用法学习: 1. rigour = USA rigor 痛苦, 强度, 困难度 I. If you refer to the rigours of an activity or job, you mean the difficult, demanding, or unpleasant things that are associated with it. He found the rigours of the tour too demanding. ...the rigours of childbirth. It is the oldest school of the nine considered by the Clarendon Commission and is regarded as among the most prestigious in the world. It is particularly known for its academic rigour, where, despite the smallness of pupil numbers, it has been referred to as "the finest foundation in Europe." The school is currently undergoing a transition to become co-educational and to accept day pupils, having previously been a boys' boarding school. the rigors of something the difficult and unpleasant aspects of a situation. the rigors of a Himalayan winter. II. If something is done with rigour, it is done in a strict, thorough way. The new current affairs series addresses challenging issues with freshness and rigour. III. the quality of being strict or severe. Until 1948 the law was enforced with varying degrees of rigor from district to district. IV. a sudden feeling of cold with shivering accompanied by a rise in temperature, often with copious sweating, especially at the onset or height of a fever. A rigor is an episode of shaking or exaggerated shivering 打摆子 which can occur with a high fever. It is an extreme reflex response which occurs for a variety of reasons. It should not be ignored, as it is often a marker for significant and sometimes serious infections (most often bacterial). It is important to recognise the patient's description of a rigor and to be aware of the possible significance of this important symptom. rigor mortis [ˌrɪɡər ˈmɔrtɪs] a condition that affects the body after death, in which it becomes stiff 僵硬. vigour = vigor (AM) Vigour is physical or mental energy and enthusiasm. mental energy, enthusiasm, and determination. After a brief rest, she returned to the job with renewed vigor 精神焕发. His body lacks the bounce and vigour of a normal two-year-old. He blew his nose with great vigour 用很大力气. 2. thick and fast 大量的 rapidly and in great numbers. quickly and in large numbers. If things happen thick and fast, they happen very quickly and in large numbers. The rumours have been coming thick and fast. Distress calls were pouring in thick and fast from all over the area. Distress calls were pouring in, thick and fast, from all over the area. "the cliches come thick and fast throughout". apathetic [ˌæpəˈθetɪk] 不热衷的, 不感兴趣的. 兴趣寥寥的. 兴趣缺缺 [disapproval] not at all interested in or enthusiastic about anything, and not willing to make any effort to change things. If you describe someone as apathetic, you are criticizing them because they do not seem to be interested in or enthusiastic about doing anything. Even the most apathetic students are beginning to sit up and listen. Others feel apathetic about the candidates in both parties. come together I. If people or groups come together, they join or meet in order to do something: Once a year we all come together 聚在一起 and celebrate our family. After lunch the groups came together and presented their conclusions. Following this disaster the nation must come together as a genuine community. Our music is about two cultures coming together. II. If something comes together, its different parts combine, making it good or effective. to start to be good or effective because different parts are combining well After several weeks of rehearsals, the play finally started to come together 开始成型, 开始有模有样. At last, his plan was coming together. Several strands of her political thought come together in this essay. A number of factors came together 一起作用 to produce this change. The project is a bit disorganized at the moment, but I'm sure things will come together eventually. to start working successfully with each other: I remember how the community came together and were so supportive of each other. We need to come together on 形成一致意见, 意见一致, 达成一致的意见 this. A jury that is unable to come to a verdict is referred to as a hung jury. The size of the jury varies; in criminal cases involving serious felonies there are usually 12 jurors. A head juror is called the "foreperson", "foreman" or "presiding juror". The foreperson may be chosen before the trial begins, or at the beginning of the jury's deliberations. The foreperson may be selected by the judge or by vote of the jurors, depending on the jurisdiction. The foreperson's role may include asking questions (usually to the judge) on behalf of the jury, facilitating jury discussions, and announcing the verdict of the jury. 3. normalcy ['nɔːrməlsi] ( = normality) ( Normalcy is a situation in which everything is normal. The government will move swiftly to restore normalcy. Underneath this image of normalcy, addiction threatened to rip this family apart. ) In the early twentieth century, President Warren Harding popularized the word normalcy with his slogan, "Return to normalcy 回到正轨." Harding was referring getting back to normal life after World War I. Since then, the word has been used often to mean "normality." Normalcy is a state of being normal, usual, or expected. When something returns to a state of normalcy, it is returning to the way that it ought to be. It is another word for normality. Some people believe that normalcy should not be used because the word normality is more formally correct, but in the U.S., you'll often see normalcy used. When it comes to choosing one, take your pick. Though Harding's slogan made the word more common, it originates in the field of mathematics. anomaly [əˈnɒm(ə)li] something that deviates from what is standard, normal, or expected. "there are a number of anomalies in the present system". a person or thing that is different from what is usual, or not in agreement with something else and therefore not satisfactory: Statistical anomalies ( outlier ) can make it difficult to compare economic data from one year to the next. The anomaly of the social security system is that you sometimes have more money without a job. abnormal [æbˈnɔrm(ə)l] not usual or typical, especially in a way that is worrying or that shows there may be something wrong or harmful. Someone or something that is abnormal is unusual, especially in a way that is worrying. ...abnormal heart rhythms and high anxiety levels. ...a child with an abnormal fear of strangers. ...abnormally high levels of glucose. This stops the cells from growing abnormally. abnormal behavior. abnormal test results. abnormal eating habits. 4. hierarchy 鄙视链 [ˈhʌɪərɑːki] 等级制度, 层级 (one above the rest) noun. I. a system in which members of an organization or society are ranked according to relative status or authority. A hierarchy is a system of organizing people into different ranks or levels of importance, for example in society or in a company. Like most other American companies with a rigid hierarchy, workers and managers had strictly defined duties. She rose up the Tory hierarchy by the local government route. Even in the desert there was a kind of social hierarchy. "the initiative was with those lower down in the hierarchy". "the Roman Catholic hierarchy in Romania". II. the upper echelons of a hierarchical system. III. The hierarchy of an organization such as the Church is the group of people who manage and control it. IV. A hierarchy of ideas and beliefs involves organizing them into a system or structure. The notion of 'cultural imperialism' implies a hierarchy of cultures, some of which are stronger than others. synergy [ˈsɪnədʒi] 联合力量, 集体力量 noun. the interaction or cooperation of two or more organizations, substances, or other agents to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects. "the synergy between artist and record company". the combined power of a group of things when they are working together that is greater than the total power achieved by each working separately: Team work at its best results in a synergy that can be very productive. If there is synergy between two or more organizations or groups, they are more successful when they work together than when they work separately. Of course, there's quite obviously a lot of synergy between the two companies. The synergies gained from the merger, Pirelli claimed, would create savings of about £130m over four years. 5. gig economy 打短工, 零工 a labour market characterized by the prevalence of short-term contracts or freelance work as opposed to permanent jobs. a way of working that is based on people having temporary jobs or doing separate pieces of work, each paid separately, rather than working for an employer. The gig economy is a job market which consists of short-term or part-time work done by people who are self-employed or on temporary contracts. There has been a huge increase in the number of people working in the gig economy as independent contractors. Workers eke out a living in the gig economy, doing odd jobs whenever they can. "working in the gig economy means constantly being subjected to last-minute scheduling". Gig workers are independent contractors, online platform workers, contract firm workers, on-call workers, and temporary workers. Gig workers enter into formal agreements with on-demand companies to provide services to the company's clients. Gig has various meanings in English, including a kind of boat and a forked spear, but it has two main, modern, informal meanings: any paid job or role, especially for a musician or a performer and any job, especially one that is temporary. In many countries, the legal classification of gig workers is still being debated, with companies classifying their workers as "independent contractors", while organized labor advocates have been lobbying for them to be classified as "employees", which would legally require companies to provide the full suite of employee benefits like time-and-a-half for overtime, paid sick time, employer-provided health care, bargaining rights, and unemployment insurance, among others. In 2020, the voters in California approved 2020 California Proposition 22, which created a third worker classification whereby gig-worker-drivers are classified as contractors but get some benefits, such as minimum wage, mileage reimbursement, and others. 6. subsequent [ˈsʌbsɪkwənt] happening or coming after something else. You use subsequent to describe something that happened or existed after the time or event that has just been referred to. In subsequent interviews, Steele has contradicted his original story. subsequent to: If something happened subsequent to something else, it happened after that thing. Reed was disqualified subsequent to failing a drugs test. ...the increase of population in subsequent years. Those concerns were overshadowed by subsequent events. She subsequently became the Faculty's President. Subsequently the arrangement was terminated. They won only one more game subsequent to their Cup semi-final win last year. subsequence [ˈsʌbsɪkwəns] the state of following something, especially as a result or effect. "an affair which appeared in due subsequence in the newspapers". 7. make a mountain = pitch a tent ( morning tent = morning wood = morning glory = morning missile [ˈmɪsaɪl]) n. to have a morning erection that raises the covers; to have an erection that makes a bulge in one's clothing; to get an erection. Bobby makes a mountain almost every morning. When I was in the hospital, I was afraid I would pitch a tent in the morning. call out I. 征召. 传召. 召唤. summon someone to deal with an emergency or provide a service. If you call someone out, you order or request that they come to help, especially in an emergency. Colombia has called out the army and imposed emergency measures. I called the doctor out. The fire brigade should always be called out to a house fire. "patients are to be told to stop calling doctors out unnecessarily at night". to draw on something, such as a particular quality or talent. It's times like these that call the best out in us. These times call out our best effort. II. North American draw critical attention to someone's unacceptable actions or behaviour. If you call someone out or call out something they have said, you challenge them to justify it. When people try to set communities against each other we should call them out. You have to call out sexism wherever you see it. "people were calling him out for his negative comments". III. to shout out something. Who called the warning out? You should call out a warning to those behind you on the trail. To announce something. Once everyone is seated, the host will call out the winners' names. If you've got Bingo, call it out! Just a name for the coffee? Tom. OK, I'll call it out 大声说 when it's ready. call out (to someone) to speak loudly to get someone's attention. Mike called out to Tom that there was a telephone call for him. I heard someone call out, but I could see no one. 8. sleep like a log 睡死, 睡得沉, 睡得死 sleep very soundly. to sleep very well, without being woken by any noises: I slept like a log – I didn't even hear the thunderstorm. "I slept like a log until morning". I'm a log. untapped 未开发的, 深藏不漏的, 暗藏的 An untapped supply or source of something has not yet been used. an untapped supply, market, or talent is available but has not yet been used. Older people are an untapped resource in the employment market. We believe there is untapped potential. There is an enormous untapped potential in the area of building insulation and energy-saving electrical appliances, where there are many innovative technologies that could already be marketed. Fast forward 8 years, he was lucky enough to have friends who knew he still had untapped potential in cycling. sign off I. 结句. If someone signs off, they write a final message at the end of a letter or email, or they say a final message at the end of a phone conversation. You can say that people such as entertainers sign off when they finish a broadcast. O.K. I'll sign off. We'll talk at the beginning of the week. He would sign off each week with the catch-phrase, 'I'll see thee!' II. When someone who has been unemployed signs off, they officially inform the authorities that they have found a job, so that they no longer receive money from the government. If you work without signing off the dole, you are breaking the law. III. BUSINESS to officially approve of something or to officially agree that something has been completed in a satisfactory way by signing your name. sign something off: You don't do any overtime until someone has signed it off. sign off something: The auditors signed off the accounts. sign off (on something) 批准, 签字批准, 签字同意 to approve something officially: Both sides signed off on a legally binding agreement last month. 9. catapult [ˈkætəˌpʌlt] verb. I. intransitive/transitive to suddenly put someone into an important position. If something catapults you into a particular state or situation, or if you catapult there, you are suddenly and unexpectedly caused to be in that state or situation. Suddenly she was catapulted into his jet-set lifestyle. Affleck catapulted to fame 弹飞, 弹跳, 弹射, 一冲飞天 after picking up an Oscar. II. transitive to push or fire someone or something very quickly through the air. If someone or something catapults or is catapulted through the air,
they are thrown very suddenly, quickly, and violently through it. We've all seen enough dummies catapulting through windscreens in TV warnings to know the dangers of not wearing seat belts. He was catapulted into the side of the van. noun. I. 弹弓( = slingshot in US). A catapult is a device for shooting small stones. It is made of a Y-shaped stick with a piece of elastic tied between the two top parts. II. 发射架. A catapult is a device that is used to send aircraft into the air from an aircraft carrier. capitulate [kəˈpɪtʃəˌleɪt] 投降, 放弃抵抗 I. to stop opposing what someone wants and agree to it, usually because they are stronger than you. If you capitulate, you stop resisting and do what someone else wants you to do. The club eventually capitulated and now grants equal rights to women. In less than two hours Cohen capitulated to virtually every demand. The police capitulated and allowed the march to go ahead. capitulate to: We will not capitulate to the demands of terrorists. II. to stop fighting in a war and accept that you are defeated. recapitulate [ˌrikəˈpɪtʃəˌleɪt] to recap. wiki: Capitulation is an agreement in time of war for the surrender to a hostile armed force of a particular body of troops, a town or a territory. It is an ordinary incident of war, and therefore no previous instructions from the captors' government are required before finally settling the conditions of capitulation. The most usual of such conditions are freedom of religion and security of private property on one hand, and a promise not to bear arms 装备武器 within a certain period on the other. Such agreements may be rashly concluded with an inferior officer, on whose authority the enemy are not, in the actual position of the war, entitled to place reliance. When an agreement is made by an officer who has not the proper authority or who has exceeded the limits of his authority 越权, it is termed a "sponsion(an unauthorized agreement made by a public officer, esp an admiral or general in time of war, requiring ratification by the government of the state concerned. )", and, to be binding, must be confirmed by express or tacit ratification. 10. baggage I. 不可数(可数的是bags, suitcases, pieces of baggage/luggage.). bags, cases, etc. that you take with you when you travel: How many pieces of baggage do you have? We had to pay extra for our excess baggage (= our bags and suitcases that weighed more than was allowed). You'll need to put any sharp objects into your checked baggage. Each passenger was allowed two 30-kg pieces of luggage. carry-on/hand baggage cases or bags that you take onto a plane with you and are not checked in: I only had carry-on baggage so I went straight to the departure gate. excess baggage 超额行李 bags, cases, etc. that weigh more than the weight you are allowed to take onto a plane, or the extra money you have to pay for it to be taken: On the return trip we were charged $80 excess baggage. left luggage 寄存行李 [British] Left luggage is used to refer to luggage that people leave at a special place in a railway station or an airport, and which they collect later. ...a left luggage locker at Victoria Station. luggage lockers a set of small cupboards in an airport, train station, etc. where passengers can leave luggage locked away safely. II. problems that someone’s past experiences might cause in new situations. the beliefs and feelings that influence how you think and behave. the beliefs and feelings that you have which influence how you think and behave: Everybody brings their own baggage 情感包袱 to viewing a work of art. We all carry a lot of emotional baggage around with us. wiki: Emotional baggage is an everyday expression that correlates with many varied but similar concepts within social sciences, self-help movements, and other fields: its general concern is with unresolved issues of an emotional nature, often with an implication that the emotional baggage is detrimental 具有破坏性的. As a metaphorical image, it is that of carrying all the disappointments, wrongs, and trauma of the past around with one in a heavy load. 11. have a lot riding on 指望着, 指着, 靠着, 看着, 依靠, 仰仗着 Be depending on the successful outcome or development of something After problems with their emissions systems damaged sales, Volkswagen has a lot riding on their new products. ride on something if one thing is riding on another, it depends on it He knew he had to win – his reputation was riding on it. There's a lot riding on this match. Amy: If he were dying, would you sleep with him? Penny: What? Amy: Assuming he were dying of something that couldn't be sexually transmitted. You know, like a spear wound to the head. Penny: Okay, he is not dying. Amy: How do you know? Are you a doctor? Bernadette: You can make-believe 过家家, though. Sometimes Howard and I pretend that his arrhythmia is acting up and I'm a sexy cardiologist. And the naughty part is I'm not in his HMO network. Penny: Screw it. I'm not gonna make a big deal out of this. It's just dinner. Amy: With a dead man. Penny: Amy, stop it. Oh, God, I'm so nervous. Bernadette: Relax. You know Leonard's always been crazy about you. It's gonna be great. Penny: I know, but we've finally gotten to a place where we can hang out without it being weird. And what if something goes wrong? Then what? Amy: Guess it'll just be Sheldon and me going on a double date with Howard and Bernadette. Bernadette: Sure, we'd love that. Change your clothes, we got a lot riding on this. 12. Winchester Episode 1: Artist? Girl's gotta have her hobbies. Got you good, didn't I 撞你撞了个狠的, 撞得狠(get (someone) good 骗惨, 骗到 informal to fool (someone) completely That was a funny joke you played on him. You really got him good. do sb good If you say that something will do someone good, you mean that it will benefit them or improve them. The outing will do me good. It's probably done you good to get away for a few hours. You don't do anybody any good by getting yourself arrested. )? I can take a hit 撞一下没事了, 撞不坏了. I'm sorry. I should have been watching where I was going (看着点路, 走路小心, 小心看路, 当心看路, watch it. watch out). Me too. Well, how is the movie? Oh, I didn't see it. I just came for the snacks. But I'm pretty sure the book was better. Licorice Drops. Nice choice. I haven't seen these in... two years. They're on the house 白送你了, 送给你了. I'll see you around, soldier boy. 13. string something together 话都说不利索 If you string words or sentences together, you manage to say something that other people can understand: People tend to be very impressed if you can string together a couple of sentences in Japanese. After a few short moments and some attention from a medical professional on site at the time, Molan was back - albeit still rattled. "That's never happened to me in my whole life," she said, barely able to string words together. "I feel very embarrassed. I'm very sorry to all of you." merkin I. an artificial hairpiece for the pudendum; a pubic wig. A woman's pubic wig. Worn for nude stage appearances and by women, originally after shaving their pubic hair to eliminate lice or for other reasons, now often as a fashion item. A merkin is a pubic wig. Merkins were worn by sex workers after shaving their mons pubis, and are now used as decorative items, erotic devices, or in films, by both men and women. II. (LGBT, slang) The male counterpart of a beard, a companion to a lesbian to feign her straightness. gherkin [ˈɡɜrkɪn] 酸黄瓜 ( 英国澳大利亚叫gherkin, 美国加拿大叫pickle, ) a small green vegetable preserved in vinegar and eaten cold with meals. Gherkins are small green cucumbers that have been preserved in vinegar. wiki: It can be a bit confusing but in North America, a cucumber that's been pickled is simply called a pickle, and a gherkin is a particular type of baby pickle. Now, if you hop on a plane and land in England, a gherkin is the word commonly used for pickle! No matter where you live, let's agree that pickled cucumbers are a tasty addition to some of our favorite savory foods. Let's take a closer look at gherkin vs pickle. Generally speaking, a gherkin is a small cucumber that has been pickled in vinegar or in brine 卤水 with different flavorings. Coming from the Dutch word 'gurken', it translates to ‘small pickled cucumber' in English. The word gherkin is commonly used in Britain, Ireland, Australia, South Africa, and New Zealand. In the USA and Canada, a pickle is the word used to describe a small cucumber that has been pickled in vinegar or in a brine with different flavorings. In addition to the tart and crispy vegetable, an informal use of the word 'pickle' can also mean that someone is in a messy or difficult situation. 14. flip verb. I. If you flip a device on or off 开关, or if you flip a switch, you turn it on or off by pressing the switch quickly. He didn't flip on the headlights until he was two blocks away. Then he walked out, flipping the lights off. He flipped the timer switch. II. If you flip through the pages of a book 翻书, 翻页, for example, you quickly turn over the pages in order to find a particular one or to get an idea of the contents. He was flipping through a magazine in the living room. He flipped the pages of the diary and began reading the last entry. III. If something flips over, or if you flip it over 倒过来, 翻转, 翻过来 or into a different position, it moves or is moved into a different position. The plane then flipped over and burst into flames. He flipped it neatly on to the plate. to turn over quickly, or to make something turn over. to change the position of something, or exchange the positions of two or more things. flip something around/round: Flip the last two numbers around and there's your answer. The car flipped as it rounded the final curve. You're supposed to flip a new mattress regularly. Just six months ago, she was flipping hamburgers for $6 an hour. IV. If you flip something, especially a coin, you use your thumb to make it turn over and over, as it goes through the air. I pulled a coin from my pocket and flipped it. I flipped a butt out of the window and drove on. ...having gambled all on the flip of a coin. to throw something with a sudden movement using your fingers and thumb She flipped her glasses onto the desk in front of her. V. If someone flips 勃然大怒 ( flip out), they suddenly become extremely upset or angry because of something that has happened. Her father flipped when he saw the phone bill. He got so provoked that he flipped. to become very enthusiastic or happy He flipped when he heard that he'd won. VI. to change suddenly from one subject, activity, or opinion to another. flip between 切换, 换来换去: She can flip between Spanish and English very easily. They've flipped back and forth between supporting and opposing these proposals. to quickly change the channels on a television. Would you stop flipping channels! VII. to change the political control of a state, area or body from one party to another, or to change in this way. Democrats had high hopes for flipping 翻转 Indiana's 5th District, just the kind of suburban area they thought was moving away from Republicans. Republicans also held on in Virginia's 5th District, which initially was only expected to flip if Democrats were having a very good night. Arizona was the first state to flip 倒戈, 换边 from red to blue. adj. [disapproval] If you say that someone is being flip, you disapprove of them because you think that what they are saying shows they are not being serious enough about something. not serious enough, or not showing enough respect a flip 不严肃的, 不认真的, 轻佻的 answer/remark. ...a flip answer. The tone of the book is sometimes too flip. Richard Branson only paid $180,000 for virgin island, now the island is worth $200mils. What a flip!
TBBT: 1. Leonard: Sheldon, Canada is not going to invade California. Sheldon: Yeah, really? You think those hippies in Washington and Oregon can stop them? Leonard: Fine. Sheldon: All righty! An 8.2 magnitude 地震级 earthquake devastates Pasadena, reducing mighty edifices ( edifice [ˈedəfɪs] 庞然大物似的建筑 I. a large impressive building. An edifice is a large and impressive building. The American consulate was a magnificent edifice in the centre of Bordeaux. II. a complicated system or policy. You can describe a system of beliefs or a traditional institution as an edifice. ...an edifice of British constitutional tradition. ) to dust, engulfing the city in flames. The streets flow with blood and echo with the cries of the wounded. Oh, excellent choice. Now, put on your hard hat ( helmet ) and safety vest. Leonard: Oh, fun. I get to spend another night in front of our apartment dressed like one of the Village People. Sheldon: You make that joke every three months. I still don't get it. Leonard, wait. What are you doing?
关于尸检: Dissection 动物植物解剖 (from Latin dissecare "to cut to pieces"; also called anatomization) is the dismembering of the body of a deceased animal or plant to study its anatomical structure. Autopsy人体解剖 is used in pathology and forensic medicine to determine the cause of death in humans. anatomy [əˈnætəmi] 解剖学 I. uncountable the scientific study of the physical structure of an animal or plant. Anatomy is the study of the structure of the bodies of people or animals. II. countable usually singular the body of a human or animal, or the structure of a plant. III. 身体结构学 countable informal the human body. The ball hit him in the most sensitive part of his anatomy. Those are parts of your anatomy that we'd rather not hear about. An animal's anatomy is the structure of its body. He had worked extensively on the anatomy of living animals. IV. singular a careful examination of a situation, problem etc. anatomy of: The anatomy of a subject or an idea is an examination or investigation of it. This was a troubling essay on the anatomy of nationhood. an essay on the anatomy of Communism. autopsy [ɔtɒpsi] An autopsy is an examination of a dead body by a doctor who cuts it open in order to try to discover the cause of death. Macklin had the grim task of carrying out an autopsy on his friend. wiki: An autopsy (post-mortem examination, obduction, necropsy, or autopsia cadaverum) is a surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse by dissection to determine the cause, mode, and manner of death or to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present for research or educational purposes. (The term "necropsy" is generally reserved for non-human animals). Autopsies are usually performed by a specialized medical doctor called a pathologist. In most cases, a medical examiner or coroner can determine the cause of death. However, only a small portion of deaths require an autopsy to be performed, under certain circumstances. Pathologist: Pathologists are medical professionals who have specifically studied the science of diagnosing diseases by examining a deceased patient's organs and tissues. Pathologists perform autopsies either to determine what sort of disease the patient suffered from or to confirm another doctor's diagnosis. Pathologists typically work in hospitals and perform autopsies on patients who died in the care of a particular medical facility. The primary duties of a pathologist may also include: Taking samples from the deceased to perform diagnostic tests, Analyzing the results to determine the cause of death or to answer additional medical questions, Sharing their findings with resident physicians and advising on how to improve the treatment of the disease, Publishing and reporting their data and analysis in medical journals. Pathologists must earn a four-year bachelor's degree in a medically-related field and then attend medical school for another four years to earn an MD. After a four-year residency in a hospital, they must become licensed and certified to practice in the United States. Medical examiner 验尸官, 仵作: Another professional who performs autopsies is a medical examiner. A medical examiner is a type of pathologist who is primarily tasked with examining bodies to aid in police investigations. Medical examiners are physicians who are specifically qualified to perform toxicology examinations and other procedures that allow them to determine whether or not a victim died of natural causes or by foul play. Whenever the police locate a deceased body, they will usually call the medical examiner to the scene where the M.E. will perform a preliminary examination of the victim. Once the body has been brought back to the medical examiner's laboratory, they will perform an autopsy and other further tests, as well as write a certificate of death. The specific duties of a medical examiner also include: Identifying a body and determining whether or not the victim was subjected to violence, Taking and analyzing samples from the body may help identify who attacked the victim, Providing relevant information to police officers concerning the case, Performing toxicology, DNA or rape examinations, Acting as an expert witness during criminal trials. Aspiring medical examiners must earn a bachelor's degree that focuses on biology, physiology or another related field. They must then graduate with a four-year degree from a medical school. Next, they must complete graduate work in the field of pathology, which typically includes four or five years of clinical training and one year of residency in either forensic or anatomic pathology. Finally, they must pass an examination to become board certified in the United States. Coroner: Coroners are the only professionals who are qualified to perform autopsies without a medical degree. Coroners are trained pathologists who use their knowledge of anatomy and their practical skills to examine bodies and provide the cause of death to the police. Coroners typically work for the local government and are hired or appointed to their official position. Coroners may work either independently or alongside a medical examiner. In rural areas where there is a low crime rate, a local government may decide to hire a citizen from the community as the coroner instead of paying a full-time forensic pathologist. Coroners are qualified to carry out a variety of duties, including: Performing autopsies to determine cause, time and manner of death, Identifying bodies and notify the next of kin, Assisting the police in the transportation of bodies, Traveling to the scene of a crime to collect evidence and perform preliminary examinations, Writing and issuing death certificates. The educational requirements for a coroner vary by state but most require the individual to have a bachelor's degree. Fields of study involving biology or criminal science may be beneficial but are not required. Some states require coroners to hold a doctor of medicine degree, while others allow coroners to begin working entry-level jobs directly after completing their undergraduate studies.
