用法学习: 1. so much as I. = as much as 哪怕是, 即便是, 甚至是, 只要是, 胆敢. Even; suggests a minimum, especially regarding what might be expected. Without so much as asking, he walked into the office and started digging through their files. If she so much as looked at another man, I'd divorce her! If you say that someone did not do so much as perform a particular action, you are emphasizing that they did not even do that, when you were expecting them to do more. I didn't so much as catch sight of him all day long. Laura had not reproached him, never so much as mentioned it. She auctioned off the car without so much as taking a ride in it. "Remind me to find out the name of that flooring company so I can be sure never to buy so much as a carpet tile from it." The structure is "If <I, you, she, he, they, it> so much as." It's pretty normal, although I can't recall the last time I said it – I think of it as something a parent might say – "If you so much as move, we're going home." Or something in the movies – "If he so much as moves, shoot him." "I hate wizards. If he so much as points a finger at me, you stick him, Hook." If he/she does so much as [x]" at the beginning of a conditional statement means that [x] is the minimum condition to trigger the consequence. Usually, this idiom uses a deliberately understated condition. A common example is "if he so much as looks at me" when someone doesn't want any contact from a person, or "if you so much as breathe" when demanding that someone be silent. In real-life usage, this is just hypobole, and those actions would probably not be punished. In your example, "pointing a finger" is a pretty innocuous gesture, but as the person referred to is a wizard this could be a gesture connected with casting a spell, so perhaps not an example of hypobole. It's pretty informal, I would say. I don't see it cropping up in formal dialogue. Of course, I don't hear it much anyway. You're close to the meaning in your example, but just as much as the girlfriend's name, it's the fact that her husband mentioned it. So two things going on there. Ransom Canyon: You so much as 胆敢, 哪怕是, 就算是, 即便是 cross that old man. I'll see to it you suffer. II. [与其说...]倒不如说是. But rather. I didn't listen so much as survive the conversation. I'm not enjoying the meal so much as admiring the atmosphere. "I don't know if I would say we're finding the culprit so much as just figuring out who we need to be on guard against". "We were not working so much as pretending to work." implies that they weren’t getting much work done. not/without so much as something = not even used when you are surprised or annoyed that someone did not do something They left without so much as saying goodbye. He'd received not so much as a thank you from Tiffany. nothing so much as 正像是, 恰恰是, 完全是 used for emphasis. It looks like nothing so much as a big stick. The whole night felt like nothing so much as an inside joke Mulaney had with himself, and really, who wouldn't want to be in on that? The scene recalls nothing so much as De Niro's sultry narration in Taxi Driver. Their shock resembled nothing so much as Charlie Brown's surprise when Lucy pulls the football out from under him yet again. so much for 够了 (idiomatic) An expression of dismissiveness, disappointment, disregard, or resignation; something said upon rejecting, giving up on, quitting, or disposing of something. For years, Volkswagen cars were designed to cheat on emissions tests. So much for "German engineering". Well, I guess it'll never work. So much for that idea. 2. lock arms 抱团 if people lock arms, they join their arms tightly with the arms of the people on each side. The police locked arms to form a barrier against the protesters. lock eyes (with someone) to look at someone who is looking at you: The two men locked eyes, neither wanting to be the first to look away. She locked eyes with her daughter in the mirror. lock horns [over sth] to begin to argue or fight: The mayor and her deputy locked horns over plans for the new road. of means 有钱人 having wealth or riches. a man/woman of means a rich man/woman: You can tell from the clothes she wears that she's a woman of means. Getting good legal advice isn't a problem for a woman of means. He thought it essential that he marry a woman of means. Judging by his yacht and country estate, he is most definitely a man of means. A man of means, he was able to devote his life to art. vouch to be able from your knowledge or experience to say that something is true: As a medical examiner I can vouch that his death was accidental. vouch for something/someone [ˈvɑʊtʃ] 证明, 担保. 作证. to support the truth of something or the good character of someone, based on your knowledge or experience: Our accountant will vouch for the accuracy of the financial report. I've known him for years and can vouch for his honesty. to say that you know from experience that something is true or good, or that someone is honest and has a good character: Patricia has checked the reports and can vouch for the accuracy of the information. 3. impoverished I. 穷困潦倒的. 困苦的, 贫困的. extremely poor. made poor or with diminished quality of life. one of the most impoverished suburbs of the city. an attempt to lure businesses into impoverished areas. an impoverished family. an impoverished young actor. II. 不肥沃的. 贫瘠的. (of soil) deprived of fertility. having few trees, flowers, birds, wild animals, etc. The sparse vegetation clearly has a tough time extracting the most meagre rations from its impoverished soil. III. made weaker or worse in quality: He warned that the breakdown of the family unit would lead to an impoverished society. 阉割了的, 阉割版的, 削弱了的. deprived of strength, vitality, creativeness, etc. Having lost a component, an ingredient, a faculty or a feature; rendered poor in something; depleted. English has an impoverished inflectional 词形变化 system. an impoverished attempt at humor. The conversations we're having about YouTube are based on an impoverished view of what the platform really is," says Ryan McGrady, senior researcher at the Initiative for Digital Public Infrastructure at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, US. "When we just focus on what's popular, we miss how the vast majority of people actually use YouTube as uploaders, and overlooking the role it plays in our society." 4. A casus belli [ˌkeɪsəs ˈbɛlʌɪ, ˈkɑːsʊs ˈbɛliː] 战争起因, 战争借口( Friedman and LeBard expected that a conflict between Japan and America would unfold within "a generation" and that the world would "settle into a new cold war before a hot war threatens". They predicted that the casus belli would be the shutting off of supplies of raw materials to Japan by US action.) (from Latin casus belli 'occasion for war'; pl. casus belli) is an act or an event that either provokes or is used to justify a war. A casus belli involves direct offenses or threats against the nation declaring the war, whereas a casus foederis("Casus foederis" is a Latin term that translates to "case of the treaty" or "case of the agreement". It refers to a situation where an act or event, usually hostile, triggers the obligations of a treaty or alliance between two or more parties. In international relations, "chain-ganging 被同伙拖入战争或麻烦" refers to a situation where states, through their alliances, find themselves drawn into conflicts they would not otherwise have been involved in due to their security guarantees. It's essentially a form of "over-balancing" where a state's security becomes intertwined with that of its allies, potentially escalating conflicts. chain gang 利益共同体, 连成一体, 一条绳上的蚂蚱, 连通一体, 一荣俱荣, 一损俱损 a group of prisoners who have to work outdoors outside the prison while tied together with chains: He was sentenced to 10 years on a chain gang for killing a man in the 50s. A chain gang or road gang is a group of prisoners chained together to perform menial or physically challenging work as a form of punishment. Such punishment might include repairing buildings, building roads, or clearing land. Chain ganging 铁索连舟 is a term in the field of international relations describing the elevated probability for interstate conflict or conflagration due to several states having joined in alliances or coalitions. The agreed principles of such alliances typically include mutual defence clauses requiring that, in the case of one member state suffering military attack from another power, all members must declare hostilities against that offending power. The result of such an arrangement is an elevated probability 可能性增加 for an international conflagration ( conflagration [ˌkɒn.fləˈɡreɪ.ʃən] (blaze, flame, raging inferno) I. 火海, 烈火, 熊熊大火. a large fire that causes a lot of damage. A conflagration is a fire that burns over a large area and destroys property. The incident has raised fears of a new regional conflagration. II. a large and violent event, such as a war, involving a lot of people: The government has turned a minor local problem into a full-blown 全面爆发的 regional conflagration. vocabulary: A conflagration isn't just a few flames; it's an especially large and destructive fire that causes devastation. That tiny campfire that somehow turned into a raging forest inferno? You could call that intense, uncontrolled blaze a conflagration. Mrs. O'Leary's cow knew a thing or two about conflagrations: It was that unknowing animal that kicked over a kerosene lamp in the night, setting the O'Leary's barn on fire and sending four square miles of the Windy City into that blistering conflagration known as the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. blistering [ˈblɪs.tər.ɪŋ] I. 极热的. 暴晒的. extremely hot. Blistering heat is very great heat. ...a blistering summer day. We went out in the blistering heat. II. 火力全开的. extremely angry and unkind. A blistering remark expresses great anger or dislike. The president responded to this with a blistering attack on his critics. blistering remarks/sarcasm. III. very strong and severe: The vice president launched a blistering attack on Senate Republicans. ), since the case of an actor attacking another power would almost certainly trigger, whether intentionally or not, a multinational conflict potentially involving many more actors than the original two states which had attacked and been attacked, respectively. According to sworn agreements or treaties no member state has the option to refuse to participate in this involvement: once the states have agreed to the alliance, they are bound by obligation to join in the hostilities or conflagration as soon as they have begun in one state (though this obligation is not always honoured). ) involves offenses or threats against its ally—usually one bound by a mutual defense pact. Either may be considered an act of war. A declaration of war usually contains a description of the casus belli that has led the party in question to declare war on another party. Cold War mentality 冷战思维 that rushes to avoid buck-passing 推卸责任 can undermine necessary burden-sharing 责任共担. Conversely, a disregard for the security of allies and previous commitments in the name of burden-sharing can lead to buck-passing. Avoiding being chain-ganged into 拖入战争 a conflict requires solid relationships and crisis management. Being chain-ganged into a conflict, Copeland argues, is less likely to occur than a nation being restrained by its alliances in a multipolar world. This will undoubtedly be true if alliances are well-managed. That is why the multipolar strategy must be adopted intentionally. Burden-sharing that avoids buck-passing and chain-ganging requires communication, coordination, and leadership with allies that constitute other poles in the system. Leadership that the United States is ideally positioned to provide. 5. elitism [iˈliː.tɪ.zəm] 精英主义 mainly disapproving the belief that some things are only for a few people who have special qualities or abilities. The accusation of elitism seems unfair as the festival presents a wide range of music, with something to please everyone. The plan, which includes banning skateboards from the park, has drawn charges of elitism. elitist [iˈliː.tɪst] organized for the good of a few people who have special interests or abilities: Many remember sport at school as elitist, focusing only on those who were good at it. enduring 持久的, 长盛不衰的 I. existing for a long time. used to describe something that will last for a long time: enduring appeal the enduring appeal of cartoons. He believed in the enduring power of love. I shall be left with many enduring memories of the time I spent in India. enduring popularity/strength/success. This game has an enduring popularity. enduring problems/difficulties. II. used to describe something that is good enough to be popular or successful for a long time: an enduring 长寿的, 有生命力的 brand/company. Hoover™ is one of the most enduring brands of the twentieth century.
repercussion, consequence, ramification (rumination 反刍), complication 后果, implication (outcome/result/fallout):
consequence: 直接的后果, 好坏都可以. He didn't study, and the consequence was failing the test.
ramifications (常用复数): 非直接的, 连锁反应扩散后的效果. A complex, indirect, or unexpected outcome — often part of a chain reaction. Usually plural: the ramifications. The new law has political and economic ramifications.
repercussion 负面的后果 A delayed or indirect negative effect, often from a major action or decision. There's an echo-like feeling to the word — like something bouncing back. His comments had serious repercussions 事后的余波 on his career.
Imagine dropping a stone in water:
• Consequence = the splash.
• Ramification = the ripples spreading in all directions.
• Repercussion = a ripple that hits the shore and splashes back at you.
ramification [ˌræm.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən] the possible results of an action. the possible result of a decision or action. subsidiary consequences, esp ones that cause complications. ramification of: the social and political ramifications of the referendum result. Have you considered all the ramifications of changing careers at this stage of your life? Have you considered all the ramifications of your suggestion? repercussion: the effect that an action, event, or decision has on something, especially a bad effect. the usually bad effect of an event, action, or decision. If an action or event has repercussions, it causes unpleasant things to happen some time after the original action or event. It was an effort which was to have painful repercussions. Members of congress were warned of possible repercussions if their vote went through. The repercussions of her comments could be serious. Any decrease in tourism could have serious repercussions for the local economy. President Kennedy's assassination had far-reaching repercussions. have repercussions for sb/sth: This case is likely to have repercussions for employees. The nation's political crisis is having economic repercussions. The imbalance between supply and demand risks serious repercussions for the world economy. There are very few businesses that aren't going to feel some sort of repercussion from the housing slump. complication [ˌkɑːm.pləˈkeɪ.ʃən] I. something that makes a situation more difficult, or the act of doing this. something that makes a situation more difficult: This complication had not been foreseen. Dave couldn't find his passport at the airport and then there were further complications when Fiona lost her baggage. If any complications arise, let me know and I'll help. II. an extra medical problem that makes it more difficult to treat an existing illness. A complication is a problem that develops from an existing illness, making treatment more difficult: He died from complications of diabetes. If there are no complications, the doctor says that she'll be able to come home within two weeks. consequence: a result of a particular action or situation, often one that is bad or not convenient: serious consequences Not making a will can have serious consequences for your children and other family members. dire consequences 严重后果, 恶果 Eating too much processed food can have dire health consequences. as a consequence of Scientists think it is unlikely that any species will actually become extinct as a consequence of the oil spill. unintended consequence The discovery came about as an unintended consequence of a search for something else. suffer the consequences 承受后果 Well, if you insist on eating so much, you'll have to suffer (= accept and deal with) the consequences! face the consequences 面对后果 He will have to face the consequences of his actions. take the consequences 承担后果 If someone commits a crime, they have to take the consequences. of little/no consequence (also not of any/much consequence 无足轻重, 无关紧要) not important: The money was of little consequence to Tony. ruminate VS regurgitate 前者是非生病的或者是不导致痛苦的反刍, 后者是生病后导致的反胃, 食物等强制性的反流, 回流: rumination 深刻思考, 思来想去, 反复思考 the act of thinking carefully and for a long period about something. Your ruminations are your careful thoughts about something. His ruminations on the subject are not always to be believed. ...profound ruminations about life. ruminate [ˈrumɪˌneɪt] verb I. formal to think about or discuss something very carefully. If you ruminate on something 细细思考, 沉思, 反思, you think about it very carefully. He ruminated on the terrible wastage that typified American life. Obsessional personalities commonly ruminate excessively about death. She ruminated on the decision for days. I often ruminate before falling asleep. ruminate on something: In the article, Alex Ross ruminates on the differences between live and studio recordings. II. biology if an animal ruminates, it brings food back from its stomach into its mouth and chews it (=breaks it into small pieces with its teeth) a second time. When animals ruminate, they bring food back from their stomach into their mouth and chew it again. He wanted to have a look at the two oxen, both ruminating without raising their eyes. Regurgitation ( regurgitate [rɪˈɡɜrdʒɪˌteɪt] )( I. formal [disapproval] to repeat facts or ideas that you have heard or learned without understanding them or thinking about them for yourself. If you say that someone is regurgitating ideas or facts, you mean that they are repeating them without understanding them properly. He just regurgitated facts for the exam without truly understanding them. You can get sick to death of a friend regurgitating her partner's opinions. II. 反刍 biology to bring food up from your stomach back into your mouth. If a person or animal regurgitates food, they bring it back up from their stomach before it has been digested. Sometimes he regurgitates the food we give him because he cannot swallow. ) is the spitting up of food from the esophagus or stomach without nausea or forceful contractions of the abdominal muscles. Rumination is regurgitation with no apparent physical cause. A ring-shaped muscle (sphincter) between the stomach and esophagus normally helps prevent regurgitation. Regurgitation of sour-tasting or bitter-tasting material can result from acid coming up from the stomach. Regurgitation of tasteless fluid containing mucus or undigested food can result from a narrowing (stricture) or a blockage of the esophagus or from an abnormal pouch in the esophagus called a Zenker diverticulum. The blockage may result from acid damage to the esophagus, ingestion of caustic substances, cancer of the esophagus, or abnormal nerve control that interferes with coordination between the esophagus and its sphincter at the opening to the stomach (achalasia). Regurgitation sometimes occurs with no apparent physical cause. Such regurgitation is called rumination. In rumination, small amounts of food are regurgitated from the stomach, usually 15 to 30 minutes after eating. The material often passes all the way to the mouth where a person may chew it again and reswallow it. Rumination is usually involuntary and occurs without nausea, pain, or difficulty in swallowing. Rumination is common among infants. In adults, rumination most often occurs among people who have emotional disorders, especially during periods of stress. Rumination may be helped by doing behavioral techniques such as relaxation, biofeedback, or training in how to use the diaphragm instead of chest muscles to breathe. A drug called baclofen is used to relax muscles and may be given to some people. For some people, an evaluation by a psychiatrist may be helpful.
specter [ˈspektər] 后果 the possibility of something unpleasant that might happen in the future. If you refer to the specter of something unpleasant, you are referring to something that you are frightened might occur. The arrests raised the specter of revenge attacks. If they refused his request, they faced the specter of a lawsuit. Brexit might be done and dusted, but its specter will loom over Britain for a long time yet. adj: awful, grim, haunting, looming, terrifying. Once again, the haunting spectre of mass unemployment threatened to destabilize the government. Nouns frequently used after specter of: death, famine, global warming, invasion, revolution, starvation, terrorism, unemployment, war. The spectre of terrorism hangs over us all, as we are constantly reminded.
fall out: I. to argue with someone and stop being friendly with them: fall out with 断绝关系, 断了联系, 做不成朋友 He left home after falling out with his parents. fall out over to have an argument or disagreement that ends a relationship: The two fell out over coaching tactics a long time ago. She'd fallen out with her boyfriend over his ex-girlfriend. II. If soldiers fall out, they move out of a line: "Fall out, men!" shouted the sergeant-major. III. If a tooth or your hair falls out, it becomes loose and separates from your mouth or head: Her baby teeth are starting to fall out. A side effect of the treatment is that your hair starts to fall out. fallout [ˈfɔlˌaʊt] I. singular/uncountable the unpleasant effects of something that has happened. the unpleasant results or effects of an action or event: political fallout The political fallout of the revelations has been immense. fallout from 余波 The fallout from the financial crisis is spreading to the consumer technology sector. The fallout from the Asian financial crisis has continued to affect business. II. uncountable 降尘. the dangerous dust that falls to the ground after a nuclear explosion. the radioactive dust in the air after a nuclear explosion: fallout from cancer. deaths caused by fallout from weapons testing. fallout from the Chernobyl nuclear disaster.
implications [ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n] I. 可能结果. 后果, a possible effect or result. The implications of something are the things that are likely to happen as a result. The Attorney General was aware of the political implications 影响 of his decision to prosecute. The low level of current investment has serious implications for future economic growth. implication of: We need to consider the financial implications of these changes. have implications for: We believe that genetically modified crops will have serious implications for the environment. implication for: The economic implications for the steel industry will be far-reaching. Adjectives frequently used with implication: considerable, far-reaching, important, profound, serious. II. countable/uncountable something that you suggest is true, although you do not say it directly. implication that: I resent the implication 暗示 that my work is not thorough. by implication 不用说, 无需多言 (=because an implication is contained in it). If you say that something is the case by implication, you mean that a statement, event, or situation implies that it is the case. His authority and, by implication 自不待言, 自不必说, that of his management team is under threat. The report criticizes the department and, by implication, holds the manager responsible. III. uncountable the fact of suggesting or showing that someone is involved in something illegal or morally wrong. someone's implication in something: the government's implication in illegal arms trading. the implication of senior officers in the affair. The implication of a statement, event, or situation is what it implies or suggests is the case. The implication was obvious 说的很明白, 暗示的很明白, 意思很明显: vote for us or it will be very embarrassing for you. implicate [ɪmplɪkeɪt] To implicate someone means to show or claim that they were involved in something wrong or criminal. to show that someone is involved in a crime or partly responsible for something bad that has happened: implicate someone in something Have they any evidence to implicate him in the robbery? He
was to resign when one of his own aides was implicated in a financial
scandal. He didn't find anything in the notebooks to implicate Stuart.
...his implication in a murder. implicated
[ɪmplɪkeɪtɪd] adj. If someone or something is implicated in a crime or a
bad situation, they are involved in it or responsible for it. The
President was implicated in the cover-up and forced to resign. It is
thought that this virus is implicated in the development of a number of
illnesses. In private discussions with US partners, Asian diplomats have clearly articulated their concerns about the global implications of a settlement that violates Ukraine's borders.
