用法学习: 1. come over I. If a feeling or desire, especially a strange or surprising one, comes over you, it affects you strongly. If a feeling comes over you, you suddenly experience it: I don't usually get so angry. I don't know what came over me. As I entered the corridor which led to my room that eerie feeling came over me. I'm sorry, I don't know what came over me 不知道怎么回事, 不知道怎么搞的, 不知道是怎么了. II. If someone comes over all dizzy or shy, for example, they suddenly start feeling or acting in that way. When Connie pours her troubles out to him, Joe comes over all sensitive. Now you are coming over all puritanical about nothing. III. If someone or what they are saying comes over in a particular way, they make that impression on people who meet them or are listening to them. You come over 给人印象 as a capable and amusing companion. He came over well–perhaps a little pompous, but nevertheless honest and straightforward. puritanical [ˌpjʊə.rɪˈtæn.ɪ.kəl] 苦行憎似的, 清教徒似的, 严格的, 严厉的, 卫道士似的, 道学家似的, 老夫子似的 [disapproval] I. Precise in observance of legal or religious requirements; strict; overscrupulous; rigid (often used by way of reproach or contempt). believing or involving the belief that it is important to work hard and control yourself, and that pleasure is wrong or unnecessary. having standards of moral behavior that forbid many pleasures. If you describe someone as puritanical, you mean that they have very strict moral principles, and often try to make other people behave in a more moral way. ...puritanical fathers. He has a puritanical attitude towards sex. His coach believes in rules and regulations and has puritanical standards for behavior. She is very puritanical about sex. He rebelled against his puritanical upbringing. Mrs. Barrymore is of interest to me. She is a heavy, solid person, very limited, intensely respectable, and inclined to be puritanical. You could hardly conceive a less emotional subject. Yet I have told you how, on the first night here, I heard her sobbing bitterly, and since then I have more than once observed traces of tears upon her face. Some deep sorrow gnaws ever at her heart. Sometimes I wonder if she has a guilty memory which haunts her, and sometimes I suspect Barrymore of being a domestic tyrant. II. Of or pertaining to the Puritans (清教徒), or to their doctrines and practice. 2. wig I. UK old-fashioned informal to speak angrily to someone because you disapprove of what they have said or done: I was wigged for not being impartial. wigging UK old-fashioned informal an occasion when someone criticizes or speaks angrily to someone else about something that person has said or done: He gave me a wigging and told me I was a bad journalist. The country is expected to get a wigging from EU finance ministers for not doing enough to control its budget deficit. II. (intransitive, colloquial, slang) To act in an extremely emotional way; to be overly excited, irritable, nervous, or fearful; behave erratically. That guy must be high. Look how he's wigging. III. To cause someone to experience an extreme or irrational emotion, especially anger, anxiety, fear, bewilderment, etc. These collections of horror stories really wigged me out as a kid. Nothing wigs out my parents like missing my curfew without telling them where I am. Everything I think and everything I do is wrong. I was wrong about Elton, I was wrong about Christian, and now Josh hated me. It all boiled down to one inevitable conclusion, I was just totally clueless... Oh and this whole Josh and Ty thing was wiggin' me more than anything. I mean, what was my problem? Ty is my pal, I don't begrudge her a boyfriend. wig out US informal to react or behave in a very excited or wild way: Sometimes he'd wig out in the studio and break stuff and just split. They could wig out at music festivals with wild abandon. lionize [ˈlaɪ.ə.naɪz] 吹捧, 推崇 to make someone famous, or to treat someone as if they were famous. If someone is lionized, they are treated as if they are very important or special by a particular group of people, often when they do not really deserve to be. By the 1920's, he was lionised by literary London. The press began to lionize him enthusiastically. In 1936, Max Schmeling had been lionised as boxing's great hope. lionization [ˌlaɪ.ə.naɪˈzeɪ.ʃən] the act of making someone famous, or of giving someone a lot of attention and approval as if they were famous: The book's lionization of Wilson seems a little out of proportion. Despite her lionization by feminists, she was not terribly progressive on women's issues. on the nail (of payments) at once. pay (someone) on the nail 及时支付, 按时支付, 当场支付 To pay (someone) immediately, on the spot, or without delay. (of payment) without delay. I could put the bill on my credit card, but if it's all right with you, I'd rather we divvy it up here and pay on the nail. My lodger is a bit of a noisy fellow, but so long as he keeps paying me his rent on the nail, I don't mind. "not paying on the nail could be extremely expensive". cash on the nail Payment that is made immediately, on the spot, or without delay. After a few bad experiences with lodgers, I've learned to demand cash on the nail for the rent every Sunday, no exceptions. How do you plan to keep your business afloat if you don't require cash on the nail? hit the nail on the head 一语中的, 正中下怀 to describe exactly what is causing a situation or problem: I think Mick hit the nail on the head when he said that what's lacking in this company is a feeling of confidence. If you say that someone has hit the nail on the head, you think they are exactly right about something. 'I think it would civilize people if they had decent conditions.'—'I think you've hit the nail on the head.' 3. inter 埋骨, 葬身 to bury a dead body: be interred in Many of the soldiers were interred in unmarked graves. interment 埋葬: the act or ceremony of interring. intern 关押(政治犯) verb To put someone in prison for political or military reasons, especially during a war. If someone is interned, they are put in prison or in a prison camp for political reasons. He was interned as an enemy alien at the outbreak of the Second World War. Many foreigners were interned for the duration of the war. internment the act of putting someone in prison for political or military reasons, especially during a war: an internment camp. wiki - Internment of Japanese Americans: Internment is the imprisonment of people, commonly in large groups, without charges or intent to file charges. The term is especially used for the confinement "of enemy citizens in wartime or of terrorism suspects". Thus, while it can simply mean imprisonment, it tends to refer to preventive confinement rather than confinement after having been convicted of some crime. Use of these terms is subject to debate and political sensitivities. The word internment is also occasionally used to describe a neutral country's practice of detaining belligerent armed forces and equipment on its territory during times of war, under the Hague Convention of 1907. During World War II, the United States forcibly relocated and incarcerated 拘留, 关押 ( I. to put or keep someone in prison or in a place used as a prison. If people are incarcerated, they are kept in a prison or other place. They were incarcerated for the duration of the war. It can cost $40,000 to $50,000 to incarcerate a prisoner for a year. Thousands of dissidents have been interrogated or incarcerated. II. to keep someone in a closed place and prevent them from leaving it: be incarcerated in We were incarcerated in that broken elevator for four hours. ...her mother's incarceration in a psychiatric hospital. ) about 120,000 people of Japanese descent in ten concentration camps operated by the War Relocation Authority (WRA), mostly in the western interior of the country. Internment was intended to mitigate a security risk which Japanese Americans were believed to pose. The scale of the incarceration in proportion to the size of the Japanese American population far surpassed similar measures undertaken against German and Italian Americans who numbered in the millions and of whom some thousands were interned, most of these non-citizens. Following the executive order, the entire West Coast was designated a military exclusion area, and all Japanese Americans living there were taken to assembly centers 集散地, 集散中心 before being sent to concentration camps in California, Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Idaho, and Arkansas. Similar actions were taken against individuals of Japanese descent in Canada. Internees were prohibited from taking more than they could carry into the camps, and many were forced to sell some or all of their property, including their homes and businesses. At the camps, which were surrounded by barbed wire fences and patrolled by armed guards, internees 政治犯 often lived in overcrowded barracks with minimal furnishing. 4. "Pure movement 纯粹运动" refers to movement that is divorced from any functional or mimetic ( mimetic [mɪˈmet.ɪk] (mime [maɪm] ) 动作模仿. 艺术模仿 representing or imitating something, especially in art. Mimetic movements or activities are ones in which you imitate something. Both realism and naturalism are mimetic systems or practices of representation. Art is a mimetic representation of reality. mimetically 艺术呈现, 艺术再现 in a way that represents or copies something, especially in art: The deeds of the king were mimetically represented in dances. In this play, Shakespeare asked a series of questions, and then answered them mimetically. vocabulary: Mimetic things imitate or echo something else. A mimetic pattern on the wings of a bird might look just like the pattern on tree bark or the leaves of a plant. You'll most often find the adjective mimetic in technical or scholarly writing, discussing mimetic designs and characteristics in nature. Or you might refer to mimetic techniques in art and writing. Sometimes literary realism in novels and poetry is described as mimetic, since it reflects or echoes what really happens in the world. Mimetic comes from the Greek root mimetikos, "good at imitating." ) purpose, focusing solely on the physical act itself. It's about the beauty and expressiveness of the body in motion, without a narrative or symbolic layer attached. In essence, it's movement for movement's sake. Not functional or pantomimic( pantomime [ˈpæn.tə.maɪm] 默剧 I. (UK informal panto) (in Britain) a funny musical play based on traditional children's stories, performed especially at Christmas. II. = mime: It's an evening of music, drama and pantomime. III. If you say that a situation or a person's behaviour is a pantomime, you mean that it is silly or exaggerated and that there is something false about it. They were made welcome with the usual pantomime of exaggerated smiles and gestures. The rights of every American to good government have been damaged by the pantomime on Capitol Hill. ): Pure movement is not intended to serve a practical purpose or imitate a real-life action. For example, a dancer bending their knees is pure movement, even if the same bend could be part of a physical activity. Focus on the physical: It emphasizes the aesthetic qualities of the movement, such as grace, speed, and energy. No narrative or symbolic meaning: Pure movement doesn't tell a story or convey a specific message beyond the physical experience. Example: A series of rotations or contortions in a dance routine, where the focus is on the physical expression, would be considered pure movement, according to Dance Informa and Jacob's Pillow Dance Interactive. 5. Operation Wetback was an immigration law enforcement initiative created by Joseph Swing, a retired United States Army lieutenant general and head of the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). The program was implemented in June 1954 by U.S. Attorney General Herbert Brownell. The short-lived operation used military-style tactics to remove Mexican immigrants—some of them American citizens—from the United States. Though millions of Mexicans had legally entered the country through joint immigration programs in the first half of the 20th century, with some being naturalized citizens and some once native, Operation Wetback was designed to send them to Mexico. The program became a contentious issue in Mexico–United States relations, even though it originated from a request by the Mexican government to stop the illegal entry of Mexican laborers into the United States. Legal entry of Mexican workers for employment was at the time controlled by the Bracero Program, established during World War II by an agreement between the U.S. and Mexican governments. Operation Wetback was primarily a response to pressure from a broad coalition of farmers and business interests concerned with the effects of illegal immigration from Mexico. Upon implementation, Operation Wetback gave rise to arrests and deportations by the U.S. Border Patrol. 6. Fatalism 认命, 命运论, 天命论 (the belief that people cannot change the way events will happen and that events, especially bad ones, cannot be avoided. Fatalism is a feeling that you cannot control events or prevent unpleasant things from happening, especially when this feeling stops you from making decisions or making an effort. There's a certain mood of fatalism now among the radicals. ) is a belief and philosophical doctrine which considers the entire universe as a deterministic system ( deterministic 该发生的就一定会发生的, 因果决定论的 believing that everything that happens must happen as it does and could not have happened any other way, or relating to this belief: It would be overly deterministic to say that if the party did change its leader, the new one would continue to make the same mistakes.) and stresses the subjugation 降服, 打服, 屈服 of all events ( subjugation [ˌsʌbdʒʊˈɡeɪʃn] I. the act of defeating people or a country and ruling them in a way that allows them no freedom: They are bravely resisting subjugation by their more powerful neighbours. II. the act of treating a person or their wishes or beliefs as less important than other people or their wishes or beliefs: The subjugation of 牺牲 women is a central theme in her work. subjugate [ˈsʌb.dʒə.ɡeɪt] I. 让位于. 牺牲于. to treat yourself, your wishes, or your beliefs as being less important than other people or their wishes or beliefs. If your wishes or desires are subjugated to something, they are treated as less important than that thing. Health, common sense, and self-respect are subjugated to the cause of looking 'hot'. She subjugated herself to her mother's needs. Reporters must subjugate personal political convictions to their professional commitment to balance. II. to defeat people or a country and rule them in a way that allows them no freedom. If someone subjugates a group of people, they take complete control of them, especially by defeating them in a war. People in the region are fiercely independent and resist all attempts to subjugate them. ...the brutal subjugation of native tribes. ), actions, and behaviors to fate or destiny 屈服于命运, which is commonly associated with the consequent attitude of resignation 不抵抗, 不反抗, 认命 in the face of future events which are thought to be inevitable and outside of human control. In political science, despotism 专制 ( [ˈdes.pə.tɪ.zəm]) ( the rule of a despot (= a ruler with unlimited power, often one who is unfair and cruel). Despotism is cruel and unfair government by a ruler or rulers who have a lot of power. This opposition between anarchy and despotism was a commonplace of reformist rhetoric. After years of despotism, the country is now moving towards democracy. During his reign, he earned a reputation for despotism. despot [ˈdes.pɒt] 专制者 ( = autocrat) a person, especially a ruler, who has unlimited power over other people, and often uses it unfairly and cruelly. A despot is a ruler or other person who has a lot of power and who uses it unfairly or cruelly. He is the despot against whom they rebelled. an evil despot. The king was regarded as having been an enlightened despot. despotic [desˈpɑt̬·ɪk, dɪs-] adj. a despotic regime. ) is a form of government in which a single entity rules with absolute power. Normally, that entity is an individual, the despot (as in an autocracy), but societies which limit respect and power to specific groups have also been called despotic. Colloquially, the word despot applies pejoratively to those who use their power and authority to oppress their populace or subordinates. More specifically, the term often applies to a head of state or government. In this sense, it is similar to the pejorative connotations that are associated with the terms tyrant and dictator. 7. expulsion [ɪkˈspʌl.ʃən] 驱赶, 驱逐 I. the act of forcing someone, or being forced, to leave a school, organization, or country, or an occasion when this happens: expulsion from They threatened him with expulsion from school. expulsion of This is the second expulsion of a club member this year. The government ordered the expulsion of foreign journalists. Her hatred of authority led to her expulsion from high school. ...the high number of school expulsions. This led to his suspension and, finally, expulsion from the party in 1955. II. Expulsion is when someone is forced to leave a place. ...the expulsion of migrant workers. ...a new wave of mass expulsions. III. Expulsion is when something is forced out from your body. ...the expulsion 排出 of waste products. ...their expulsion from the digestive tract. exposition [ˌek.spəˈzɪʃ.ən] I. a clear and full explanation of an idea or theory. a statement that explains something clearly. Exposition in a written work is the passages which explain where events take place, what happened before the story begins, and the background of the characters. The act or process of declaring or describing something through either speech or writing, in nonfiction or in fiction; the portions and aspects of a piece of writing that exist mainly to describe or explain a set of things (such as, in fiction, the setting, characters and other non-plot elements). This essay has too much exposition 铺陈, 铺垫, 边角的东西, 和主题无关的内容 in it. My reviewer said she couldn't picture the setting for my story, so I'm improving the exposition. It purports to be an exposition of Catholic social teaching. II. 展览. 博览会. (also expo) a show in which industrial goods, works of art, etc. are shown to the public. a big public event in which the goods of many different companies or organizations are shown: the San Francisco exposition. Expo 92 (= a show that happened in 1992). 8. The term "illiberal democracy" describes a governing system that hides its "nondemocratic practices behind formally democratic institutions and procedures".
There is a lack of consensus among experts about the exact definition
of illiberal democracy, however, it may be used broadly to refer to the
notion that some governments attempt to look like democracies while suppressing opposing views. It has been described as the 21st century's vision of fascism; loyal to electoral democracy but taking control of the state for purposes that are largely nationalistic, anti-minority, anti-freedom, and led by strong leaders and their associates. The rulers of an illiberal democracy may ignore or bypass constitutional limits
on their power. While liberal democracies protect individual rights and
freedoms, illiberal democracies do not. Elections in an illiberal
democracy are often manipulated or rigged, being used to legitimize and consolidate the incumbent rather than to choose the country's leaders and policies. Illiberalism rejects rational discourse, instead promoting intolerance, fear of difference, the cult of force, discipline, and moral authority.
Illiberal constitutions are generally anti-pluralist and
anti-institutionalist. Scholars have criticized the claim that illiberal
democracies are democracies, arguing that liberal principles and democracy cannot be separated
and that without freedom of the press and speech, elections cannot
truly be free and fair. Other theorists say that classifying illiberal
democracy as democratic is overly sympathetic to the illiberal regimes, and therefore prefer terms such as electoral authoritarianism, competitive authoritarianism, or soft authoritarianism. 9. Historically, the adjective illiberal has been mostly applied to personal attitudes, behaviors and practices "unworthy of a free man",
such as lack of generosity, lack of sophisticated culture, intolerance,
narrow-mindedness, meanness. Lord Chesterfield, for example, wrote that
"Whenever you write Latin, remember that every word or phrase which you
make use of, but cannot find in Caesar, Cicero, Livy, Horace, Virgil;
and Ovid, is bad, illiberal Latin". Contemporary usage 当代用法 indicates an opposition to liberalism or liberal democracy. Fritz Stern, a historian of Germany, understood by illiberalism anti-democratic mentality and anti-democratic practices such as suffrage restrictions.
Marlene Laruelle defines illiberalism as a backlash against today's
liberalism. According to her, illiberalism is "majoritarian,
nation-centric or sovereigntist, favouring traditional hierarchies and
cultural homogeneity", calling for "a shift from politics to culture and
is post-post-modern in its claims of rootedness in an age of
globalization". Zsolt Enyedi defines illiberalism as opposition to the main principles of liberal democracy:
limited government, open society and state neutrality. He distinguishes
between authoritarian, populist, traditionalist, religious,
paternalist, libertarian, nativist-nationalist, materialist and
left-wing varieties. Suffrage 投票权, political franchise, or simply franchise ( franchise noun. I. 授权. a right to sell a company's products in a particular area using the company's name. A franchise is an authority that is given by an organization to someone, allowing them to sell its goods or services or to take part in an activity which the organization controls. ...fast-food franchises. ...the franchise to build and operate the tunnel. Talk to other franchise holders and ask them what they think of the parent company. a fast food franchise. a franchise holder. an arrangement in which a company sells another business the right to sell its products or services in return for payment: The bank is trying a scheme to let local managers work under franchise. Do buy a franchise with a strong brand. hold/own/have a franchise I don't believe they are a fit company to hold a franchise. win/lose a franchise The company won the franchise to sell and service the luxury car in the west of Scotland area. award/give/grant a franchise The company announced that it was not yet ready to award the franchise to either party. a franchise agreement/holder/fee. a franchise company/business/operation. a. 授权店. a business that has bought the right to sell the products and services of another company: She returned to London where she now owns a Body Shop franchise. a rail/fast food/television franchise The most significant piece of news for the company was being declared preferred bidder for the rail franchise. II. the franchise 投票权 the right to vote in an election. Franchise is the right to vote in an election, especially one in which people elect a parliament. ...the introduction of universal franchise. The 1867 Reform Act extended the franchise to much of the male working class. American women worked for decades to win the franchise. III. a series of films that have the same or similar titles and are about the same characters: The next instalment in the Star Wars franchise is out soon. movie franchise 电影系列 It is the longest running and most successful movie franchise of all time. IV. one team in a group of teams that takes part in an organized competition: The new league will operate with eight franchises in its first season. He played for seven different franchises during his professional career. The Panthers just set a franchise record for the most wins in a single season. verb to give or sell a franchise to someone. to sell a person or company the right to sell the products and services of your company. If a company franchises its business, it sells franchises to other companies, allowing them to sell its goods or services. She has recently franchised her business. It takes hundreds of thousands of dollars to get into the franchised pizza business. An important aspect of franchising is the reduced risk of business failure it offers to franchisees. They made the decision to franchise the stores. enfranchise verb. To enfranchise someone means to give them the right to vote in elections. Women in Britain were first enfranchised in 1918. The company voted to enfranchise its 120 women members. Of 793,000 citizens only 113,000 were enfranchised. disenfranchise = US disfranchise to take away power or opportunities, especially the right to vote, from a person or group. disenfranchisement I. 剥夺投票权. the action of taking away the right to vote from a person or group: disenfranchisement of He protested at what he considered the disenfranchisement of younger voters during the election campaign. II. a feeling in a person or group of having no power or opportunities, or of not being represented in the political system: A sense of disenfranchisement, isolation and desperation has pushed people to the edge. ) is the right to vote in public, political elections and referendums (although the term is sometimes used for any right to vote). In some languages, and occasionally in English, the right to vote is called active suffrage 选举权, as distinct from passive suffrage 被选举权, which is the right to stand for election. The combination of active and passive suffrage is sometimes called full suffrage(universal suffrage (= the right of all adults to vote).). 10. McCarthyism 麦卡锡主义 = 胡佛主义, also known as the Second Red Scare, was the political repression 政治压迫 ( repress [rɪˈpres] 按住 I. to not allow something, especially feelings, to be expressed. to prevent feelings, desires, or ideas from being expressed. If you repress a feeling, you make a deliberate effort not to show or have this feeling. People who repress their emotions risk having nightmares. It is anger that is repressed that leads to violence and loss of control. ...repressed aggression. In the end, it was impossible to repress her emotions. The government repressed all reports from the region. He repressed a sudden desire to cry. II. If you repress a smile, sigh, or moan, you try hard not to smile, sigh, or moan. He repressed a smile. I couldn't repress a sigh of admiration. III. [disapproval] If a section of society is repressed, their freedom is restricted by the people who have authority over them. The influence of any Irish institutions was increasingly repressed by the Westminster Parliament. ...a U.N. resolution banning him from repressing his people. repressed [rɪˈprest] ( = pent-up) 压抑的, 被压制住的 having feelings that you do not express. A repressed person does not allow themselves to have natural feelings and desires, especially sexual ones. Some have charged that the Puritans were sexually repressed and inhibited. repressed anger/sexuality. English people are notoriously repressed and don't talk about their feelings. repressed memories. repressive [rɪˈpres·ɪv] controlling what people do, especially by using force: a repressive military regime. The military regime was repressive and corrupt. repression 压迫 [rɪˈpreʃ.ən] I. [disapproval] the use of force or violence to control a group of people. Repression is the use of force to restrict and control a society or other group of people. The report dealt with the repression of civil liberties during the period. ...a society conditioned by violence and repression. ...the repressions of the 1930s. The political repression in this country is enforced by terror. II. the process and effect of keeping particular thoughts and wishes out of your conscious mind in order to defend or protect it. Repression of feelings, especially sexual ones, is a person's unwillingness to allow themselves to have natural feelings and desires. ...the repression 压抑 of his feelings about men. an attitude of unhealthy sexual repression 性压抑. suppress [səˈpres] I. 压制. to end something by force: He either has to begin reforms, or he has to suppress the opposition 镇压反抗. The Hungarian uprising 镇压 in 1956 was suppressed 打压 by the Soviet Union. II. 克制. 压抑. to prevent something from being seen or expressed or from operating. to prevent something from being expressed or known: Any decisions to suppress information would have been made by senior managers, not by shareholders. He was accused of suppressing evidence. She could barely suppress a smile. She couldn't suppress her anger/annoyance/delight. His feelings of resentment have been suppressed for years. The British government tried to suppress the book because of the information it contained about the security services. The virus suppresses the body's immune system. III. to prevent something from continuing or operating: They believed higher taxes on the rich would suppress their entrepreneurial and innovative vigor. oppress [əˈpres] (The poor and oppressed 贫穷的被压迫者, 被压迫的) I. to govern people in an unfair and cruel way and prevent them from having opportunities and freedom. To oppress people means to treat them cruelly, or to prevent them from having the same opportunities, freedom, and benefits as others. These people often are oppressed by the governments of the countries they find themselves in. We are not normal like everybody else. If we were, they wouldn't be oppressing us. In his speech he spoke against those who continue to oppress the poor. For years now, the people have been oppressed by a ruthless dictator. II. to make a person feel uncomfortable or worried, and sometimes ill. If something oppresses you, it makes you feel depressed, anxious, and uncomfortable. The place oppressed Aubrey even before his eyes adjusted to the dark. It was not just the weather which oppressed her. He's feeling oppressed by the approach of a deadline. Strange dreams and nightmares oppressed him. oppression There's less oppression and freer speech here now. oppressively It was oppressively hot on the bus. oppressor 压迫者 They're not the powerful oppressors that society says they are. 区别: Oppress: 手段: Dominate unfairly. 对象: People/groups. 画面: Heavy boot stepping on someone. Repress: 手段: Push down inside. 对象: Emotions/rebellions. 画面: Holding a beach ball underwater. Suppress: 手段: Stop or reduce intensity. 对象: Actions, ideas, info. 画面: Smothering a fire before it grows. Oppress 系统性的, 有针对性的压迫(别人压迫, 人们或者大众受苦被压迫): a. To cruelly dominate or treat people unfairly by using power or authority. b. Usually ongoing, systematic, targeting a group. Use for: Governments, regimes, powerful groups mistreating weaker groups. Long-term suffering or control. The dictator oppressed his people for decades. Women were oppressed in many ancient societies. Repress 压抑情感, 欲望, 思想. or 内部的政治打击, 政治打压: a. To forcefully hold back feelings, thoughts, or desires. b. Can also mean crushing resistance politically, but often internal (inside a person or society). Use for: Emotional control (repress anger, repress memories). Political crackdowns (repress protests). He tried to repress his laughter during the meeting. The government repressed the uprising immediately. Suppress 抑制, 不让发生, 减弱强度(情感, 思想, 行为, 信息, 物理行为(咳嗽, 哈欠等)): a. To stop something from happening or reduce its intensity. b. Broader: can be about emotions, ideas, actions, information, or physical forces. Use for: Information (suppress news), emotions (suppress feelings), physical responses (suppress a cough). The regime suppressed any news of the scandal. She suppressed a smile when she heard the joke.) and persecution迫害 of left-wing individuals and a campaign spreading fear of communist and Soviet influence on American institutions and of Soviet espionage in the United States during the late 1940s through the 1950s. After the mid-1950s, U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy, who had spearheaded the campaign, gradually lost his public popularity and credibility after several of his accusations were found to be false. The U.S. Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren made a series of rulings on civil and political rights that overturned several key laws and legislative directives, and helped bring an end to the Second Red Scare. Historians have suggested since the 1980s that as McCarthy's involvement was less central than that of others, a different and more accurate term should be used instead that more accurately conveys the breadth of the phenomenon, and that the term McCarthyism is, in the modern day, outdated. Ellen Schrecker has suggested that Hooverism, after FBI Head J. Edgar Hoover, is more appropriate. What became known as the McCarthy era began before McCarthy's rise to national fame. Following the breakdown of the wartime East-West alliance with the Soviet Union, and with many remembering the First Red Scare, President Harry S. Truman signed an executive order in 1947 to screen federal employees for possible association with organizations deemed "totalitarian, fascist, communist, or subversive", or advocating "to alter the form of Government of the United States by unconstitutional means." In 1949, a high-level State Department official was convicted of perjury in a case of espionage, and the Soviet Union tested a nuclear bomb. The Korean War started the next year, significantly raising tensions and fears of impending communist upheavals in the United States. The term has since taken on a broader meaning, describing the excesses of similar efforts to crack down on alleged "subversive" elements. In the early 21st century, the term is used more generally to describe reckless and unsubstantiated accusations of treason and far-left extremism, along with demagogic personal attacks on the character and patriotism of political adversaries. 11. Liberal democracy, also called Western-style democracy, or substantive ( substantive [səbˈstæn.tɪv] 有价值的, 有意义的. important, serious, or related to real facts. having real importance or value. Substantive negotiations or issues deal with the most important and central aspects of a subject. They plan to meet again in Rome very soon to begin substantive negotiations. a substantive issue/matter. substantive talks/negotiations. Substantive research on the subject needs to be carried out. The documents are the first substantive information obtained by the investigators. substantial I. large in size, value, or importance: The findings show a substantial difference between the opinions of men and women. She inherited a substantial fortune from her grandmother. The first draft of his novel needed a substantial amount of rewriting. substantial benefits/costs/investment. a substantial amount/number/portion of sth Banks make a substantial amount of money investing your money. substantial changes/differences/improvements We've made substantial changes in how we go about doing our business. a substantial 非常大的 increase/reduction/rise in sth The company posted a substantial increase in profits during the year to £3.5m. II. relating to the main or most important things being considered: The committee was in substantial agreement (= agreed about most of the things discussed). ) democracy, is a form of government that combines the organization of a democracy with ideas of liberal political philosophy. Common elements within a liberal democracy are: elections between or among multiple distinct political parties; a separation of powers into different branches of government; the rule of law in everyday life as part of an open society; a market economy with private property; universal suffrage; and the equal protection of human rights, civil rights, civil liberties, and political freedoms for all citizens. Substantive democracy refers to substantive rights and substantive laws, which can include substantive equality, the equality of outcome for subgroups in society. Liberal democracy emphasizes the separation of powers, an independent judiciary, and a system of checks and balances between branches of government. Multi-party systems with at least two persistent, viable political parties are characteristic of liberal democracies. 12. decadent [ˈdek.ə.dənt] adj. 堕落, 腐败的, 腐朽的 I. [disapproval]
A decadent person or group has low moral standards. If you say that a
person or society is decadent, you think that they have low moral
standards and are interested mainly in pleasure. ...restrictions on the number of decadent western films that were allowed to be shown. ...the excesses and stresses of their decadent rock 'n' roll lifestyles. a decadent society. the decadent court surrounding the king. II. humorous Champagne and chocolates for breakfast - how decadent! decadently I. in a way that shows that you are only interested in pleasure and fun: The recipes are really spectacular and so decadently delicious. We met in the decadently ornate surroundings of the latest wildly expensive London restaurant. II. disapproving in a way that shows that you have low moral standards: Their art was considered to be decadently individualistic. They live a life of decadently extravagant consumerist excess. decadence The empire had for years been falling into decadence. wiki: Decadence 颓废运动 was a late-19th-century movement emphasizing the need for sensationalism, egocentricity, and bizarre, artificial, perverse, and exotic sensations and experiences.
By extension, it may refer to a decline in art, literature, science,
technology, and work ethics, or (very loosely) to self-indulgent
behavior. Usage of the term sometimes implies moral censure, or an acceptance of the idea, met with throughout the world since ancient times, that such declines are objectively observable
and that they inevitably precede the destruction of the society in
question; for this reason, modern historians use it with caution. The
idea that a society or institution is declining is called declinism.
This may be caused by the predisposition, caused by cognitive biases such as rosy retrospection 怀旧情怀, 念旧, 怀古 厚古薄今(今是昨非的反义词)(Rosy retrospection is a proposed psychological phenomenon of recalling the past more positively than it was actually experienced. The highly unreliable nature of human memory is well documented and accepted amongst psychologists. Some research suggests a 'blue retrospective' which also exaggerates negative emotions. Though it is a cognitive bias 认知偏见 which distorts one's view of reality, it is suggested that rosy retrospection serves a useful purpose in increasing self-esteem and sense of well-being. Simplifications and exaggerations of memories
such as occur in rosy retrospection may make it easier for the brain to
store long-term memories, as removing details may reduce the burden of
those memories by requiring the generation and maintenance of fewer
neural connections. Declinism 世风日下主义,
the predisposition to view the past more favourably and the future more
negatively, may be related to cognitive biases like rosy retrospection.
Rosy retrospection is very closely related to the concept of nostalgia
though still different respectively in being rosy retrospection being
biased towards perceiving the past as better than the present. The
English idiom "rose-colored glasses" or "rose-tinted glasses" refers to
perceiving something more positively than it is in reality (also in
German, French, Polish). The Romans occasionally referred to this
phenomenon with the Latin phrase "memoria praeteritorum bonorum", which
translates into English roughly as "memory of good past", or more
idiomatically as "good old days".), to view the past more favourably and future more negatively. Declinism(Declinism is the belief that a society or institution is tending towards decline.
Particularly, it is the predisposition, caused by cognitive biases such
as rosy retrospection, to view the past more favourably and the future
more negatively.) has been described as "a trick of the mind" and as "an emotional strategy, something comforting to snuggle up to when the present day seems intolerably bleak." Other cognitive factors contributing to the popularity of declinism may include the reminiscence bump as well as both the positivity effect and negativity bias.
Why Zelensky can't and won't give up Crimea: For Trump, Ukraine's southern peninsula was "lost years ago" and "is not even a part of discussion" in peace talks. But for Zelensky to renounce 放弃 Crimea as an indivisible 不可分割的 ( [ɪn.dɪˈvɪz.ə.bəl] not able to be separated from something else or into different parts. not able to be divided into parts. If you say that something is indivisible, you mean that it cannot be divided into different parts. Far from being separate, the mind and body form an indivisible whole. indivisible part He regards e-commerce as an indivisible part of modern retail. indivisible from A country's language is indivisible from its culture. divisible [dɪˈvɪz.ə.bəl] = US dividable that can be divided by another number: divisible by A prime number is a whole number greater than 1 that is exactly divisible by itself and 1 but no other number. ) part of Ukraine would be unconscionable [ˌʌnˈkɒnʃənəbl]( I. morally unacceptable. unacceptable because of being too extreme: It is unconscionable to say that some kids don’t deserve an education. To make people feel shame or guilt for being ill is unconscionable. This unconscionable policy will cause great suffering. II. mainly UK unacceptably great in amount: After waiting for an unconscionable amount of time, we were told to come back later. ). Vladimir Putin initially denied having anything to do with Russia's capture of Crimea in February 2014, when mysterious masked commandos in unidentified green uniforms seized 占领 the local parliament and fanned out ( fan out 四散而去, 散开, 分散开, 呈扇形扩散 If a group of people fan out, they move in different directions from a single point. to spread out over a wide area: The police fanned out over the west side of the park. ) across the peninsula. In the words of opposition MP Iryna Gerashchenko "territorial integrity and sovereignty 领土完整和主权 is a red line for Ukraine and Ukrainians". Putin later admitted hatching the land-grab 抢占领土 in an all-night meeting with his officials days after Ukraine's pro-Russian leader was ousted in Kyiv. Trump is correct that there is little chance of Ukraine regaining Crimea in the foreseeable future, and it is in reality - de facto - under Russian control. But that is a far cry from recognising it as legal. Zelensky points to a 2018 "Crimea declaration" by Trump's then secretary of state, Mike Pompeo. Zelensky's implication is that Trump backed Ukraine on Crimea then, and should stick to that now. Weeks after Russia's full-scale war began, there was an initial proposal in Istanbul to park 搁置 the issue so that Russia and Ukraine would aim to resolve it in the next 10-15 years. The idea did not take hold ( take hold ( = take root) 立足, 站住脚, 变强, 确立地位, 生根发芽 to become strong; to be established: The economic recovery is just beginning to take hold now. to become established: The economic recovery is just beginning to take hold now. Fascism has never taken root in the United States.If something takes hold, it gains complete control or influence over a person or thing. She felt a strange excitement taking hold of her. She was determined not to let the illness take hold again. ) but it was a way of getting over that stumbling block 障碍, 绊脚石. Zelensky constrained by 受限于, 被束缚, 绑住手脚 Ukrainian constitution: Zelensky was adamant that he has no power to give up Crimea: "There's nothing to talk about here. This is against our constitution." Article 2 of the constitution states that Ukraine's sovereignty "extends throughout its entire territory" which "within its present border is indivisible and inviolable 不可分割, 不可侵犯的( inviolable [inˈvaɪə.lə.bəl] 不可侵犯的 that must be respected and not removed or ignored: Everyone has an inviolable right to protection by a fair legal system. a. If a law or principle is inviolable, you must not break it. The game had a single inviolable rule: obstacles were to be overcome, not circumvented. b. If a country says its borders are inviolable, it means they must not be changed or crossed without permission. Yesterday's resolution says the present Polish border is 'inviolable'. Parliament has recognised the inviolability of the current border. sacrosanct [sækroʊsæŋkt] 不能被批评的, 不能被改变的 If you describe something as sacrosanct, you consider it to be special and are unwilling to see it criticized or changed. thought to be too important or too special to be changed: I'm willing to help on any weekday, but my weekends are sacrosanct. Freedom of the press is sacrosanct. ...weekend rest days were considered sacrosanct. differences: sacrosanct: Treated as holy, sacred, or immune to criticism or interference — often with an emotional or moral undertone. Tone: Strong, reverent, sometimes exaggerated or ironic in modern usage. Can be used humorously or hyperbolically. Used for: Religious things (e.g. temples, rituals); Important traditions or principles; Personal beliefs or routines people refuse to change. Beliefs, traditions, routines. Examples: In their family, Sunday dinners are sacrosanct. Freedom of speech is considered sacrosanct in a democracy. He treated his alone time as sacrosanct. Inviolable: Cannot be violated, broken, or dishonored — often used in legal, moral, or formal contexts. Tone: More technical, serious, or formal than "sacrosanct." Almost always serious. Used for: Rights, laws, borders, promises. Laws, rights, contracts; Moral duties or oaths; Physical boundaries or protected places. Examples: The treaty declared the borders inviolable. Human dignity must be regarded as inviolable. She swore an inviolable oath of secrecy. )". Any change to Ukraine's territory has to go to a national referendum, which must be authorised by the Ukrainian parliament. Trump's peace plan has not yet been published, but according to various reports and remarks by US officials, Ukraine would be required to adhere to other difficult conditions. Russia's occupation 占领 of almost 20% of Ukraine would be de facto recognised behind existing front lines, in effect freezing the conflict in four Ukrainian regions: Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia. That would be backed up by a "robust security guarantee", according to US outlet Axios, presumably backed up by a "coalition of the willing" involving the UK, France but not the US. There would be a promise not to admit Ukraine into Nato, although it could join the EU. All US sanctions would be lifted and economic co-operation with the US enhanced. Axios also suggests Russia would return a small occupied area of the Kharkiv region and allow Ukraine "unimpeded passage" on the Dnipro river, while the US would take charge of the nuclear power plant in Zaporizhzhia, seized by Russia in 2022. Some US allies are highly alarmed by the framework the Trump administration is pushing to end the Ukraine war and Europeans are bracing for the outcome of another round of high-level talks between the US and Russia, multiple diplomatic sources told CNN. The administration's framework, presented in Paris last week, proposes significant sacrifices from Kyiv, including US recognition of Crimea as Russian territory and Ukraine ceding 割让领土 (land concessions) large swaths of territory to Russia, according to an official familiar. Vice President JD Vance on Wednesday called "to freeze the territorial lines at some level close to where they are today." Multiple allied diplomats said they are rattled by what the Trump administration is proposing, because they believe such a framework sends a dangerous message to Russia's Vladimir Putin and other world leaders, including China's Xi Jinping, that illegal conquest could be rewarded, multiple diplomats said. "This is about the fundamental principles of international law. This is very much about our own existence and the weakening of any safeguards that my or other countries have for our own independence," an Eastern European diplomat told CNN. They and other sources spoke on background ( 不具名说, 私下里说 (off the record) means a source shares information that a journalist is free to use with one caveat: The journalist should not attribute that information to a specific or named person. Again, the agreement should be made before the source reveals the information. ) to discuss sensitive diplomatic matters. Meanwhile, even though the framework on the table has many allies deeply uneasy, negotiators have touted progress in the high-stakes diplomatic talks this week, including steps taken by the Ukrainians. "The Ukrainians are coming around and understand the situation, even though they have red lines they cannot cross," said a German official when asked how flexible the Ukrainians are being on territorial matters. "Just that evolution in thinking was progress, the official said, noting they "managed to convince the Ukrainians to convince themselves to get in a more US administration-friendly position." "There is a realpolitik reality: any deal that can get Russia on board will look unfavorable to the Ukrainians. But within reason (within reason 可接受范围内, 在合理范围内 within the limits of what is acceptable and possible: We can wear anything we like to the office, within reason. Spend whatever you need to spend, within reason. We're willing to do anything within reason to ensure its success. He'd do anything I asked - you know, anything within reason. People should be allowed to do what they want, within reason. You can have anything you like, within reason.) the Ukrainians will have to come to terms with something that may be second best to a deal they would have wanted two years ago," another European diplomat said. "That is just where we are." However, even if Zelensky were to get on board with a painful proposal that sees significant land concessions – a move that one Ukrainian lawmaker said would be "political suicide" – it would not be accepted by Ukrainian parliament, the lawmaker said. Some have noted that there doesn't seem to be a US strategy for implementing a potential deal and Washington may be barreling (barrel 呼啸而过, 快速滑过, 匆匆而过, 跨过 to travel somewhere very quickly. to travel or move very fast: We were barreling along at 80 miles an hour. We were barrelling along the autobahn at 180 kph. ) past the idea of a ceasefire in order to simply end the conflict as quickly as possible. What exactly the US administration is arguing for at the moment, beyond a halt to the fighting, remains unclear. More than a month after calling for an immediate ceasefire – which Russia rejected – it appears to be trying to leap-frog 大踏步跨过 ahead to the far more complicated prospect of nailing down the contours of a permanent peace. "At this juncture, we judge that getting agreement on key terms now is the most expeditious way to achieve the core objective" said one US official familiar with the months-long back and forth who criticized the administration's lack of strategic approach, calling it "somewhat directionless, rudderless, confused." "The diplomacy has been very ad hoc( 兵来将挡, 水来土掩 made or happening only for a particular purpose or need, not planned before it happens. for a particular purpose or need, esp. for an immediate need: The ad hoc committee will meet next week. Unfortunately, we deal with problems ad hoc. on an ad hoc basis We deal with problems on an ad hoc basis (= as they happen). an ad hoc committee/meeting. Cooperation is often on an ad hoc basis and relies on personal contacts between individuals. an ad hoc committee. ). The confusion over who does what on the file is as pronounced as ever," said the official. "People seem to accept the chaos."
