 扁嘴. jaw almost closed |
嘴型正常放松. Netural Jaw |
大嘴 open jaw (three quarters open) |
完全张大嘴 open jaw, fully open. It’s long sound, ʌ is short. In美语“are, car, charm ” is short but British it’s long.
Staff UK [stɑːf] Staff US [stæf] |
舌头(tongue position) |
High tongue, tongue netural.
|
Mid tongue |
Low tongue |
|
Tongue shape |
Front vowel (sound made by front of the mouth). Tongue is flat |
Front vowel (sound made by front of the mouth). Tongue is flat |
Central vowel. Tongue moved down, and a little towards the back of mouth. |
|
Lip position |
lips spread a little. |
Mouths open, lips less spread |
Mouths opens more, lips are netural. |
|
